Author: Hannah Friedman

Hannah is a writer with a focus on holistic wellness. Her work explores post-traumatic growth and mental health as an intersectional issue. In addition to writing for Recovery.com, she’s composed meditations for the NatureSpace app, articles for the Cardea app, and essays on the connection between physical and mental health. In her private practice as a massage therapist, she works primarily with LGBTQIA+ clients and survivors of assault.
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Why Is Alcohol Considered a Drug?

By definition, alcohol is a drug because it impacts the way your brain works. Not everyone sees it that way, partly because we no longer use alcohol for medical reasons. Today, people drink to celebrate, socialize, and relax. But like any other drug, alcohol can lead to addiction.

Alcohol: What Makes It a Drug?

Alcohol is a psychotropic central nervous system (CNS) depressant.1 Here’s what that means: 

  • Psychotropic drugs affect the way you think and feel. In other words, alcohol can change your mood, thoughts, and behavior. Other psychotropic drugs include cocaine, marijuana, and nicotine. 
  • Central nervous system depressants slow down your brain activity. This relaxes your muscles and makes you feel at ease. Other depressants include prescription drugs like Xanax, Valium, and Klonopin. 

How Alcohol Affects Your Brain and Body

When you drink, alcohol slows down communication between your brain cells.2 This makes you feel more relaxed as early as 15 minutes after you start drinking. Your unique metabolism determines how long alcohol stays in your system. 

For most people, the liver can only process about 1 drink an hour.3 If you drink more than that, you may feel more intense side effects. These can include lower inhibitions, intense emotions, and a loss of muscle coordination. You might even black out—which is when your brain stops recording memories due to binge drinking. If you drink beyond your body’s capacity, you can even get alcohol poisoning.

Alcohol also has long-term effects4 on your brain and body. For example, alcohol is a carcinogen, meaning it causes cancer. Long-term drinking wears down the immune system, which makes you more likely to get sick. According to the CDC, excessive drinking contributes to “high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, and digestive problems.” There’s also a link between alcohol and certain mental health issues, like anxiety and depression.

Alcohol Is Classified as a Depressant

The term “depressant” refers to slowing neural activity,5 not depression as a mental health issue. Certain prescription depressants can even treat anxiety and insomnia. Not every depressant makes you feel depressed. 

However, experts point out a link between alcohol and the feeling of sadness.6 According to one study, 1 out of 3 people with alcohol addiction have “experienced episodes of intense depression and/or severe anxiety.” This data suggests that alcohol addiction might indeed cause depression.

Is Alcohol Addictive?

Alcohol is highly addictive.7 However, not everyone with alcohol use disorder develops physical dependence. To find the right type of treatment, you can learn about the difference between physical and psychological addiction.

Physical Addiction

Drinking releases endorphins8—neurochemicals that make you feel euphoric. The more often and heavily you drink, the more your brain will associate good feelings with drinking. So any time you want to feel good, you’ll start craving alcohol. This cycle can quickly lead to addiction.9 

Because alcohol is a depressant, suddenly quitting drinking reactivates your central nervous system.10 This leads to physical withdrawal symptoms which can range from being uncomfortable to life-threatening. For some people, fear of these symptoms becomes a barrier to long-term treatment. 

Psychological Addiction

Many people abuse alcohol to self-medicate11 anxiety, trauma, and other mental health conditions. This doesn’t always lead to physical dependence. But if you keep drinking in spite of negative consequences, it can still constitute addiction.

According to the National Institute of Health,12 this strategy doesn’t work in the long term: 

“Drinking to cope with stress—while it may provide temporary relief from emotional discomfort—tends to enhance negative emotional states between bouts of alcohol consumption. These changes can motivate further drinking and cause an individual to become stuck in an unhealthy cycle of alcohol consumption.”

While alcohol is considered a drug, it still has cultural and economic value in the U.S. In fact, alcohol is a $363.33 billion industry.13 Alcohol was illegal in the U.S. during Prohibition, from 1920-1933.14 But the ban didn’t last long. Illegal alcohol was a public health threat, and creating a black market for drinking didn’t serve the economy. This is similar to the recent change in policy around marijuana legalization. When drugs are legal, the government can regulate them for safety and tax them to boost the economy. 

How Alcohol Abuse Affects Your Loved Ones

Alcohol addiction doesn’t only affect you. It can also impact your wider community:

  • Drinking takes up time. You might spend long nights away from home, or be too hungover to enjoy other activities with family.
  • Alcohol causes conflict. Because alcohol impairs judgment, you might act very differently when you’re drinking. On top of that, abusing alcohol can make you more aggressive.15
  • Drinking can damage trust. Many people try to hide their alcohol abuse.16 You might want to avoid consequences at work or protect your loved ones from the truth. If you have high-functioning alcohol addiction, this could go on for some time. But eventually, your loved ones will realize something’s wrong and feel betrayed as a result.
  • Alcohol addiction is expensive. Drinking can drain your finances, which puts stress on partnerships and families. 
  • Alcohol affects your work. Drugs, including alcohol, can make it hard to focus. Being drunk, hungover, or sleep deprived at work might damage your professional relationships. You might even risk losing your job, which could affect your family.
  • Drinking can cause legal problems. Alcohol abuse impairs your judgment. If you drive drunk, for example, you could get in an accident or get arrested. Even if no one gets hurt, that can damage your reputation and your closest relationships.

Signs and Symptoms of Alcohol Abuse

If you think you might be addicted to alcohol, it’s important to get a professional diagnosis. As you plan to speak to an expert, take stock of your drinking habits. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) defines alcohol addiction17 by a few specific criteria:

  • Do you often drink more than you planned to?
  • Do you spend excessive amounts of time drinking or recovering from drinking?
  • Have you ever tried to quit drinking and failed? Has this happened more than once?
  • Have you ever wanted a drink so intensely you couldn’t think about anything else?
  • Does drinking or being hungover often interfere with your other responsibilities (family, friends, work, school, etc.)?
  • Have you ever given up activities you cared about in order to drink instead?
  • Does drinking make you feel depressed, anxious, or otherwise unwell? If so, do you continue to drink anyway?
  • Does alcohol have less of an effect on you than it used to? If so, does this make you drink more?
  • Do you ever feel shaky, nauseous, or have trouble sleeping when the effects of drinking start to wear off?

When to Seek Professional Help for Alcohol Use

It’s never too early to ask for help. If you think you have alcohol use disorder, you very well might. An addiction expert can help you decide which type of treatment will best suit your needs. 

Treatment Options

Everyone’s experience with alcohol addiction is unique. What works for someone else might not be a good fit for you. However, there are a few common treatments for alcohol abuse:

  • Alcohol detox: Quitting drinking abruptly can cause potentially dangerous withdrawal symptoms.18 These can even be life-threatening. In a medical detox program, your care team will keep you safe throughout this process. Some rehabs require you to attend medical detox before you start longer-term treatment.
  • Residential rehab for alcohol addiction: In these programs, you’ll live on-site at a treatment center. Your length of stay in rehab could be anything from a few days to several weeks, or even longer. Most programs offer a combination of treatments, such as 1:1 therapy, support groups, and medical care.
  • Partial hospitalization program (PHP): Also known as day treatment, in a PHP, you’ll live at home but follow an intensive schedule of treatment. Most programs require you to be on-site for about 40 hours per week.
  • Intensive outpatient program (IOP): An IOP provides structured, intensive therapy and support services for people who don’t require all-day treatment. Outpatient care is often used as a step-down approach after residential treatment, and could be a good option if you need to keep working or going to school while attending intensive therapy. 
  • Sober living: Sober living environments help you transition out of residential addiction treatment. You’ll live with other people in recovery, but have plenty of access to the outside world. 

Alcohol addiction recovery is an ongoing process. With the right type of care you can detox safely, learn to recognize triggers, and start building a meaningful life without alcohol. To find the right program for you, explore rehabs for alcohol addiction.

Frequently Asked Questions About Alcohol Use

Is alcohol considered a drug?

Yes, alcohol is a drug because it affects the brain. It’s classified as a psychotropic central nervous system (CNS) depressant. While it’s commonly used for socializing and relaxation, it’s important to recognize its addictive properties and potential risks.

What are some long-term effects of alcohol?

Long-term alcohol use can have detrimental effects on both the brain and body. Prolonged drinking weakens the immune system, making you more susceptible to illness. Excessive alcohol consumption can also lead to high blood pressure, heart disease, cancer, stroke, liver disease, digestive problems, and mental health conditions like anxiety and depression. Getting professional help is crucial to address these long-term effects and mitigate their impact.

When should I seek professional help for alcohol use?

It’s important to seek professional help if you’re unable to quit drinking on your own. If you often drink more than intended, have intense cravings for alcohol, have mood swings as a result of drinking, or if drinking interferes with your responsibilities, it’s time to consult an addiction expert. Early intervention can lead to effective, long-term recovery.
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What Is the 13th Step of AA?

While there are only 12 official steps in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), you might hear about an unofficial “13th Step.” This term refers to a romantic or sexual relationship between an AA veteran and a new member. 

Even if your feelings are real, these relationships can be very harmful. People just joining AA are typically in the early stages of sobriety. This is a vulnerable time. Long-term AA members can easily take advantage of newcomers, whether they mean to or not. 

You have the right to feel safe in your recovery. If an AA member makes you uncomfortable, check in with your support network. This might include your therapist, your sponsor, or other AA members with whom you have a trusting relationship.

Taking the 13th Step or “13th Stepping” 

The 13th Step isn’t just about sex.1 There’s a power imbalance between people in different stages of healing. AA veterans often have authority within their group, especially over new members. By dating or having sex with people in early recovery, 13th Steppers take advantage of their position.

Many people are vulnerable when they first join AA.2 If drinking has damaged your past relationships, you might be socially isolated. At the same time, most AA newcomers are still learning how to set healthy boundaries. So you might turn to long-term members for advice and emotional support. 

At first, 13th Steppers may seem like trustworthy role models—and many veteran AA members have the best intentions. But others use 12-Step meetings to look for newcomers they can pursue. And because most 12-Step groups are relatively informal,3 it can be hard to hold members accountable.

Who’s Considered a 13th Stepper?

It’s important to note that anyone can be a 13th Stepper.4 The term refers to the power dynamic between long-term and recent sobriety. Age, gender and other aspects of identity can add to a 13th Stepper’s apparent authority.

Are Any Intimate Relationships Possible Within AA?

While some 13th Steppers actively prey on people who are new to the program, these dynamics aren’t always black and white. For example, some experienced AA members may feel genuinely attracted to a new member. And for many people in recovery, it’s easier to date people who share your history of addiction. It could even seem like starting an intimate relationship within AA will support your healing process.

However, 13th Stepping isn’t that simple. It puts AA veterans in a sponsor-like role that can boost their self-esteem. It can also make newcomers feel indebted to their partners. Often, these dangers outweigh any potential benefits. 

If you’ve been sober for some time, you might be able to date someone with a similar history. When you meet on equal terms, the power dynamics of the 13th Step may not apply. But any romance within AA can still affect your recovery. Even relationships between peers can end dramatically. In that case, seeing each other at meetings could be painful. If you decide to date someone else in recovery, it’s safer to make sure each of you has your own sober support network.

The Dangers of 13th Stepping

When you’re new to the 12 Steps, AA meetings are a place to find support, solace and community. The 13th Step has the opposite effect. When veterans prey on newcomers, dating in early recovery can increase your risk of relapse.5 

Takes Time and Energy Away From Recovery

It’s standard advice in AA to abstain from starting a new romantic relationship6 for the first year of recovery. During that time, it’s essential to focus on yourself. New sexual relationships take up a lot of time and energy. As comforting as that can be, they also distract you from healing.

Increases Stress

Even positive relationships increase stress, which is a major contributor to relapse.7 And going through a breakup is even more stressful. It can also jeopardize your emotional safety within your AA group.

Alienates Newcomers From AA

13th Stepping is predatory. When AA veterans make sexual advances, they put unfair pressure on new members. The new person might feel like if they say no, they’ll have to leave the group. That cuts them off from valuable community support. 

Puts Newcomers at Risk

13th Stepping isn’t only distracting and isolating; it can also cause outright harm. There are documented cases of predatory AA veterans assaulting newcomers. Monica Richardson’s film The 13th Step8 describes many of these cases, exposing how some AA members take advantage of people in early recovery.

13th Stepping is not only dangerous, but indicates a need for additional professional help. If someone shifts from managing their addiction to predatory behavior, this could be a sign of other behaviors that require attention.

How to Best Navigate a 12-Step Program

A 13th Stepper’s predatory behavior is never the newcomer’s fault. But if you join AA, you can still take certain precautions to keep yourself safe during early recovery. 

Consider a Break From Dating and Intimacy

Dating and intimacy can distract you from the healing process. By taking a break, you prioritize your own needs. You can use this time to get to know yourself in this new phase of your life. When you’re ready to date again, you’ll have a much clearer sense of what you want in a romantic relationship.

Get Community Support

If someone in AA makes you uncomfortable, talk to other members you trust. Consult the literature, ask your sponsor, and check in with loved ones. You can also ask your therapist what they think. When other people know what’s happening, they can hold both you and the other group member accountable.

Learn About Sponsorship

Sponsors are there to help you work the Steps.9 They shouldn’t coerce you to make a particular decision, and they should never have sex with you. In this dynamic, even consensual sex is harmful. If your sponsor acts inappropriately, you have every right to end the relationship and find a new sponsor. 

Observe and Report Predatory Behavior

12-Step veterans with good intentions don’t make advances on newcomers. If you notice someone making sexual advances—toward you or another new member—keep your distance. You can also talk to other group members about what’s happening. If that doesn’t help, you can leave and look for a different 12-Step group in the area or online. 

Find a 12-Step Program That Works for You

The 13th Step can cause serious harm. It’s important to be aware of this dangerous dynamic, so you can focus on your healing process. People seeking support for addiction recovery deserve to feel safe in AA. 
Every 12-Step group is unique. If you think the 12 Steps would be a good fit for you, search 12-Step rehab programs to begin your recovery journey.

Frequently Asked Questions About 13th Stepping

Who is considered a “13th Stepper?”

Anyone can be a 13th Stepper. This refers to the power dynamic between long-term 12-Step members and those in early recovery, irrespective of age, gender, or identity.

Are any intimate relationships possible within AA?

While it may seem tempting to date someone with a shared history of addiction, the dangers of the 13th Step, such as power imbalances and emotional dependencies, often outweigh the potential benefits. It’s crucial to prioritize your recovery and seek support from your own sober support network.

What are the dangers of the 13th Step in AA?

Engaging in the 13th Step can lead to risks like increased vulnerability to relapse, diverting your focus from recovery, heightened stress levels, potential emotional harm, and isolation from a supportive AA community. It’s crucial to be aware of these dangers and take necessary precautions to safeguard your well-being in early recovery.

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How Long Does it Take to Detox From Alcohol?

When you’re ready to recover from alcohol addiction, detox is an important first step. Most people detox from alcohol in a week or less. During that process, you’ll likely experience withdrawal symptoms. These can be uncomfortable or even life-threatening—but they’re temporary. And in a medical detox program, your care team will keep you safe from any serious side effects. Proper treatment can set you up for success when you move on to the next phase of recovery.

Symptoms of Alcohol Withdrawal

Everyone’s alcohol withdrawal symptoms are a little different. Your experience will depend on a few factors, including how long and how much you’ve been drinking. About 50% of people with alcohol addiction1 have withdrawal symptoms when they start recovery. Within that group, 3-5% have severe symptoms that could be fatal. The first symptoms of withdrawal2 usually appear about 8 hours after your last drink:

  • Alcohol cravings
  • Irritability
  • Anxiety
  • Insomnia
  • Nightmares
  • Tremors
  • Headaches
  • Nausea and vomiting

Even mild alcohol withdrawal symptoms can be uncomfortable. Perhaps as a result, withdrawal symptoms can lead to relapse.3 Medically assisted detox provides a more comfortable withdrawal experience. You may still have symptoms, but your care team will help you manage them. Most programs include non-addictive medications, talk therapy, and some complementary treatments. 

Delirium Tremens

Withdrawal from severe alcohol addiction sometimes leads to delirium tremens4 (DTs, also referred to as DT), also called alcohol withdrawal delirium. While it’s not very common, this tends to affect people with chronically excessive drinking habits. This condition presents with a few key symptoms:

  • Hallucinations
  • Confusion
  • Elevated blood pressure
  • Elevated body temperature
  • Agitation or aggressive behavior
  • Seizures 

Without proper treatment, these symptoms can be fatal. Certain people are more at risk for DTs than others. If you have multiple addictions, abnormal liver function, a history of DTs, or a history of seizures, this condition is more likely. Certain short-term health issues can also increase your risk, like dehydration and low potassium levels.

Medical detox is extremely important for anyone with a risk of DTs—even a low one. In these programs, you’ll work with a team of doctors, nurses, and other experts. They can manage your symptoms with medication and offer round-the-clock care in case of emergency.

Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS)

For some people, withdrawal-like symptoms last for weeks or even months after detox. This is called post-acute withdrawal syndrome, or PAWS. People experience PAWS differently, but the symptoms are often more psychological5 and less physical than those of acute withdrawal:

  • Mood swings
  • Brain fog
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Lack of motivation
  • Decreased sex drive
  • Memory or concentration issues

PAWS is often triggered by stress. Because PAWS can cause relapse,6 it’s important to have a treatment plan in place. With the right approach, you can manage your symptoms and continue to focus on recovery. 

Stages of Alcohol Withdrawal

Most symptoms of alcohol withdrawal7 appear during the first few days after your last drink. However, the precise timeline for alcohol withdrawal is different for everyone. Depending on the severity of your addiction, your symptoms may be mild or more intense.

6-12 Hours

Withdrawal symptoms normally start within 6-8 hours after your last drink. You might have a headache or start sweating. You may also feel nauseous or nervous. For people with a long history of heavy drinking, it’s possible to have a seizure in the first 6-12 hours of withdrawal.

12-24 Hours

Mild symptoms continue to build in the first 24 hours of withdrawal. You might have tremors, particularly in your hands. Some people experience insomnia. For those with more severe withdrawal symptoms, hallucinations may start to occur in the first 24 hours. These can be visual, auditory, or tactile hallucinations.

24-48 Hours

If you have only mild withdrawal symptoms, they may peak 24-48 hours after you stop drinking. From then on, symptoms like headaches, tremors, rapid heart rate, and nausea could decrease. 

People with more severe symptoms might have seizures 48 hours into the detox process. 

48-96 Hours

If your symptoms are more severe, they may also last longer. For some people, peak withdrawal occurs within 72 hours of quitting alcohol. After that point, you’ll probably start to feel better.

Other people are at risk for developing delirium tremens on the 3rd day of withdrawal, starting around 72 hours into detox. You might not know in advance whether this is a risk for you. This is why it’s so important to get proper care during alcohol detox. Your team can stand by during this crucial time, ready to help you if new symptoms develop. 

96 Hours and Beyond

Most people start to feel completely better around day 4 or 5 of detox. At this point, your body stops compensating for the lack of alcohol in your system. You’ll reach a new equilibrium as tremors, nausea, anxiety, and other symptoms subside. Most people complete withdrawal sometime between days 5-7.

If you experience delirium tremens, you may need more time to detox. Delirium tremens symptoms usually last 7 days, and sometimes longer.

Treatments for Alcohol Withdrawal

You’ve got a few options for alcohol withdrawal treatment, including hospitals, medical detox centers, and rehab. Most detox programs follow similar treatment plans, though some provide more therapeutic support than others. 

Treatment typically begins with a thorough physical exam. Doctors will ask about any pre-existing conditions that might impact your withdrawal experience. From there, you’ll begin detox. 

Over the first few days, your medical team will monitor you closely. They might provide medication if you need it. If you don’t show any signs of withdrawal symptoms after 48-72 hours, you might be released to outpatient care or residential rehab. If you’re detoxing in rehab, you might progress to the next stage of treatment. 

Risk Factors for Detoxing From Alcohol at Home

While it’s a vital part of recovery, detox is dangerous without medical care. In particular, withdrawal from alcohol8 can be fatal. 5-15%of people with delirium tremens die9 from their symptoms. 

For some people, the fear of alcohol withdrawal symptoms10 is a barrier to treatment. Medical detox programs can keep you safe and as comfortable as possible while you detox.

How Long Will It Take to Detox from Alcohol?

How long alcohol stays in your system is unique for everyone. In most cases, acute withdrawal symptoms end after 5-7 days. You can go through this process in an onsite or offsite detox program. Most care plans include medical treatment, non-addictive prescriptions, and psychotherapy. 

Onsite Detox

Some inpatient rehabs offer onsite detox. This approach lets you move seamlessly from initial detox into longer-term treatment. You can get medical and therapeutic support in the same place, instead of moving to a new center in the middle of treatment. 

For example, at Noosa Confidential in Australia, clients stay in a waterfront retreat with 24-hour access to staff. Here, you’ll work with the same clinicians throughout detox and residential treatment.11 This consistency makes it easier to build trust with your care team.

Off-site Detox

In a program with offsite detox, you’ll go through withdrawal in a separate facility before you start inpatient care. For people with more severe withdrawal symptoms, more complex medical treatment might be necessary. With offsite detox, you can still transition smoothly into rehab when you’re ready.

The Beekeeper House in Thailand is an inpatient rehab with an offsite detox program. They work with their partner facility, The Warm, to determine the best plan of action for your detox.12 Many patients go through detox at The Warm before they start residential treatment. If you have more complex medical needs, you can transfer to their partner hospital in Chiang Mai before returning for rehab.

New Jersey’s Enlightened Recovery also has offsite detox as part of their flexible detox options.13 You can detox in their inpatient rehab, at one of their partner facilities, or an independent detox center before you start longer-term treatment. 

Will Health Insurance Cover the Cost of Alcohol Detox?

Many detox centers accept insurance, including Medicaid. The cost of detox varies depending on the facility and the level of care you receive. Check with your insurance provider in advance to see what you plan will cover. Your treatment program’s admissions team can also offer guidance. There are options for everyone, even if you don’t have insurance. If you’re interested, you can learn more about alcohol detox and inpatient rehab programs that accept insurance.

Detox is an essential step in the healing process. Medical detox programs can help you start recovery as safely as possible. When you’re ready to start addiction treatment, you can find a rehab that offers alcohol detox. 

Frequently Asked Questions About Alcohol Detox

How long does alcohol detox last?

The duration of alcohol detox varies for each person. In general, most people complete alcohol detox within a week or less.

What are the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms can vary depending on factors like the duration and amount of alcohol you consumed. About 50% of people with alcohol addiction experience withdrawal symptoms when starting recovery, with 3-5% facing severe symptoms that can be life-threatening. Common early withdrawal symptoms (which start about 8 hours after the last drink) include intense cravings, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, nightmares, tremors, headaches, and nausea/vomiting. Even mild symptoms can be uncomfortable and increase the risk of relapse. Medically assisted detox programs provide a safer and more comfortable experience.

What are delirium tremens (DTs), and who is at risk?

Delirium tremens (DTs) can happen during withdrawal from severe alcohol addiction, although it’s relatively uncommon and typically affects people with chronic excessive drinking habits. DT symptoms include hallucinations, confusion, elevated blood pressure, elevated body temperature, agitation or aggressive behavior, and seizures. Without proper treatment, DTs can be fatal. Certain factors increase the risk of developing DTs, including multiple addictions, abnormal liver function, a previous history of DTs or seizures, and short-term health issues like dehydration and low potassium levels.
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What Does OxyContin Look Like?

If you’re worried about opioid addiction, it can be helpful to know what OxyContin looks like. This brand of prescription painkillers can be dangerous if you take them improperly. It’s easy to identify OxyContin tablets because they’re all imprinted with either “OC” or “OP.” However, the 7 doses of OxyContin all look a little different from each other. 

The answer to what OxyContin pills look like will depend on how strong the dose is. 

10 mg Pill

  • Color: White
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP on one side; 10 on the other side

15 mg Pill

  • Color: Gray
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP; 15

20 mg Pill

  • Color: Light pink
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP; 20

30 mg Pill

  • Color: Brown
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP; 30

40 mg Pill

  • Color: Yellow
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OP or OC; 40

60 mg Pill

  • Color: Red
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP; 60

80 mg Pill

  • Color: Green
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP; 80

What Is OxyContin?

OxyContin is the brand name for oxycodone, a type of opioid. By definition, all opioids are narcotic painkillers.1 What sets OxyContin apart from similar drugs—like morphine, codeine, and hydrocodone—is its extended release.2 When you take OxyContin, the tablets dissolve slowly and release oxycodone at a steady rate for up to 12 hours. 

What Is OxyContin Used For?

Doctors prescribe OxyContin to treat moderate to severe pain. Because it lasts longer than other pain medications, most people take OxyContin for conditions that require consistent relief over a long period of time. This includes pain resulting from arthritis, serious injuries, cancer, and other conditions. 

Is OxyContin Addictive?

OxyContin has been a subject of concern due to its addictive potential. Initially introduced in 1996, it was marketed as an effective prescription painkiller with a low risk for misuse.3 However, within a few years, the landscape changed dramatically. By 2004, OxyContin had become one of the most widely misused drugs in the United States. 

Despite its intended purpose for chronic pain relief, when people take OxyContin for chronic pain they can quickly become dependent on the drug. Physical dependence isn’t the same as addiction4—it just means your body now relies on certain doses to find relief. Addiction, on the other hand, occurs when you’re no longer able to control behaviors that negatively affect your life. If taking increased amounts of OxyContin is the only way you can get pain relief, your risk of addiction increases. 

It’s important to recognize OxyContin’s addictive potential and use caution when taking this medication. If you have concerns about your OxyContin use or think you may be developing an addiction, consult a healthcare professional for appropriate guidance and support.

OxyContin Prescription Use vs. Misuse

OxyContin, like other prescription medications, has legitimate uses but also carries a risk of misuse. 

Prescription use of OxyContin is when patients who have a legitimate medical need for pain management take the drug under the guidance of a healthcare professional. When used as prescribed, OxyContin can provide relief and improve the quality of life for people with chronic pain.

However, misuse occurs when you use OxyContin in a way that doesn’t follow your doctor’s instructions.5 This can include taking higher doses than recommended, using the medication more frequently than prescribed, or using it without a valid medical reason. Misuse of OxyContin significantly increases the risk of adverse effects, dependency, and addiction.

The line between prescription use and misuse can sometimes become blurred. Some people may initially receive OxyContin for a legitimate medical purpose but gradually veer into misuse because of increased tolerance, desperation for pain relief, or other factors. It’s essential to use OxyContin strictly as directed by a healthcare professional and to promptly communicate any concerns or changes in pain management needs so they can adjust your prescription safely and appropriately.

What Are the Street Names for OxyContin?

OxyContin goes by a variety of street names:6

  • O.C. 
  • Hillbilly Heroin
  • Oxy
  • Oxycet
  • Oxycotton

How Is OxyContin Abused?

People with opioid addiction may want to bypass OxyContin’s extended release7 by snorting or injecting it. This is extremely unsafe, because then you can’t predict how strong the dose will be, or how quickly it will take effect. 

When you snort OxyContin, it’s absorbed by the membranes of your nostrils. It goes directly into your bloodstream instead of first traveling through your digestive tract. If you inject the drug, it bypasses even your nostrils, so your body absorbs OxyContin even faster.8 This brings on a more intense euphoria. Injecting drugs also puts you at risk of diseases9 like HIV and hepatitis. 

Can You Overdose on Oxycontin?

OxyContin is a potent opioid and can cause overdose if used improperly or in excessive amounts. The specific dosage required to overdose on OxyContin can vary depending on factors such as your tolerance, body weight, and overall health. That’s why it’s crucial to adhere to the prescribed dosage and consult a healthcare professional for guidance throughout the course of OxyContin use.

Overdosing on OxyContin can have severe consequences and may even be life-threatening. Some common symptoms of an OxyContin overdose10 include:

  • Extreme drowsiness or sedation
  • Slow, shallow, or difficult breathing
  • Constricted pupils
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Cold, clammy skin
  • Weakness or limpness
  • Slurred speech
  • Bluish tint to lips or fingertips

Overdosing can cause seizures,11 brain damage, heart attack, and respiratory depression—slowed breathing that can become fatal.

If you or your loved one shows signs of an OxyContin overdose, seek medical attention immediately. Risks of overdose increase when you combine OxyContin with other substances like alcohol or other opioids.

What Are the Risks of OxyContin Use?

OxyContin is a powerful opioid. The U.S. opioid crisis12 started in the 1990s and is still a major problem. As doctors overprescribe opioids like OxyContin, more people are at risk of addiction, overdose, and turning to even more potent street drugs. 

Physical Risks

Like any opioid, OxyContin depresses your nervous system.13 In other words, it slows down communication between your brain and body. Your heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure all go down. This can cause you to stop breathing, go into shock, or even die. 

Abusing OxyContin also puts you at risk of injuring yourself or someone else.14 That’s because opioids can make you dizzy, confused, or poorly coordinated. Data shows an alarming rise in elderly people injuring themselves15 from falls while using prescription opioids. 

Psychological Risks

Over time, opioid use alters your brain’s reward system.16 You might begin to feel normal when OxyContin is in your system, and abnormal when it’s not. OxyContin also impacts your mental health. People who use opioids have higher rates of anxiety,17 irritability, lack of motivation, and depression. 

From Prescription to Street Drugs

If you first start taking OxyContin to manage chronic pain, it can become hard to function without it. Over time, you might need higher doses of the drug to achieve the same effect.18 This is a dangerous pattern, and it can quickly lead to addiction. 

If you can’t get a high enough dose of OxyContin from a prescription, you might look for other sources. When it’s sold illegally, OxyContin can be very expensive. But more affordable opioids, like heroin,19 are often impure and even more addictive. 

Following your doctor’s instructions, and bringing up any challenges you’re experiencing with your prescription, can avoid escalating OxyContin use. You can also ask your doctor about non-opioid-based pain management.

Find Treatment Options for OxyContin Addiction

When you’re ready to heal from OxyContin addiction, it’s important to get professional support. OxyContin withdrawal symptoms can be dangerous—and even fatal. The only safe way to detox from opioids is with proper medical care.


To start recovery from OxyContin, learn more about opioid addiction treatment programs here.

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The Link Between Substance Abuse and Domestic Violence: Understanding and Breaking the Cycle

There’s a strong relationship between substance abuse and domestic violence. Abuse is traumatic, and its effects can follow you even after you end the relationship. Many people use drugs or alcohol to cope with that trauma, which can quickly lead to addiction. But addiction is traumatic, too. What starts as a coping mechanism might eventually compound the problem. When you’re ready to end this cycle, a rehab that treats trauma and addiction can help you move forward.

If you or someone in your life is experiencing domestic violence, you can call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799-SAFE (7233) to get immediate support. 

What Is Domestic Violence?

Domestic violence is the intentional use of force by a family member, romantic partner, roommate, close friend, or other loved one. There’s a common myth that all abuse is physical assault. In reality, domestic violence can be much more subtle and complex. You don’t have to wait for it to escalate. Instead, you can get help as soon as you notice any of these types of abuse, no matter how minor they may seem:

  • Intimidation
  • Destroying property 
  • Physical assault
  • Verbal insults
  • Social isolation
  • Forced sex
  • Harming pets
  • Financial, physical, or emotional control
  • Coercion to have sex, drink, or take drugs

Domestic violence can happen to anyone, regardless of their age, gender, or social standing. There’s also a complex relationship between substance use and domestic violence.1 These 2 issues often go hand in hand, and each one makes the other more likely. 

Both perpetrators and survivors of abuse have high rates of addiction.2

The Impact of Addiction on Domestic Violence

Addiction is common among perpetrators of domestic violence.3 25-50% of intimate partner abusers have substance use disorders. And as an abuser’s addiction grows more severe, both the frequency and severity of their abuse increases.4 

It’s important to note that most people experiencing addiction are not violent5 towards others. However, the influence of drugs or alcohol can make people with violent tendencies more likely to act on them.

By definition, being drunk or high changes your brain chemistry.6 As a result, drinking or using drugs can change the way you think, feel, and react to stress. You might be less capable of controlling your anger, making violence more likely. Ongoing drug use increases your risk of violent behavior7 over time. 

Social norms can also contribute to higher rates of violence. In some cultures, “I was drunk” is an acceptable excuse for a wide range of negative behavior, from telling secrets to picking fights. When people feel like they can blame their actions on substances, they may drink or use drugs to justify ongoing violence.8 This mindset can also prevent them from getting the help they need.

Women experiencing alcohol or drug addiction are also more likely to become victims of domestic violence.9 However, studies show that this often relates to their partners’ substance abuse issues even more than their own.

Substance use doesn’t cause domestic violence. And blaming violence on a person’s addiction—whether they’re the survivor or the perpetrator—removes the abuser’s responsibility.

Facts on Substance Abuse and Domestic Violence

Data shows a strong connection between correlate substance use and domestic violence: 

  • Domestic violence survivors are nearly 6 times more likely to develop alcohol addiction. 
  • Nearly 50% of women who enter addiction treatment are domestic violence survivors. The rates are much higher for women in opioid addiction treatment. 
  • When both people in a relationship use substances, their risk of interpersonal violence goes up.
  • 39% of incarcerated abusers have a history of alcohol addiction.
  • 22% of incarcerated abusers have a history of drug addiction.
  • Substance use is involved in up to 80% of child abuse cases.
  • Teens and young adults who were abused in childhood have a higher risk of addiction.
  • Serious physical violence occurs in 8-13% of all marriages.
  • Women who abuse substances are at a higher risk of domestic violence.

How Domestic Violence Can Lead to Addiction

Domestic violence survivors are at a high risk of addiction.12 That’s partly because it’s so common for survivors to self-medicate13 the symptoms of trauma. Survivors are also more likely to experience mental health issues.14 So they may use drugs or alcohol to cope with the symptoms of another diagnosis, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Addiction in Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

Many people cope with the trauma of intimate partner violence (IPV) by using drugs or alcohol.19 For many survivors, this occasional coping method quickly turns into addiction—especially if you lack other coping strategies. Survivors of IPV also tend to have more severe addiction symptoms. 

Physical injuries from IPV can also lead to addiction. For example, it’s common for IPV to result in chronic pain or traumatic brain injury. Both of these conditions increase your risk of addiction. But developing an addiction also increases your risk of experiencing IPV again, and this can quickly become a cycle. Seeking treatment can keep you safe from further violence. 

Special Considerations for Men Who Have Survived Domestic Violence 

Although most research focuses on women survivors, 25-50% of people who survive IPV each year are men.20 And like women, studies show that male survivors of domestic violence are more likely to develop addiction. But the cultural stigma that male survivors face can be a barrier to treatment and recovery. 

Treatment for Addiction and Domestic Violence-Related Trauma

When you’re recovering from abuse and addiction, it’s ideal to find treatment that addresses both at the same time. Studies show that comprehensive treatment is more effective21 than seeking help for trauma and addiction separately. 

How Does Comprehensive Treatment Work?

Most rehabs that address both addiction and domestic violence offer trauma-informed care. Trauma affects everyone differently, and its impacts can be surprising. A trauma-informed approach accounts for your unique needs during recovery, even as those needs change.

Recognizing your triggers and respecting your boundaries is a huge part of this. For example, you’ll be able to say “stop” at any point in therapy, and take a break or change the subject. The physical environment will also be conducive to healing with well-lit common areas, no loud noises, and safety features like security personnel at entrances and exits. 

Integrated treatment also accounts for the role of trauma in addiction.22 For example, if you’re in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), you might learn how to cope with trauma triggers without using drugs or alcohol. These skills can help you navigate long-term recovery from both conditions. 

Aftercare Planning for Survivors of Domestic Violence

For survivors, aftercare includes more than ongoing mental health support. While that’s important, it’s just one part of your safety. In most programs, you can start planning for aftercare as soon as you enter treatment.

When you start rehab, your therapist may ask you to sign a no-contact contract,23 where you’ll agree not to communicate with your abuser during treatment. But after rehab, it’s not always that simple. If you have children with them or share assets like a house, the legal system may require some amount of contact. 

It’s also common for survivors to be socially isolated24 and have fewer financial resources immediately after an abusive relationship. So as you approach the end of treatment, you’ll work with your therapist to create a concrete safety plan25 for after you leave. That plan might include: 

  • Intentions around if, when and how you’ll be in contact with your abuser, including information about your legal rights
  • A safe place to live
  • A new phone number, email address or other contact information your abuser won’t have access to
  • A local therapist
  • In-person support groups
  • Relevant hotlines for social services
  • Other community resources

Healing from abuse is a deeply personal process, and every survivor has unique needs. Your provider can help you find the resources you need to achieve your recovery goals.

You can start healing from abuse and addiction in treatment centers around the world. Rehabs that treat trauma will help you plan for a safer, brighter future. 

Frequently Asked Questions About Domestic Violence and Addiction

How does substance use affect domestic violence?

Substance use is common among both perpetrators and survivors of domestic violence, and it can increase the risk and severity of violent behavior. Alcohol and drugs change brain chemistry, making it harder to control anger and increasing the likelihood of violence.

How can rehab help with domestic violence and addiction?

Rehabs that specialize in treating both addiction and trauma offer a safe, supportive space where survivors can heal from the trauma of abuse while also addressing their addiction. Treatment often includes individual and group therapy, medical care, and complementary therapies. Rehab can also provide survivors with the skills and tools they need to build a healthy, substance-free life after leaving the program. It’s important to choose a rehab that’s equipped to handle both issues and has experience working with survivors of domestic violence.

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Does Insurance Cover Rehab?

The short answer is—yes, insurance often covers rehab. But it depends on your exact plan, why you need treatment, and which program you choose. It’s important to ask the right questions and get the answers you need before starting treatment. Doing this can remove some significant barriers to recovery. You can start by looking for a rehab program that accepts insurance.

Understanding Insurance: The Big Picture

Dealing with your insurance company can be daunting. And when you’re preparing for rehab, it might be tough to navigate that bureaucracy. Rehab is often an emergency, and you might not have the time or emotional energy to learn new-to-you complex terminology.

If this process feels overwhelming, remember that both insurance and rehab are there to help you get the care you need. The employees of these companies are real people with families and healthcare needs of their own. Look for ways to connect with them on a personal level. Sometimes that means getting on the phone with the right person, which can take time. You can also ask your rehab center for help.

Factors That Affect the Cost of Rehab

When you’re planning to start rehab, you can find out how much treatment will cost before you enter rehab. That transparency is essential. For many people, this is what makes recovery possible.

Your rehab’s staff can give you most of the information you need. To answer any remaining questions, you can call your insurer or ask your rehab to call them for you. It’s often better to have a staff member contact them on your behalf. They might know more about insurance than you do, and already know someone who works at the insurance company.

There are a few common questions you might want to start with:

  • Does your rehab program accept my particular insurance plan?
  • Do I need any referrals from my primary care doctor, therapist, psychiatrist, etc., to qualify for coverage?
  • What documentation do you need from me to confirm that my insurance will cover rehab?
  • How will my insurance company determine what type of treatment is medically necessary?
  • Which specific types of treatment does my insurance plan cover?
  • How long does insurance cover rehab? Will my coverage change based on how long I stay in treatment?
  • If my care plan changes during rehab, will your staff help me negotiate those changes with my insurance company?
  • Which types of aftercare will my insurance plan cover?
  • If I relapse after rehab, will my insurance cover additional treatment?
  • At your facility, what would my total out-of-pocket costs be for the specific type of treatment I need?

It’s best to get clear answers before signing up for treatment. If your provider can’t or won’t give you this information, you can call your insurer directly or look for a different rehab center.

What Types of Insurance Cover Residential Rehab?

Insurance companies regularly update their policies. Talk to your insurer, rehab center, doctor, or someone else on your care team to ensure you have the most recent information before you commit to a particular rehab program.

Most types of insurance cover some amount of addiction and mental health treatment, including but not limited to the following:

With any insurance, it’s important to check what coverage your specific plan can offer. For example, some plans might require a referral from your doctor. Others may cover medical detox but not longer-term care.

Out-of-Network vs. In-Network Treatment Centers

A network is a list of providers who accept a particular insurance plan. In-network healthcare providers ((“What You Should Know About Provider Networks.” Health Insurance Marketplace. https://marketplace.cms.gov/outreach-and-education/what-you-should-know-provider-networks.pdf)) can easily bill your care to your insurance company. You may still need to go over some details to make sure your treatment is covered by insurance. But in most cases, attending an in-network treatment facility is the most straightforward option.

Simple isn’t always better. You might need a type of care that’s only available at an out-of-network facility. In that case, you’ll probably have higher out-of-pocket costs than you would at an in-network rehab. You might even have to pay the full amount. But that’s not always the case. You can still ask your provider to get in touch with your insurance company to learn more about your options.

Going to Rehab Without Insurance

If you’re paying out of pocket, or your care plan won’t cover rehab for drugs or alcohol, you can still find ways to get the treatment you need:

    • Some rehab centers offer scholarships, ((Welcome to Benefits.Gov | Benefits.Gov. https://www.benefits.gov/benefit/871. Accessed 31 May 2023.)) grants, or financial assistance. Ask your center’s admissions team to learn how you can apply. You may be eligible for funding through a public aid program or directly through your rehab facility.
    • Consider outpatient treatment. These programs are usually much less expensive than residential rehab. You might attend an intensive outpatient program (IOP) or partial hospitalization program (PHP). Either one will allow you to live at home while attending therapy like a part-time or full-time job.
    • Find a more affordable rehab program. According to the National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics, the least expensive inpatient rehabs in the U.S. cost approximately $6,000/month.

((“Average Cost of Drug Rehab [2023]: By Type, State & More.” NCDAS, https://drugabusestatistics.org/cost-of-rehab/. Accessed 31 May 2023.))

How to Get Insurance to Pay for Rehab

Walter Baker, insurance expert with Sandstone Care, says that “The #2 barrier to treatment and the #2 cause of relapse is money.” Many people delay getting the care they need because they’re afraid they won’t be able to afford it. And what’s more, worrying about money can directly affect your mental health. ((Ryu S, Fan L. The Relationship Between Financial Worries and Psychological Distress Among U.S. Adults. J Fam Econ Issues. 2023;44(1):16-33. doi: 10.1007/s10834-022-09820-9. Epub 2022 Feb 1. PMID: 35125855; PMCID: PMC8806009.)) You can put your mind at ease by getting clear answers before treatment. Use these strategies to plan for your long-term recovery.

Build Personal Relationships

Some rehabs and insurance companies may hesitate to tell you how much treatment will cost. If you can appeal to them on a personal level, you can break through this barrier. Reach out to the admissions team at a rehab and ask them for help. They may know someone who works at your insurance company. If not, they can help you plan to contact them yourself. Knowing who to ask can make all the difference.

Document Your Process

Insurance companies use a lot of specialized terminology. That can make it hard to understand your own bills, much less negotiate their terms. Plan around this by keeping clear records of all your correspondence with your rehab and your insurance company. You can also request a copy of your medical records from your doctor, therapist, and other providers. If you get a surprising bill, ask an expert about it instead of paying immediately. Your rehab’s staff might be able to help you, or your insurer might be willing to make adjustments if you can give them enough information.

Get Medically Necessary Care

Most of the time, insurance only covers medically necessary treatments. ((“Understanding Health Care Bills: What Is Medical Necessity?” National Association of Insurance Commissioners. https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/consumer-health-insurance-what-is-medical-necessity.pdf )) In other words, you or your care team will need to prove that you need a specific type of care. This practice prevents people from abusing their insurance to get treatment they don’t really need. When you’re healing from substance use disorders, this can be especially important. The downside is that it can limit what types of treatment are available to you.

When you’re choosing a rehab, broaden your search to include several different levels of care. Your insurance may be willing to pay for an IOP or PHP, even if they deny coverage for residential rehab.

Choosing the Best Rehab for You

While insurance can be confusing, it’s there to help you recover. Your care team can advocate for you while you research different options. Don’t be afraid to comparison shop between various rehab programs. Consider their types of treatment, insurance coverage, and how much support you get from the admissions team.

Throughout this process, you’ll also learn to be your own greatest ally. “Just because an insurance company says one thing and a provider says another thing, the truth is probably somewhere in the middle,” Walter Baker explains. If you can find that truth before you commit to a rehab program, you’ll set yourself up for long-term success.

Search rehabs by insurance coverage to find a program that meets your unique needs.

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California Sober: What Is It and What Does It Mean for Addiction Recovery?

What does it mean to be “California sober?” This is a relatively new idea in addiction recovery. And while some people swear by it, it’s certainly not right for everyone.

What Does it Mean to Be California Sober?

“California sober” is a relatively new term in addiction recovery. It’s not a clinical term, and it has a very loose definition. Singer Demi Lovato popularized it when they described using marijuana and alcohol during recovery from opioid and stimulant addiction1 after a nearly fatal overdose:

“Telling myself I can never have a drink or smoke marijuana is setting myself up for failure because I am such a black-and-white thinker. I had it drilled into my head for so many years that one drink was equivalent to a crack pipe.”

Some people say being California sober means only using marijuana while abstaining from alcohol and other drugs. Other people say that it’s using marijuana in addition to psychedelics or natural drugs like kratom or kava. Some people in recovery for alcohol addiction may still drink in moderation and consider that as being California sober. The term means vastly different things to different people.

On the other hand, traditional sobriety is the complete abstinence from all alcohol and drugs. It’s much more strict than being California sober. However, even if you take this approach to recovery, there are some gray areas. For instance, people using medication-assisted treatment (MAT) still qualify as traditionally sober if they’re only taking medications that treat addiction.2 

Abstinence is a popular approach to recovery in 12-Step programs and most residential rehabs. And studies show that while traditional sobriety isn’t the only way to recover from substance abuse,3 people who remain abstinent from all drugs and alcohol often report a better overall quality of life. 

California Sober as a Form of Harm Reduction

Harm reduction interventions,4 like being California sober, aim to reduce the harmful consequences of substance abuse. So with this approach, you might limit the number of daily drinks you have instead of quitting alcohol entirely. The goal is sustainability, not total abstinence.

Moderation means different things to different people. Some replace “hard” drugs like methamphetamines, opioids, or stimulants with “soft” drugs like marijuana, natural psychedelics, or alcohol. The belief is that these natural drugs are safer5 than synthetic drugs. However, that’s not necessarily true.

Does Going “California Sober” Work?

Many people think “soft” drugs are automatically safe.6 And it’s true that drugs like marijuana typically have a lower risk of overdose and other negative effects. But they’re not entirely harmless. 

Every substance has the potential to be addictive—even marijuana. Over time, any type of substance use hijacks your brain’s reward system. Experts believe that addiction to one drug might even make you more sensitive to other drugs. If that theory is correct, then going California sober might just increase your risk of developing a new addiction.

Is Marijuana a Better Alternative?

Despite what many people think, you can become addicted to marijuana. In fact, studies show that about 30% of people who use marijuana become dependent on it.7 You may feel more irritable, less hungry, or even experience cravings for up to 2 weeks if you quit using marijuana.  

Some data also suggests that marijuana might be a gateway drug.8 One study found that adults who used marijuana were at a much higher risk of alcohol addiction. Whether because of social pressure or brain chemistry, cannabis use might make it harder to abstain from drinking.

On the other hand, marijuana’s health effects may help some people reduce their use of other drugs. For example, marijuana is a powerful painkiller.9 Some doctors are using it to decrease patients’ need for opioid medications. Experts note that this treatment can “dramatically lower opioid use and can provide pain relief.”  If you’re in recovery from opioid addiction, going California sober might be extremely helpful.

The Downsides of Being California Sober

“Soft” drugs can harm your mental and physical health just as much as “hard” drugs. Regularly using marijuana can have a variety of harmful effects:10

  • Lung irritation, illness, and infections for people who smoke
  • Increased heart rate, which raises your risk of heart attack
  • Severe nausea and vomiting 
  • Paranoia
  • Depression and anxiety
  • Worsened symptoms for people with pre-existing mental health conditions, especially schizophrenia 

It’s also common for people who are California sober to use psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin, which is found in mushrooms. And while many people believe that these drugs are completely safe, both psilocybin and LSD can cause mental health symptoms:11

  • Panic attacks
  • Increased delusions
  • Flashbacks to negative experiences
  • Impaired memory

Alcohol also causes serious long-term physical health effects:12

  • Heart disease
  • Cancer, including mouth, liver, and colorectal cancer
  • Alcohol-associated hepatitis and cirrhosis
  • Stroke
  • Reduced bone density 

Natural drugs like kratom and kava can also cause long-term harm13 to your body. For example, long-term use of kava can damage your liver14 and kidneys. It can also exacerbate any pre-existing mental health symptoms.

No Set Standard of Sobriety

Each California sober person in recovery gets to decide which drugs they can use, when, and how often. And because it isn’t set in stone, you may find yourself changing your definition of sobriety to slowly include more and more frequent drug or alcohol use. This flexibility can become a slippery slope back toward addiction. Traditional sobriety sets strict boundaries around alcohol and drugs that may be more difficult to cross. 

Increases Your Risk of Relapse

George Koob, director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, explains that the California sober trend may trigger relapse:15

“I think substituting one intoxicant for another has a lot of dangerous pieces to it. What if you decided to smoke marijuana and then decided to drink a little alcohol? An intoxicant can help with withdrawal, but it can also act as a cue and trigger craving for a drug.”

Your risk of relapse is especially high16 if you used to drink or smoke marijuana while using more dangerous drugs. For example, if you would typically drink and use cocaine at the same time, drinking in recovery may trigger your cravings for cocaine.  

Doesn’t Address the Root Cause of Your Addiction

Trauma is a common cause of addiction.17 Being California sober might still enable you to self-medicate the symptoms of trauma, just with “softer” drugs. You might continue to seek out substances or behaviors that help you cope with triggers. This can be less harmful than using “harder” drugs—but it’s even better to address the underlying cause of your symptoms.

Potential Benefits of California Sober

While there are risks to practicing moderation, being California sober may benefit people seeking more grace in their recovery. 

Reduced Stigma

Recognizing that success is a spectrum can reduce the amount of stigma18 you experience in recovery. Some abstinence-only programs teach that relapsing is a sign of failure. However, most people relapse 3-4 times19 before finding long-term success. 

Dr. Brian Hurley, director-at-large for the American Society of Addiction Medicine, explains: 

“I’m less interested as an addiction physician in focusing on whether somebody is completely abstinent from every substance ongoing forever, and I’m more interested in: How have their lives changed in response to treatment? How are their behaviors improving?” 

According to harm reductionist philosophy, any positive change is a success.20 Being California sober means not punishing yourself for very normal parts of recovery, like relapse and cravings. Instead, it can help you embrace the challenges of healing. 

More Support and Access to Treatment

Many rehabs require clients to be abstinent21 from all substances. For some people, this can be a barrier to treatment. Data suggests that if people with severe addiction can access free and immediate treatment, many will still refuse because they don’t want to be totally abstinent. 

Studies show that moderation-based treatment plans can be effective for long-term recovery,  compared to abstinence-only programs. For example, people recovering from alcohol addiction are more likely to drink more heavily during a relapse than people practicing moderation. Being California sober can teach you how to manage your drinking, which may help you continue to drink at a healthier level. 

Expert Opinions on Going “California Sober”

Many experts in the field of addiction recovery critique the idea of being California sober. Some, like addiction treatment administrator April Marier, say it’s just ineffective. Marier compares the trend to “switching seats on the Titanic22 — it’s not going to save you; you’re still going down.” 

Others, like addiction specialist Ken Seeley, say the very idea could be harmful to other people in recovery:  

“I think the term ‘California sober’ is quite disrespectful to the sober community.23 I know a lot of people that work really hard to hold their abstinence and fight for their lives in recovery, and to bring up this new term, ‘California sober’ is so inappropriate.”

But some addiction experts, like Dr. Marlene Martin, see the benefits of being California sober.24 Everyone should have support in reaching their personal recovery goals, Martin says: 

“For some people, it’s reducing, for some it’s discontinuing, for some people it might be harm reduction—not getting HIV or not overdosing. There are lots of ways people who use drugs can improve their health and well-being.”

Choose the Sober That Helps You the Most

Everyone’s pathway to recovery is different. Even if you wouldn’t seek treatment that requires abstinence, you can still heal from addiction. However, if you need to set stricter boundaries around drug use, traditional sobriety may be more achievable. 

Recovery can also be a fluid process. You don’t have to decide everything in advance. Even Demi Lovato says that they are now “sober sober,”25 because being California sober stopped working for them. But other celebrities continue to practice this type of moderation. There’s no one right way to heal.

You have the right to decide what healing means to you. 


Connect with a residential rehab program to learn more about your options for recovery.

Frequently Asked Questions About Being “California Sober”

What does it mean to be “California sober?”

Being “California sober” means that people avoid “hard” drugs like cocaine, opioids, or stimulants with “soft” drugs like marijuana, natural psychedelics, or alcohol.

What are the risks of being “California sober?”

“Soft” drugs like marijuana or natural psychedelics can harm your mental and physical health, and can still be addictive. Because there’s no set standard for sobriety, it can be a slippery slope back toward addiction.

Is being “California sober” a form of harm reduction?

Yes, being “California sober” is a harm reduction approach. It aims to reduce the harmful consequences of substance abuse by limiting the number of daily drinks or drug use instead of quitting entirely. The goal is sustainability, not total abstinence.

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How Does Alcohol Addiction Affect Women?

Women experience alcohol addiction differently than men! You might start drinking for different reasons, engage in different behaviors, and face different consequences. Rehabs that offer women-only treatment address those differences head-on. They put your addiction into the context of your life experience as a woman. These supportive communities provide a safe place for you to begin healing.

Understanding Alcohol Addiction in Women

Studies show that alcohol addiction among women is on the rise. ((Women and Alcohol | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/women-and-alcohol. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023.)) While drinking can be a problem for people of every gender, it has pronounced risks for women. For example, women have higher rates than men of emergency room visits due to alcohol use. This could be because cis women tend to be more sensitive to the effects of alcohol.

Why Alcohol Affects Women Differently Than Men

While men are at a higher risk of alcohol addiction, women are more likely to face alcohol-related problems, even when they drink less than men.

This is partly because of differences in size and metabolism. On average, women are physically smaller and weigh less than men. If both a smaller and a bigger person drink the same amount of alcohol, the smaller person’s blood alcohol concentration will be higher. They’ll feel more drunk and be more likely to experience hangovers or blackouts.

Even for men and women of the same size, hormonal differences contribute to the increased effects of alcohol on women. ((Women and Alcohol | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/women-and-alcohol. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023.)) Because sex hormones are part of brain chemistry, they can directly affect the way your body responds to alcohol.

Societal and Cultural Factors in Women’s Drinking Behaviors

As a legal substance, alcohol is often socially acceptable. But social pressures can change the way people—and especially women—choose to drink. For example, women are more likely than men to drink in secret, ((Blume SB. Alcoholism and women’s health. Public Health Rep. 1987 Jul-Aug;102(4 Suppl):38-42. PMID: 3120219; PMCID: PMC1478015.)) which can prolong their addiction.

Women are also more likely to experience traumatic events ((Minority Women and Alcohol Use. https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh26-4/251-256.htm. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023.)) like physical or sexual assault. And it’s very common for survivors of sexual and physical violence to use alcohol ((Ullman SE, Lorenz K, Kirkner A, O’Callaghan E. Postassault Substance Use and Coping: A Qualitative Study of Sexual Assault Survivors and Informal Support Providers. Alcohol Treat Q. 2018;36(3):330-353. doi: 10.1080/07347324.2018.1465807. Epub 2018 Apr 25. PMID: 30555208; PMCID: PMC6290351.)) to cope with traumatic memories and distress.

While it’s socially acceptable for men to express negative feelings, women are expected to internalize stress, ((“Alcohol Use Among Girls and Young Women: A WORRYING TREND.” Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP22-03-10-010.pdf)) depression, and anger. This makes women more likely to use drinking as a coping mechanism.

Alcohol’s Effect on Women’s Mental Health

Alcohol affects everyone’s mental health, but women with alcohol addiction face a higher risk of developing certain diagnoses: ((Beckman LJ. Treatment Needs for Women With Alcohol Problems. Alcohol Health Res World. 1994;18(3):206-211. PMID: 31798108; PMCID: PMC6876404.))

We need more data to understand whether alcohol addiction causes mental health problems, or vice versa. Either way, there’s a strong link between these issues.

The Impact of Alcohol Addiction on Women’s Physical and Reproductive Health

Women are more likely to develop physical health problems ((Women and Alcohol | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/women-and-alcohol. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023.)) from alcohol addiction:

  • Liver disease, including alcohol-related hepatitis. This can lead to permanent liver scarring (cirrhosis), a serious and life-threatening condition.
  • Heart disease
  • Brain damage, especially for women who began drinking heavily as teenagers.
  • Memory loss, including blackouts while drinking and permanent memory loss
  • Breast cancer

Alcohol addiction also affects women’s reproductive health. Studies show that heavy drinking may decrease your chances of getting pregnant. ((Van Heertum K, Rossi B. Alcohol and fertility: how much is too much? Fertil Res Pract. 2017 Jul 10;3:10. doi: 10.1186/s40738-017-0037-x. PMID: 28702207; PMCID: PMC5504800.)) Conversely, women who face infertility issues are more likely to drink heavily in response to unsuccessful attempts.

If you do get pregnant, alcohol is not safe in any amount during pregnancy. ((CDC. “Alcohol Use During Pregnancy.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4 Nov. 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/alcohol-use.html.
)) Drinking while breastfeeding can also pose a risk. ((CDC. “Alcohol and Breastfeeding.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4 Oct. 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/alcohol.html.)) But studies show that while not drinking is the safest option, moderate drinking and waiting 2 hours before nursing can reduce harm to the baby. Heavily drinking and nursing right away can harm your baby’s development, growth, and sleep health. Plus, high alcohol consumption can decrease milk production and limit your ability to breastfeed.

Challenges of Alcohol Addiction as a Woman

In Western culture, women addicted to alcohol face certain unique challenges, which may impact the way you approach treatment. Each of these challenges can get more extreme due to the overwhelming social stigma against women with alcohol addiction.

Increased Risk of Violence and Sexual Assault

Drinking alcohol as a woman increases your risk of experiencing violence. ((Klein, Andrew. “Practical Implications of Domestic Violence Research.” US Department of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/225722.pdf)) Data shows that for survivors of domestic violence, this is more related to your abuser’s drinking than your own. That’s because women with addiction are more likely to be in relationships with other people who also have addiction. Women with alcohol addiction face a lower risk of violence when they have partners without addiction.

Drinking is also risk factor for sexual assault. ((Maryland Collaborative to Reduce College Drinking and Related Problems. (2016). Sexual assault and alcohol: What the
research evidence tells us. College Park, MD: Center on Young Adult Health and Development.)) That’s true whether the perpetrator or the survivor has been drinking. Perpetrators purposely target women who are drinking heavily because they’re more vulnerable. This can also lead to and victim-blaming and stigma against survivors of sexual assault. It’s important to remember that regardless of your drinking, you are never responsible for someone else’s choice to commit violence.

This stigma against women who drink while pregnant is even stronger. This stigma often leads to blame and shame rather than support and care, particularly affecting marginalized groups.

Public health messaging often emphasizes the risks of any alcohol consumption during pregnancy, which, despite scientific uncertainties, has contributed to a culture of blame. This culture disproportionately impacts marginalized groups, including women of color and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Such stigma can deter women from seeking prenatal care or being honest with healthcare providers, potentially exacerbating health risks for both mother and child.

Barriers to Treatment for Women

Social stigma has very real consequences. Women are less likely to receive treatment ((Women and Alcohol | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/women-and-alcohol. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023.
)) for alcohol addiction than men. In addition, women face many more barriers to alcohol addiction treatment: ((Beckman LJ. Treatment Needs for Women With Alcohol Problems. Alcohol Health Res World. 1994;18(3):206-211. PMID: 31798108; PMCID: PMC6876404.))

    • Fear of legal consequences
    • Concern about childcare and children, including worrying about losing them
    • Feelings of guilt, denial, and shame
    • Difficulty receiving referral from primary care physician
    • Lack of independent financial resources or insurance coverage to pay for treatment
    • Social acceptance of certain women’s drinking behaviors like #winemom culture

((Harding KD, Whittingham L, McGannon KR. #sendwine: An Analysis of Motherhood, Alcohol Use and #winemom Culture on Instagram. Subst Abuse. 2021 May 5;15:11782218211015195. doi: 10.1177/11782218211015195. PMID: 34017175; PMCID: PMC8114293.))

A lack of community support can make recovery that much harder. If you can’t get the help you need from your loved ones, you might have more success in residential rehab.

Treatment Options for Women With Alcohol Addiction

Gender-specific addiction treatment ((Beckman LJ. Treatment Needs for Women With Alcohol Problems. Alcohol Health Res World. 1994;18(3):206-211. PMID: 31798108; PMCID: PMC6876404.)) accounts for the unique needs of women with addiction. These programs have some priorities you might not find in other rehabs:

  • Emphasizing the importance of social relationships in women’s health
  • Acknowledging how gender roles and societal expectations of women affect addiction
  • Accounting for the different experiences of people with intersectional identities including women of color, women with lower socioeconomic status, pregnant women and mothers
  • Actively preventing the exploitation of women by having higher security protocols
  • Addressing common issues for women in treatment by offering childcare and trauma-informed care when possible

Women-Only Support Groups and Therapy Sessions

By the time they begin treatment for alcohol addiction, many women have a history of trauma at the hands of men. That might make mixed-gender group therapy sessions intimidating. Women-only groups can feel a lot safer.

Women are more likely to actively participate in group sessions without men. And that’s not just because single-gender groups feel safer. Data also shows that men often dominate group conversations. This can make it difficult for women to get the support they need in group settings.

Generally, women in recovery have positive experiences in women-only group therapy ((Barbara S. McCrady et al. Treatment Interventions for Women With Alcohol Use Disorder. Topic Series: Women and Alcohol. Volume 40 Issue 230 July 2020. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews (ARCR). https://arcr.niaaa.nih.gov/volume/40/2/treatment-interventions-women-alcohol-use-disorder)) sessions. And women-only groups are also more likely to be more accommodating to the specific needs of women in treatment. For example, the schedule may account for women’s work and family responsibilities by avoiding busy times like school pick-up.

Trauma-Informed Care for Women in Recovery

Most women seeking treatment for alcohol addiction have experienced trauma. ((Williams R. Downs Ph.D. “Alcohol Problems and Violence Against Women, Final Report.” U.S. Department of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/188266.pdf)) Trauma-informed care (TIC) recognizes how trauma affects addiction, recovery, and other parts of your life.

In TIC, your care team pays special attention to your unique triggers, needs, and boundaries. For example, you can call for a break during a therapy session or a physical exam. You may also have access to trauma-specific therapies like eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) or exposure therapy.

Co-Occurring Mental Health Disorder Treatment

More than men, women addicted to alcohol are at risk for co-occurring mental health issues. ((Anthenelli RM. Focus on: Comorbid mental health disorders. Alcohol Res Health. 2010;33(1-2):109-17. PMID: 23579941; PMCID: PMC3887501.)) So alcohol treatment programs for women usually address issues like depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) head-on.

In a rehabs that specializes in co-occurring disorders, your treatment plan will account for your complex recovery goals. Simultaneous treatment is the most effective option ((Yule AM, Kelly JF. Integrating Treatment for Co-Occurring Mental Health Conditions. Alcohol Res. 2019 Jan 1;40(1):arcr.v40.1.07. doi: 10.35946/arcr.v40.1.07. PMID: 31649837; PMCID: PMC6799972.)) for people with alcohol addiction and co-occurring mental health issues. In these programs, you’ll have access to a range of therapy methods:

Addiction Medications for Women

Medication is another treatment option for women recovering from alcohol addiction. ((Jeremiah Fairbanks, et al. “Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapies for Alcohol Use Disorder: Clinical Pearls.” https://www.mcstap.com/Docs/Evidence-Based%20Pharmacotherapies%20for%20Alcohol%20Use%20Disorder-%20Clinical%20Pearls%202020%20Mayo%20Review.pdf
)) The 3 most common medications are disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamprosate. And while they can be effective for both men and women, there are some differences. For example, studies show that naltrexone is more effective for men than women. It also depends on whether you have a co-occurring diagnosis.

Very little research exists about the safety of these medications for pregnant women. ((Kelty E, Terplan M, Greenland M, Preen D. Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders During Pregnancy: Time to Reconsider? Drugs. 2021 May;81(7):739-748. doi: 10.1007/s40265-021-01509-x. Epub 2021 Apr 8. PMID: 33830479.)) Some studies show that disulfiram may cause serious harm to a fetus, while acamprosate and naltrexone appear to be relatively safe. However, the lack of research makes it hard to predict the effects of these drugs.

If you’re interested in medications for alcohol addiction, talk to your doctor about your options. They’ll consider your mental health history, physical health and more to make the safest decision.

Benefits of Gender-Specific Treatment for Women

Studies show that gender-specific treatment is the most effective option ((Barbara S. McCrady et al. Treatment Interventions for Women With Alcohol Use Disorder. Topic Series: Women and Alcohol. Volume 40 Issue 230 July 2020. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews (ARCR). https://arcr.niaaa.nih.gov/volume/40/2/treatment-interventions-women-alcohol-use-disorder
)) for women recovering from alcohol addiction:

  • Women are more likely to engage with gender-specific treatment.
  • Secondary outcomes are also better, including social, mental, and physical health.
  • Women-only treatment has fewer barriers like fear of judgment, concerns about safety, and practical matters like childcare.

Gender-specific programs address the specific challenges women face while recovering from alcohol addiction. And being surrounded by other women on a similar journey means you’ll have a safe and supportive community. You won’t have to justify yourself to anyone, which can be incredibly empowering.

Amy R., a member of Women for Sobriety, explains that attending a women-only support group, “is deeply, personally empowering! ((“Women for Sobriety.” Women For Sobriety, https://womenforsobriety.org/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023.)) I can bare my soul here, and I am continually supported and uplifted, not judged. This collective of women’s wisdom has become my ‘tribe.’ We are greater together than the sum of our parts.”

Everyone deserves an empowering, validating experience in recovery—including women with alcohol addiction. Search rehabs for women to find the type of treatment you need.

Reviewed by Rajnandini Rathod

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6 Sobriety Support Groups for Women: Community and Connection in Recovery

Your recovery is your responsibility—but it doesn’t have to be yours alone. Support groups offer a sober community to support and celebrate you throughout recovery. It’s important to find a support group where you feel heard, so you can feel safe to share your story. And sometimes, women find it hard to achieve that in mixed-gender settings.

Women’s support groups invite members to connect with other women in recovery who share similar life experiences. These spaces can offer you a stable community during or after a women-only rehab program. 

The Role of Support Groups for Women in Recovery

Many women with alcohol addiction start drinking because of issues in their social lives,1 like the isolation many new moms feel after becoming a mother. And compared to men, addiction is more likely to negatively affect women’s social lives. When women decide to enter treatment, they typically have less social support to do so. As a result, many women begin their recovery journey without the help of a strong community. 

However, studies show that women with more social support2 tend to stay in treatment and sober for longer. And it’s not just about receiving support from others. Women in recovery also benefit from giving support. 

Not every relationship aids in recovery.3 In fact, your previous support network might even get in the way of your progress. Old friends might still drink heavily and refuse to change their behavior to support you. Or they may even pressure you to drink with them like you did before. These types of relationships make it very difficult to stay on track. 

Studies show that the more supported you feel by your social circle, the more motivated you’ll be4 to stay in recovery. This is especially true for people who have recovery-specific support networks. When your friends are also in the process of healing, you’re more likely to stay sober. In many women-oriented treatment programs, you can connect with other women in recovery. 

What Are Support Groups?

Peer support groups invite people in recovery to share mutual support5 without professional guidance. Instead, you’ll connect with peers who share your recovery goals.

These groups aren’t a replacement for addiction treatments like talk therapy. But they can be an important aspect of recovery nonetheless. Data shows that peer support groups motivate people to stay in recovery.6 They also decrease cravings and the risk of relapse.

Alcoholism Support Groups for Women

Many support groups are open to everyone, but some women may not be comfortable with mixed-gender groups.7 For example, women in addiction treatment may have a history of trauma at the hands of men. If that’s true for you, you might find it hard to be vulnerable with men in the room. Men also tend to be more dominant in mixed-gender interactions, speaking more than people of other genders. That pattern can prevent women from getting the support they need.

You might also just find it easier to relate to other women in recovery. People of the same gender face similar challenges, in recovery and other aspects of their lives. If you’d like to join a women-only support group, you can choose from several different options.

1. Women for Sobriety

Women for Sobriety (WFS) is a peer support group for women in recovery. Their New Life program revolves around 13 Acceptance Statements that urge members to recognize their own self-worth. Many of these are written as affirmations:

“I am responsible for myself and for my actions.I am in charge of my mind, my thoughts, and my life.”

This secular non-profit welcomes women from all religious backgrounds. Members talk about their lives and encourage each other to stay sober. They strive to let go of guilt and shame about the past, and focus on building a better future instead.

WFS hosts virtual and in-person meetings around the country. They also offer phone support. If you call in, you’ll speak to a member who’s been sober for at least a year.

2. SMART Recovery for Women

SMART (Self-Management and Recovery Training) Recovery takes a scientific approach to healing. Their free women’s support groups focus on 4 points of behavioral change:8

  1. “Building and maintaining the motivation to change.
  2. Coping with urges to use.
  3. Managing thought, feelings, and behaviors in an effective way without addictive behaviors.
  4. Living a balanced, positive, and healthy life.”

Participants learn how to manage their emotions using techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). While most meetings are mixed gender, they also offer some women-only meetings. Dr. Natalie Unmesi, a SMART Recovery facilitator, explained why she started the first women-only meetings in New York City:9

“My hope is to create a safe space to address the unique biological and societal challenges that women face in accessing addiction treatment and in recovery from substance use disorders and other maladaptive behaviors. I love the space that we have created in our weekly meeting. We celebrate our collective successes, we support each other through challenging times in a nonjudgmental setting, and above all, we use the CBT-based SMART tools so that we may continue to take agency in our lives.”

3. She Recovers

She Recovers welcomes women and non-binary people recovering from a range of challenges:

Unlike many other groups, She Recovers doesn’t hold to a strict philosophy of healing. Instead they recognize that while everyone’s healing journey is unique, social support is key for many women in recovery.

Sherri Beatty, a member and volunteer, says, “She Recovers put me on the road to recovery by introducing to me the most important part of recovery, connection!10 The friends and coaches I’ve found in this group are instrumental in my life.” You can attend in-person or online meetings, as well as trauma-informed yoga and dance classes. 

4. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Women’s Meetings

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is one of the most well-known recovery support groups. In AA, you follow a 12-Step program as you work through the program. The 12 Steps guide you to accept your lack of control over alcohol and put faith in a higher power.

While AA is a spiritual fellowship,11 it’s open to people of all religious backgrounds. Studies show that this spiritual focus is beneficial to many people’s success in recovery. But if spirituality doesn’t resonate with you, these meetings might not be a good fit. While general AA meetings are open to all genders, it’s easy to find women-only meetings in person and online. 

5. The Phoenix

The Phoenix supports recovery through fitness classes and outings. Members believe in the physical and emotional power of self-transformation. They offer over 20 different types of fitness classes, from skiing to yoga. Classes are free to anyone who has been sober for at least 48 hours. The Phoenix has chapters in 44 states, and you can live stream classes on demand.

Dina, a member of The Phoenix, describes how the dual focus on social support and physical fitness12 helps her recovery. “It’s not just the physicality of it…we’re not friends, we’re family, and you’re not made to feel welcome because that’s their job…we want to help you save your life.” 

Most meetings are open to all genders. However, you can contact your local chapter to ask about their women-only classes. For example, they occasionally partner with organizations like She Recovers. The Phoenix also has very strict community standards against sexism,13 racism, homophobia, and aggressive behavior or language in classes. 

6. In The Rooms

In The Rooms is a virtual venue for additional connection between in-person meetings about recovery. It’s especially helpful for people who are traveling, live far from in-person support groups or have social anxiety. Their meetings offer social support when you need it most. As co-founder Ron Tennebaum explains, “You need a support system.14 You need someone to call on days when you wake up and you really want to pick up a drink or a drug.”

This organization offers 150+ live virtual sessions a week, including 12-Step and non-12-Step meetings. You can find meetings for people recovering drugs, alcohol, gambling, sex and love addiction, codependent relationships and more. They host meetings for other women-only groups like She Recovers and AA for Women in Recovery. 

How to Find and Join Support Groups

Every support group has a slightly different ethos. It’s important to find one that can help you meet your recovery goals. To do that, you can ask your care team for recommendations. They’ll likely have context about your specific addiction, so they’ll be able to help you choose the right group. If you know other people in recovery in your area, you can also ask them about any groups they’re part of. 

You can also search online databases for local meetings. Many support group websites have a page for in person and online meetings based on your location. Some people find that it’s easier to attend virtual meetings at first, for a few reasons. First, they eliminate any travel time or logistics. Second, some online meetings let you join without turning on your video or microphone. Observing a meeting can give you a sense of what to expect, without the pressure of joining in right away.

For more information on gender-specific treatment, see this resource for healing from substance use disorders.

Support Groups Give Community to Women in Recovery

Support groups are a valuable supplement to many women’s recovery. But they can’t replace formal treatment. During or after rehab, you can build a stronger community by connecting with your peers.

This approach can be central to every part of your recovery process. Search women-only rehab programs to find one that meets your needs.

Frequently Asked Questions About Women’s Sobriety Support Groups

Why is it important for women in recovery to have social support?

Women in recovery tend to have less social support compared to men. Studies show that women with more social support tend to stay in treatment, and stay sober, longer. Women who have recovery-specific support networks are more motivated to stay sober.

Why might some women feel more comfortable in women-only sobriety support groups?

Some women may feel uncomfortable in mixed-gender support groups due to a history of gender-related trauma. Women might also find it easier to relate to other women in recovery who face similar challenges. Men tend to dominate mixed-gender interactions, speaking more than people of other genders, which can prevent women from getting the support they need.

What are some examples of women-only sobriety support groups?

Women-only sobriety support groups include, but aren’t limited to, Women for Sobriety, SMART Recovery for Women, She Recovers, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) women’s meetings, Sober Mom Squad, The Phoenix, and In The Rooms.

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What Is the Success Rate of Alcoholics Anonymous?

Even if you’re just starting recovery, you’ve probably heard of the 12 Steps. This philosophy started in Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.), and has grown into countless other 12-Step groups and rehab programs. For many people, the 12 Steps are central to the process of healing. 

But how effective are the 12 Steps, really? Some people swear by them—but they’re not right for everyone. When you’re planning your recovery, it’s important to choose the best possible approach for you. That could include 12-Step rehab, alternative treatment, or something else entirely. 

What is Alcoholics Annonymous?

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an international fellowship of men and women who have struggled with alcohol addiction. AA is a non-profit organization that operates on a voluntary basis, and its members support each other in their journey towards sobriety.

The program is based on the twelve steps, which are spiritual principles that guide individuals towards a new way of living. The steps involve admitting powerlessness over alcohol, making a moral inventory of oneself, making amends to those harmed by addiction, and seeking spiritual guidance.

AA meetings are held regularly and provide a supportive environment for members to share their experiences, strength, and hope with each other. Members are encouraged to work with a sponsor, who is someone further along in the program and can provide guidance and support.

AA does not endorse or promote any particular religion or belief system and is open to anyone who wants to stop drinking. The anonymity of members is respected, and the organization is self-supporting through contributions from its members.

Understanding the 12 Steps of AA

Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) began in the 1930s.1 It was co-founded by Bill Wilson—or Bill W.—and his colleague Dr. Bob. Both men were in recovery from alcohol addiction when they met. Through their friendship, they realized how crucial peer support was for their sobriety. Over time they developed the 12 Steps and began hosting meetings for other people in addiction recovery.

The 12 Steps themselves are specific actions a person can take to heal from addiction. Step 1, for example, reads “We admitted we were powerless over alcohol—that our lives had become unmanageable.” Members of these groups encourage each other to follow these steps toward ongoing sobriety. 

Sponsorship is another core tenet of A.A.2 and other 12-Step groups. Members with some experience in recovery can sponsor newer participants. In these 1:1 relationships, sponsors offer support and fellowship. You’ll cultivate a close relationship with your sponsor, so you can call on them for help at any point in your healing journey. 

Faith-Based Recovery

This approach is faith-based, meaning that participants express their faith in a higher power. Despite its roots in Christianity, the 12-Step philosophy welcomes people of any and all religious backgrounds. In Step 3, for instance, members submit themselves “to the care of God as we understood Him.” If you find comfort in spirituality, the 12 Steps might be a good fit during addiction treatment.

Free Meetings Around the World

12-Step groups like A.A. are best known for their free, peer-led meetings. According to the A.A. website, anyone who “wants to do something about their drinking problem”3 is welcome. During a meeting you might pray, listen to a guest speaker, share your story, or hear from other members. Every meeting is a little different, and there are countless sessions to choose from. These meetings take place all over the world—you can even find them online.

The 12 Steps in Rehab

You can follow the 12 Steps on your own, in a peer-led meeting, or in formal addiction treatment. Many rehab programs are based on these ideals. Patients talk about the Steps in individual therapy and in group sessions. You might even attend peer-led meetings, either in your rehab or in the nearby community. If you start following the 12 Steps in rehab, you can easily join a local group once you complete treatment and return home. 

How Effective Is A.A.?

Data shows that A.A. is as effective as other types of addiction treatment.4 But it’s not right for everyone. For example, one study found that A.A. had a 42% success rate, compared to the 35% success rate of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). But Deborah Becker, a correspondent for NPR, explains that there’s a lot of nuance behind these numbers. “The thing that the researchers point out is that AA is free,” she says. “You don’t have to make an appointment. It’s open to everyone. And I think that is what they’re saying, is that it saves money, it’s very accessible, and it’s showing these long rates of continuous abstinence.”

Other experts agree that the length of treatment plays a role. While A.A. and other approaches have similar success rates in the short term, the 12 Steps have higher long-term success rates.5 But researchers are still gathering data on this issue. We don’t know, for instance, whether other free, peer-led support groups are as effective as A.A. 

Non-12-Step Support Groups

Not everyone draws strength from spirituality, or from fellowship with groups of people. You might prefer 1:1 relationships with care providers or a small circle of loved ones. What’s more, A.A. encourages members to be completely sober.6 If you’re taking a harm-reductionist approach to recovery,  A.A. might not be a good fit. There are many other free, peer-led recovery groups to choose from. 

SMART Recovery

In SMART Recovery, SMART stands for Self-Management and Recovery Training. These groups are based on scientific principles instead of encouraging faith-based recovery. Members work toward self-empowerment through behavioral techniques. 

Like A.A., this is a fellowship of people seeking recovery from addiction. Unlike those in A.A., SMART recovery facilitators have some formal training.7 They’ll offer concrete advice to help you plan your recovery. As member Jan L. writes, “If you are ready to do the work, and that’s a very big IF, SMART Recovery tools begin to work on day one.8 You do not have to come for weeks before you see progress.”

Secular Organizations for Sobriety (S.O.S.)

Secular Organizations for Sobriety, or S.O.S., is a network of groups that take place online and around the world. This non-profit also helps people begin new meetings to support people through addiction recovery. While not every group in S.O.S. shares the same ethos, none of these meetings are religious.

LifeRing Secular Recovery

Members of this organization heal “through the lens of LifeRing’s 3-S philosophy of Sobriety, Secularity, and Self-Help.” They support each other by candidly sharing their experiences and practical tips for recovery. 

LifeRing participants strive to “strengthen the Sober Self” in free meetings,9 which take place both in person and online.

Women for Sobriety (WFS)

Unlike other non-12-Step groups, Women for Sobriety (WFS) offers far more than free, peer-led meetings. WFS is a non-profit organization that also performs addiction research, outreach, and helps establish mutual aid networks. They also hold meetings for women in recovery, both in person and online, as well as online chat rooms. Their services are open to all women, including trans women. 

Moderation Management

Moderation Management (MM) takes a harm-reductionist approach to recovery. In other words, these groups don’t require or even recommend that members be totally sober. As one member of their online community writes, “MM has given me something I’ve been missing10 for a long time: Hope. Hope that I can do this. I can’t imagine a life entirely without alcohol, and now I know I don’t have to. Armed with the tools necessary to feel empowered, I can abstain. And I can moderate. And I can make that decision for myself.”

MM specifically focuses on moderating alcohol use, rather than drug use. These meetings are a good fit for people trying to drink less, who don’t want to cut alcohol out of their lives entirely. 

Alternative Treatment Approaches

While group meetings can be helpful, they’re just one part of an effective recovery plan. Many people also need more formal treatment. That could be as simple as seeing a therapist, or as comprehensive as attending residential rehab. 

If the 12 Steps align with your values, you’ll have many rehab programs to choose from. But just as many rehabs take a different approach to addiction treatment. 

Evidence-Based Treatment

This type of care is founded on robust scientific research. Western medicine includes countless evidence-based treatments for physical and mental health. For example, an evidence-based rehab program might offer:

Most evidence-based care follows predefined treatment protocols. But your provider may still recommend changes based on your exact needs. If you’d like to take this scientific approach to recovery, talk to your doctor or therapist about which specific therapies might be the best fit.

Holistic Treatment

Also called integrated, complementary, or alternative treatment, holistic rehab incorporates a variety of therapies. From acupuncture to naturopathic medicine, these modalities honor each client’s mind, body and spirit. 

Holistic therapies come from global traditions of healing. Some of them, like meditation, are also evidence-based treatments for addiction.11 Others are available in rehab while experts continue to research them. These approaches aren’t offered as a substitute for evidence-based care. But in combination with other treatments, they can be crucial parts of your recovery process. 

Is 12-Step Treatment Right for You?

The 12 Steps work well for people who draw strength from their faith and community. If these values fit well with yours, A.A. or a similar group might be the right way to approach healing. 

If this philosophy is central to your process, you can begin recovery in a 12-Step rehab program.

Frequently Asked Questions About A.A. Success Rates

What is the success rate of Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.)?

The success rate of A.A. is comparable to other types of addiction treatment. One study found that A.A. had a 42% success rate, compared to the 35% success rate of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). However, the length of treatment plays a role, and the 12 Steps have higher long-term success rates. It is important to note that A.A. is free and open to everyone, and shows long rates of continuous abstinence.

How effective is A.A. in addiction recovery?

A.A. is as effective as other types of addiction treatment. However, it’s not the right approach for everyone. It’s important to choose the best possible approach for you, which could include 12-Step rehab, alternative treatment, or something else entirely.

Are there any non-12-Step support groups for addiction recovery?

Yes, there are many non-12-Step support groups for addiction recovery. These include SMART Recovery, which is based on scientific principles instead of faith-based recovery, and Secular Organizations for Sobriety (S.O.S.), a non-profit organization that helps people begin new meetings online and around the world.