When you’re dealing with mental health challenges or addiction, figuring out what kind of help you need can feel confusing and overwhelming. Maybe you’ve tried regular therapy sessions once a week, but it doesn’t feel like enough. Or perhaps you’re worried that checking into a hospital means being away from home for weeks.
That’s where the partial hospitalization program (PHP) comes in. It’s designed for people who need more support than weekly therapy sessions can provide, but don’t require round-the-clock medical supervision. Think of it as a middle ground—you’ll receive intensive treatment during the day, but you still get to sleep in your own bed at night.
Here’s everything you need to know about PHPs, from what to expect during treatment to whether this option might be right for you.
One quick note: You may see some programs called “high-intensity outpatient” instead of “partial hospitalization program.” The addiction medicine field updated their terminology in 2023 because these programs aren’t actually delivered in hospitals. It’s the same type of treatment. Throughout this article, we’ll use “PHP” since that’s the common term, but if you’re searching for programs, you might find them listed under either name.
1. What Is the Purpose of Partial Hospitalization?
The purpose of partial hospitalization programs is to provide intensive, structured treatment for those with mental health and substance use disorders while allowing them to live at home and attend to their daily lives. PHPs bridge the gap between inpatient care and outpatient therapy,1 offering a higher level of support than traditional outpatient services without requiring full-time hospitalization.
These treatment programs focus on stabilizing patients, improving their daily functioning, and equipping them with coping strategies necessary for recovery. PHPs also emphasize family involvement, helping to strengthen the support networks that are vital to long-term recovery success.
Assessment and evaluation: You’ll undergo a thorough assessment of your mental health status, substance use history, and individual needs to create a tailored treatment plan.
Individual therapy: One-on-one psychotherapy sessions with a licensed mental health professional help you explore personal issues, develop coping strategies, and address specific challenges.
Group therapy: Structured group sessions facilitate peer support, allowing you to share experiences and learn from others through approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or dialectical behavior therapy (DBT).
Medication management: If you’re prescribed psychiatric medications, your clinicians can evaluate and adjust your medication plan.
Psychoeducation: Educational sessions provide information about mental health conditions, coping strategies, and recovery resources.
Holistic therapies: Some PHPs incorporate complementary therapies like art therapy, music therapy, mindfulness practices, or yoga to enhance your comfort and well-being.
Crisis intervention: Programs teach strategies to help you manage acute symptoms and prevent future hospitalizations.
Discharge planning: Providers work with you to develop a relapse prevention and continuing care plan, including referrals to outpatient therapy and community resources.
Severity of symptoms: You have significant symptoms of a mental health disorder or substance use disorder that need more intensive treatment than a standard outpatient setting can provide. This can include factors like suicidal thoughts, severe mood swings, or uncontrolled substance abuse.
Functional impairment: You’re experiencing considerable difficulty in daily functioning—work, relationships, or self-care—due to mental health or addiction issues.
Previous treatment history: PHPs work well for people who haven’t responded adequately to outpatient treatment or need transition support after inpatient care.
Stabilization needs: You need help stabilizing symptoms to prevent hospitalization or relapse, but you’re not in immediate danger.
Treatment commitment: You’re willing and able to actively participate in daily sessions and therapeutic activities.
PHPs especially benefit people with severe mental health disorders like major depression or bipolar disorder, those with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders, people transitioning from inpatient care, and those who are at risk of hospitalization but not in immediate crisis.
4. How Does PHP Compare to Other Treatment Options?
PHPs provide more comprehensive care than intensive outpatient programs (IOPs) but less restriction than inpatient treatment. Here’s how they compare:
PHP vs. Inpatient
A PHP allows you to return home each evening, while inpatient treatment requires 24/7 facility residence until you’re stable enough for a lower level of care.
PHP vs. Intensive Outpatient (IOP)
PHPs typically involve 3-6 hours of treatment daily, 5-7 days per week, while intensive outpatient programs (IOPs) usually offer 3-4 hours of treatment, 3-5 days per week. PHPs provide more intensive crisis intervention, while IOPs focus more on ongoing recovery skills.
This step-down approach often works well—you might start with PHP to stabilize your condition, then transition to IOP as you progress.
5. How Long Does PHP Treatment Last?
PHP duration varies significantly based on your treatment facility and your individual needs. Generally, programs last from several weeks to several months, with treatment offered 5-7 days per week for 3-6 hours daily.
Several factors influence length of stay:
The severity of your condition
Your response to treatment
Specific treatment goals
The presence of co-occurring disorders
Those with more severe issues may need longer programs, while people who show rapid improvement might transition to outpatient care sooner.
Is a PHP the Middle Ground You Need?
Partial hospitalization programs offer intensive support while letting you maintain important connections to home and family. If you or your loved one are struggling with mental health challenges or addiction, PHP could be the structured pathway to recovery you’ve been looking for.
Don’t wait for things to get worse. Find a program in your area and speak with an admissions advisor today to see if PHP is right for you.
FAQs
Q: Is transportation provided for PHP participants?
A: Many PHPs do not provide transportation, so participants are typically responsible for their own travel to and from the program. Some facilities may offer resources or referrals to assist with transportation options.
Q: Can I continue my medication while in a PHP?
A: Yes, PHPs often include medication management as part of the treatment plan. Participants can work with a psychiatrist or physician to evaluate and adjust their medications as needed throughout the program.
Q: What is the expected outcome of completing a PHP?
A: The goal of a PHP is to help you develop coping skills, stabilize your mental health, and prepare for a successful transition to outpatient care, ensuring you have the tools and support necessary for ongoing recovery.
Q: How can I find a suitable partial hospitalization program?
A: To find a PHP that fits your needs, consider speaking with a mental health professional, researching local facilities, or checking with your insurance provider for covered programs in your area.
Individuals may want to know how long drugs remain in their system for various reasons, including preparing for drug tests, understanding withdrawal timelines, and managing potential health risks.
Knowledge of drug detection windows can help users make informed decisions about their substance use and navigate legal or employment-related requirements.
However, it’s important to exercise caution, as seeking this information can lead to risky behaviors such as drug use right before testing or attempting to manipulate results.
Biological and Substance-Specific Factors
The duration for which drugs stay in an individual’s body1 varies widely depending on several factors, including the type of drug, frequency of use, last use, metabolic rate, and individual physiological characteristics. Different substances are metabolized at different rates,2 affecting how long they can be detected in various testing methods such as urine, blood, hair, saliva, or sweat.
Type of Drug: Different substances metabolize at different rates. For instance, marijuana can stay in the system longer than cocaine due to its fat-soluble properties.
Dosage and Frequency of Use: Higher doses and frequent use typically lead to longer detection times. Chronic users may accumulate the drug in their system, resulting in a prolonged presence.
Metabolism: Individual metabolic rates play a crucial role in how quickly a drug is processed and eliminated. Factors such as age, gender, and overall health can impact metabolism.
Body Composition: A person’s body fat percentage can influence drug retention. Fat-soluble substances may remain in the body longer in individuals with higher body fat, while water-soluble drugs may be excreted more rapidly.
Hydration Levels: Adequate hydration can affect how quickly a drug is eliminated through urine. Dehydration may slow down this process.
Liver and Kidney Function: The liver and kidneys are primary organs for drug metabolism and excretion. Impaired function of these organs can lead to longer retention of drugs in the body.
Drug Administration Method: How a drug is taken—whether orally, through injection, or via inhalation—can impact its absorption rate and duration in the system.
Genetics: Genetic factors can affect how individuals metabolize drugs. Certain genetic variations can lead to faster or slower processing of specific substances.
Interactions with Other Substances: Sometimes, other medications or substances can interact with a drug, potentially altering its metabolism and excretion rate.
Diet and Lifestyle: A person’s diet, exercise routine, and overall lifestyle can also impact drug clearance. For example, certain foods may enhance or inhibit drug metabolism.
Onset of Euphoric Effects
The onset of euphoric effects from drug use can vary significantly based on several key factors, including the type of substance, the method of administration, dosage, and individual physiological characteristics. Different drugs produce effects at different rates;4 for example, substances inhaled or injected typically provide quicker euphoric sensations compared to those that are ingested.
Additionally, factors such as metabolism, body weight, tolerance levels, and even psychological state can influence how rapidly and intensely the euphoric effects5 are experienced.
Physiological and Pharmacological Factors
The onset of euphoric effects from drug use is strongly influenced by the type of drug, dosage, and route of administration.6 Fast-acting drugs like stimulants can produce near-instant effects when smoked, injected, or snorted, while substances taken orally—such as edibles or pills—require digestion, resulting in slower onset. Higher doses typically lead to stronger and quicker effects, although this is not always proportional. Additionally, a person’s individual metabolism and body composition (such as body fat percentage7 or lean mass) affect how drugs are processed and distributed, further impacting how soon effects are felt and how long they last.
Psychological and Environmental Influences
Psychological state and surroundings also play a role in how quickly euphoric effects are experienced. A person’s expectations, mindset, and tolerance can either accelerate or dampen their perception of a drug’s impact. For instance, those with regular use may need more of the substance to feel the same effects, potentially delaying the onset. Meanwhile, the setting—including the emotional environment and presence of others8—can influence both intensity and timing. Finally, interactions with other substances, like alcohol or medications, can either amplify, mask, or delay euphoric sensations depending on how they interact with the primary drug.
While various methods of drug ingestion can enhance or expedite euphoric effects, more invasive modes, such as injection or inhalation, pose significant risks and should be approached with extreme caution as they also carry a high potential for overdose, addiction, and damaging health consequences.
The psychological dependence that can develop from seeking intense highs may lead to harmful cycles of use and withdrawal. It’s essential for individuals to be aware of these dangers and to seek healthier and safer alternatives for managing stress or emotional pain.
Understanding the Concept of Half-life
In toxicology, the concept of drug half-life9 refers to the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to reduce to half its original amount. This measure is crucial for understanding how long a substance remains active in the body and helps determine dosing schedules and potential for accumulation.
Half-life can vary significantly among different drugs due to factors such as metabolism, elimination routes, and individual physiological variations. Understanding a drug’s half-life is vital for assessing its duration of action, potential toxicity, and the timing of drug tests.
Below are some examples of various drugs of abuse and their typical half-lives:
Alcohol: The half-life of alcohol can vary widely depending on quantity and individual metabolism. On average, it’s about 4 to 5 hours, meaning that a standard drink (roughly 14 grams of pure alcohol) takes about this long to reduce concentration by half in the bloodstream.
Barbiturates: The half-life of barbiturates can vary significantly depending on the specific compound, typically ranging from about 4 hours for shorter-acting barbiturates to up to 100 hours for long-acting varieties like phenobarbital. Due to this variability, the duration of their effects and the time they remain detectable in the body can also differ widely among individuals.
Benzodiazepines: The half-lives of benzodiazepines can vary significantly. For example, diazepam (Valium) has a half-life ranging from 20 to 100 hours, while alprazolam (Xanax) has a shorter half-life of approximately 6 to 12 hours. Longer half-lives may lead to cumulative effects, especially with frequent use.
Cannabis (THC): THC has a half-life of approximately 1 to 10 days, depending on the method of consumption and individual factors. In chronic users, it can take longer for THC to be eliminated from the body due to accumulation in fat tissue.
Cocaine: The half-life of cocaine is relatively short, generally around 1 to 2 hours. This brief half-life often leads users to seek multiple doses in a short period, contributing to its potential for abuse.
Fentanyl: The half-life of fentanyl can vary depending on the form of administration and individual differences. Generally, the half-life for fentanyl when administered through intravenous (IV) routes is approximately 2 to 4 hours. However, when used in transdermal patches, the half-life can be longer, as the drug is released slowly over time.
Heroin: Heroin has a half-life of about 2 to 6 minutes; however, it’s quickly metabolized into morphine, which has a longer half-life of approximately 2 to 3 hours. This rapid onset of effects is part of what makes heroin particularly addictive.
LSD: The half-life of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is approximately 3 to 5 hours. However, the effects of LSD can last much longer, typically between 8 to 12 hours, due to its interaction with serotonin receptors in the brain.
MDMA (Ecstasy): MDMA has a half-life of about 6 to 8 hours. Users often experience a “comedown” as the drug’s effects wear off, which can lead to subsequent dosing in an attempt to prolong the euphoric experience.
Methadone: The half-life of methadone typically ranges from 8 to 59 hours, with an average of about 24 hours for most individuals. This extended half-life allows for once-daily dosing in medication-assisted treatments for opioid use disorder, helping to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings effectively.
Methamphetamine: The half-life of methamphetamine can range from about 10 to 12 hours. This allows for prolonged effects and increases the potential for substance use due to its stimulating properties.
PCP: The half-life of phencyclidine (PCP) is approximately 18 to 51 hours, depending on individual factors such as metabolism and frequency of use. However, the psychological effects of PCP may last longer, often persisting for several hours or even days after the drug has been metabolized.
Understanding the concept of half-life helps in assessing not only the duration of a drug’s effects but also its risks for dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Drugs with short half-lives may lead to more frequent use, while those with longer half-lives may stay in the body and potentially lead to cumulative effects over time.
The Withdrawal Timeline
The withdrawal timeline10 from drugs of abuse is influenced by several critical considerations, including the type of substance, duration and frequency of use, individual physiology, and existing health conditions. Different drugs have unique withdrawal patterns; for example, opioids may lead to withdrawal symptoms that begin within hours and peak within a few days, whereas alcohol withdrawal can have a delayed onset and potentially life-threatening symptoms.
The severity and duration of withdrawal symptoms can also vary significantly among individuals based on factors like age, metabolism, and mental health history.
Here are the key contributors to the timeline associated with drug withdrawal:
Type of Drug: Different substances have different withdrawal timelines. For instance, withdrawal from opioids can begin within a few hours and last several days, whereas withdrawal from alcohol can begin within 6 to 24 hours and may continue for weeks, depending on the severity.
Duration of Use: The length of time a person has been using a substance affects how the body has adjusted to its presence. Long-term users may experience more severe withdrawal symptoms and longer withdrawal timelines than someone who has used the drug for a short period.
Dosage: Higher doses of a drug can lead to more pronounced physical dependence. Tapering off or stopping high doses suddenly can result in a more intense and prolonged withdrawal experience.
Frequency of Use: Regular, frequent use tends to establish a higher level of physical dependence, which can prolong withdrawal symptoms. Intermittent use may lead to milder withdrawal effects.
Method of Administration: The route of administration can affect how quickly withdrawal symptoms manifest and how severe they are. For example, substances that are injected or smoked may lead to more rapid physical dependence compared to those taken orally.
Individual Physiology: Each person’s body reacts differently to drug withdrawal, influenced by genetics, metabolic rate, and overall health. Factors such as age, sex, and pre-existing medical conditions can impact withdrawal timelines.
Co-occurring Substance Use: Using multiple substances simultaneously can complicate withdrawal. Poly-drug use can extend the withdrawal process as the body adjusts to multiple chemicals leaving the system.
Psychological Factors: Emotional and psychological factors, including anxiety, depression, or a history of mental health disorders, can affect withdrawal severity and duration. These factors may make the withdrawal process feel longer and more challenging.
Support Systems: The presence or absence of a supportive environment plays a significant role in withdrawal experiences. Access to medical care, counseling, substance abuse treatment programs, inpatient/residential settings, group support, and other treatment options can influence both the severity and the timeline of withdrawal symptoms.
Withdrawal Tapering Strategies: Gradual tapering off a substance under medical supervision can reduce the intensity and duration of withdrawal symptoms, while abrupt cessation can lead to more severe complications.
The safest and most effective way to avoid the difficulties of drug withdrawal is to refrain from using drugs in the first place. Prevention through education, awareness, and healthy coping mechanisms can significantly mitigate the risk of developing substance use disorders.
Ultimately, making informed choices about drug use can protect both physical and emotional well-being, promoting a healthier, drug-free lifestyle.
What are the implications of drug detection timelines for individuals undergoing treatment for substance use disorders, and how can understanding this information impact recovery and support services?
A common question in early recovery is, “How long will this drug stay in my system?” And that’s understandable. Whether you’re facing a drug test, going through withdrawals, or just trying to make sense of what’s happening in your body, it’s natural to want answers.
But here’s the thing: knowing how long drugs linger in your body isn’t just about passing a test. It can be a powerful part of reclaiming your health and rebuilding your life.
The Most Common Method of Drug Testing: Urinalysis
The most commonly used method to test for illicit drugs in a person’s system is urine testing. Urine drug tests,11 or urinalyses, are popular due to their ease of administration, cost-effectiveness, and ability to provide a relatively quick turnaround on results.
These tests are designed to detect a wide range of substances, including marijuana, cocaine, opioids, amphetamines, and benzodiazepines, and they can typically identify drug use that occurred within the past few days to weeks, depending on the specific substance and the individual’s metabolism.
Additionally, urine testing is often used in various settings, including workplace drug screenings, legal situations, and rehabilitation programs, making it a widely recognized method for monitoring drug use.
The length of time that drugs can be detected in urine tests varies widely depending on several factors. Here are the key contributors affecting the detection duration, along with specific examples of various drugs:
– Marijuana (THC): Can be detectable in urine for up to 3 days for occasional users and up to 30 days or longer for chronic users, as THC is stored in fat tissues.
– Cocaine: Generally detectable in urine for 2 to 4 days after use.
– Opioids (e.g., oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine): Typically detectable in urine for 3 to 4 days after use, but chronic use can extend this timeframe.
– Amphetamines: Often detectable in urine for about 1 to 3 days, but individuals with slower metabolism may retain the substance longer.
– Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax, valium): Depending on the specific drug, they can be detectable for days to weeks. Longer-acting benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, may show up for up to 6 weeks, especially in regular users.
– Alcohol: Its presence can typically be detected in urine for about 12 to 24 hours, but liver dysfunction can extend this duration.
While urine testing is a widely used and convenient method for detecting drug use, it’s not without its limitations and potential flaws.
Alternatives to Urine Testing
In some cases, more invasive modes of drug testing,12 such as hair follicle, sweat, saliva, blood, and breath testing, are utilized as alternatives to traditional urinalysis to provide a broader perspective on a person’s drug use history. These methods can offer unique advantages, such as longer detection windows in the case of hair testing or a faster response time with saliva testing. Some tests, like blood and breath analyses, are particularly effective for assessing recent use and impairment, making them valuable in specific contexts such as roadside sobriety checks or medical assessments.
Below are the key contributors and specific examples of various drugs for each testing method:
Hair Follicle Testing
A hair follicle test is a type of drug testing that analyzes a sample of hair to determine if an individual has used drugs over a specific period of time, particularly a long period, usually up to 90 days.
How a Hair Follicle Test Works:
Sample Collection: A small sample of hair is collected, typically from the crown of the head, although hair from other parts of the body can also be used if necessary. Generally, about 1.5 inches of hair is cut close to the scalp, which can represent approximately 90 days of drug use since hair grows at an average rate of about half an inch per month.
Drug Incorporation: When a person uses drugs, metabolites (the byproducts of drug metabolism) enter the bloodstream. As hair follicles receive nutrients, they also absorb these metabolites from the blood. As a result, drug traces are incorporated into the hair shaft as it grows.
Laboratory Analysis: The collected hair sample is sent to a laboratory, where it undergoes a specialized testing process, often using techniques like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for initial screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for confirmation of positive results. These methods help to identify specific drug compounds and their metabolites present in the hair.
Detection Window: Hair follicle tests can detect drug use over a longer period compared to urine tests. While urine tests may only provide information about recent drug use (days to weeks), hair tests can reveal drug use that occurred over the past 90 days. This makes hair testing effective for assessing long-term patterns of substance use.
Limitations: While hair tests can detect many drugs, they may not be as effective at identifying very recent use (within the past few days), as it takes time for the hair to grow and for drug metabolites to be incorporated. Furthermore, certain factors, such as hair treatments (bleaching, dyeing) and individual hair growth rates, can influence results and may affect the accuracy of the test.
Common Drugs Detected: Hair follicle testing can identify a wide range of substances, including: marijuana (THC), cocaine, opioids, benzodiazepines, amphetamines/methamphetamines.
Sweat Testing
A sweat test is a drug testing method that analyzes sweat to detect the presence of drugs and their metabolites in a person’s system. It offers a unique alternative to traditional testing methods, such as urine or blood tests, and is used in various settings, including rehabilitation programs, probation monitoring, and drug-free workplace initiatives. Below is an explanation of how sweat tests work and their effectiveness in detecting drug use.
How a Sweat Test Works:
Sample Collection: Sweat tests are commonly conducted using sweat patches. These patches are small, adhesive devices that are applied to the skin, typically on the upper arm or back. The patch contains a collection medium that absorbs sweat over a designated monitoring period, usually 1 to 14 days.
Sweat Absorption: As the user sweats naturally, the patch collects the sweat, which contains drug metabolites that are excreted through the skin. The test is designed to continuously monitor the individual’s sweat during the patch’s wear time.
Laboratory Analysis: Once the monitoring period concludes, the sweat patch is removed and sent to a laboratory for analysis. In the lab, the sweat sample is examined using various testing methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for initial screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for confirmation. These techniques help identify specific drugs and their metabolites present in the sweat.
Detection Window: Sweat tests can identify drug use over a period of several days to weeks, depending on the length of time the sweat patch is worn. However, the exact detection window can vary based on factors such as the type of drug, frequency of use, individual metabolism, and environmental conditions.
Limitations: The detection window is relatively limited compared to hair tests, and sweat tests may not detect very recent drug use (typically within the past few hours). As sweat is not continuously produced like urine, there may be periods of time when drug levels can fluctuate.
Common Drugs Detected: cocaine, marijuana (THC), opioids, methamphetamine, amphetamines
Saliva Testing
A saliva test, often referred to as an oral fluid test, is a method used to detect the presence of drugs by analyzing a sample of saliva. This type of testing has gained popularity due to its non-invasive nature, ease of collection, and rapid results. Saliva tests can be particularly useful for estimating recent drug use. Below is an explanation of how saliva tests work and their effectiveness in detecting drug use.
How a Saliva Test Works:
Sample Collection: The testing process involves collecting a saliva sample, typically using a specially designed swab or device. This swab can be placed in the mouth for a specified period (usually a few minutes) to absorb saliva. Some tests may use a device that directly collects saliva without the need for swabbing.
Drug Absorption: Saliva contains drug metabolites that enter the oral cavity from the bloodstream. After a person uses drugs, these metabolites can be detected in saliva within minutes to hours, reflecting recent use. Because saliva tests detect the presence of drugs relatively quickly after administration, they are particularly effective for identifying current impairment.
Laboratory Analysis: Once the saliva sample is collected, it may be analyzed on-site using portable testing devices, or it may be sent to a laboratory for more thorough testing. Tests typically use methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for initial screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for confirmatory analysis.
Detection Window: The detection window for saliva tests is generally short, typically ranging from a few hours up to 2 to 3 days, depending on the specific drug and the individual’s metabolism. Saliva tests are particularly effective at identifying recent drug use rather than historical patterns.
Limitations: Saliva tests may not detect certain drugs that do not significantly appear in saliva or that are metabolized quickly. For example, larger doses of substances may move to urine faster than saliva, leading to possible undetected usage. Environmental factors such as food or drink consumption, oral hygiene products, or other substances in the mouth can potentially interfere with test results, leading to false positives or negatives.
Common Drugs Detected: marijuana (THC) (1-3 days after use), cocaine (1-2 days after use), amphetamines/methamphetamines (1-3 days after use), opiates (1-3 days after use), benzodiazepines (1-2 days after use)
Blood Testing
Blood testing13 is a method used to detect the presence of drugs and their metabolites in a person’s bloodstream. This testing approach is particularly effective for assessing recent drug use and can provide valuable information about the level of impairment caused by substances. Blood tests usually detect substances for a short period, typically within 1 to 24 hours.
How Blood Testing Works:
Sample Collection: A blood test is conducted by a healthcare professional who draws blood from a vein, typically in the arm, using a sterile needle. The sample is collected in a sealed vial to prevent contamination.
Laboratory Analysis: Once the blood sample is collected, it’s sent to a specialized laboratory for analysis. Various testing techniques can be employed, including immunoassays for initial screening and more advanced methods like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for confirmatory testing. These methods enable the identification and quantification of specific drugs and their metabolites in the blood.
Detection Window: The detection window for drugs in blood14 can vary significantly depending on the substance, the amount used, the frequency of use, and individual metabolic factors. Generally, most drugs are detectable in the blood for a shorter period, usually from a few hours up to several days, making blood testing particularly useful for assessing recent drug use.
Limitations: While blood tests are highly reliable, they can be more invasive compared to other testing methods, which might deter some individuals from undergoing the procedure. Additionally, the testing process can be more time-consuming and costly than urine tests or other non-invasive methods.
Common Drugs Detected: marijuana (THC) (1-2 days after use), cocaine (1-2 days after use), heroin (6 hours to 1 day after use), alcohol (up to 6 hours)
Breath Testing
Breath testing15 is a non-invasive method used to detect the presence of alcohol and, in some cases, certain drugs in a person’s system. This testing method is particularly common for assessing alcohol consumption, especially in legal situations such as DUI (driving under the influence) checks.
How Breath Testing Works:
Sample Collection: Breath testing involves having an individual exhale into a breathalyzer device, which is designed to measure the concentration of alcohol or specific drugs present in exhaled breath. The process is straightforward and typically takes only a few seconds.
Detection of Alcohol: When alcohol is consumed, it enters the bloodstream and subsequently evaporates into the lungs. As the person exhales, some of the alcohol present in the lungs is released in their breath. Breathalyzers measure this alcohol concentration, often represented as blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in terms of grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood.
Detection of Drugs: While breath testing is most commonly associated with alcohol detection, some advanced breath analyzers can also test for drugs like marijuana or cocaine. These devices utilize different detection mechanisms, such as breath analysis for volatile compounds, to identify drug presence.
Limitations: Breath tests can be less accurate for detecting certain drugs compared to blood or urine tests. Environmental factors, calibration issues, and the presence of residue from substances can potentially lead to inaccurate readings, particularly for non-alcohol substances. Furthermore, breath testing primarily measures recent use, so it may not provide a comprehensive history of drug or alcohol consumption.
Each testing method has its own detection capabilities and limitations based on various factors, including the type of drug, individual physiology, and the specific methodology used in testing. Understanding these variables is essential for anyone preparing for a drug test, particularly those who may be affected by substance use. If you or someone you know needs assistance with addiction, seeking professional help is advisable.
Ways People Try to Evade Drug Tests
There are many reasons that individuals may try to evade a drug test.16 Attempting to evade a drug test can have significant legal and health ramifications. Legally, individuals may face serious consequences, including job loss, criminal charges, or disqualification from employment opportunities, especially in positions requiring drug-free compliance. From a health perspective, methods used to evade drug tests—such as substance adulteration or excessive detoxification practices—can pose risks to physical well-being, including dehydration, kidney damage, or other adverse side effects.
Here are examples of strategies that some might use to try to beat different types of drug tests:
Urine Tests
Dilution: Drinking large amounts of water or other fluids before the test to dilute urine, making drug concentrations less detectable. This may result in a “watered-down” sample.
Substitution: Using synthetic urine or the urine of someone else (usually a clean donor) to replace their own during the test.
Adulteration: Adding substances, such as bleach, vinegar, or commercially available adulterants, to the urine sample to mask or alter drug concentrations.
Detox Products: Purchasing products marketed as detoxifying agents that claim to cleanse the body of drugs quickly, often consisting of various vitamins, minerals, and herbal ingredients.
Hair Follicle Tests
Cutting Hair: Cutting or shaving hair shortly before the test to avoid detection. This can also extend to body hair if necessary.
Using Detox Shampoos: Applying hair detoxification shampoos that claim to remove drug traces from the hair shaft prior to testing. These products may not be consistently effective.
Switching Samples: Attempting to use hair from another person who is drug-free to replace their own sample.
Sweat Tests
Patch Interference: Trying to remove or tamper with the sweat patch on the skin, though this is likely to be monitored in a controlled environment.
Using Products: Applying topical creams or powders that claim to block sweat excretion or mask drug detection.
Saliva Tests
Rinsing Mouth: Rinsing the mouth with water or mouthwash just before taking the test to potentially reduce the concentration of drugs in saliva.
Eating or Drinking: Consuming certain foods or drinks (e.g., citrus juices) that individuals believe might cleanse their system or dilute drug presence before the test.
Blood Tests
Timing Use: Timing drug use close to the test taking advantage of quick metabolism to avoid detection. Individuals may refrain from using drugs for a period leading up to the test.
Hydration: Drinking excessive amounts of fluids in an attempt to dilute blood concentration may have limited effectiveness, as blood tests are typically able to detect alterations.
Avoidance: Avoiding drug use to allow the natural metabolism and elimination of substances from the bloodstream prior to the test.
Breath Tests
Breath Control: Some individuals may try to mask alcohol breath by holding their breath or performing physical activities to temporarily reduce their breath alcohol concentration.
Chewing Gum or Mints: Using breath fresheners immediately before a test to try to mask the scent of alcohol.
Attempting to cheat a drug test can be risky and doesn’t guarantee success. Drug testing technology continues to advance, and many tests are designed to detect tampering or other manipulative actions. Additionally, many employers and organizations have strict policies against drug use and may impose severe penalties for any attempt to deceive testing procedures.
Instead of attempting to evade detection, individuals battling substance use issues should consider seeking addiction treatment options through counseling, rehabilitation programs, or other resources to address their challenges in a healthier manner.
Take the First Step Toward a Healthier Future
Understanding how long drugs stay in your system is more than just a matter of timelines—it’s about recognizing the impact that substance use can have on your health, relationships, and opportunities. If you’re facing challenges related to drug use, know that you’re not alone—and that recovery is possible.
Choose to prioritize your well-being. Reach out to a healthcare provider, addiction specialist, or support group today. Professional help can provide the tools and guidance you need to reclaim your life, restore your health, and build a future rooted in clarity, confidence, and connection.
Your journey toward healing can start now. Take that first step today.
FAQs
Q: How long do drugs typically remain detectable in urine?
A:Detection times17 vary by drug. For example, marijuana can be detected for up to 30 days in chronic users, while cocaine may be detectable for 2 to 4 days.
Q: What factors affect how long a drug stays in the system?
A: Factors include the type of drug, dosage, frequency of use, metabolism, body composition, hydration level, and the testing method used.
Q: How long do drugs remain detectable in hair follicles?
A:Hair follicle tests18 can typically detect drug use for up to 90 days, as drugs are incorporated into the hair as it grows. The longer the hair sample, the longer the detection window.
Q: How long can alcohol be detected in the system?
A: Alcohol is usually detectable in urine for about 12 to 24 hours after consumption, but this can vary based on the amount consumed and the individual’s metabolism.
Q: How long do opioids stay in the system?
A: Opioids like oxycodone and hydrocodone can generally be detected in urine for 3 to 4 days after use. Heroin may be detectable for about 2 to 7 days.
Q: Can lifestyle factors influence drug detection times?
A: Yes, factors such as diet, exercise, hydration, and overall health can impact how quickly drugs are metabolized and cleared from the body.
Q: How long do stimulants like methamphetamine stay in the system?
A: Methamphetamine can be detected in urine for about 1 to 3 days after use.
Q: How long do benzodiazepines remain detectable?
A: Benzodiazepines can vary greatly; shorter-acting ones like alprazolam may be detectable for about 6 to 12 hours, while longer-acting ones like diazepam can be detected for several weeks.
Q: What about cannabis? How long does it stay in the body?
A: Cannabis (THC) can be detectable in urine for 3 days in occasional users, but in regular or heavy users, it can remain detectable for 30 days or more.
Q: Is it possible for drug tests to yield false positives?
A: Yes, certain substances, medications, or even some foods can lead to false positives on drug tests. Confirmatory testing is often used to verify results.
Q: How can hydration affect drug test results?
A: Excessive hydration may dilute urine, potentially leading to negative results,19 while dehydration can concentrate drugs, making them easier to detect.
Q: Can drugs be detected after quitting?
A: Yes, drug metabolites can remain in the system for varying lengths of time after cessation of use. Detection windows depend on the drug and the individual’s metabolic rate.
Q: How do urine and blood tests differ in terms of detection times?
A: Urine tests generally have longer detection windows20 (days to weeks) than blood tests, which typically reflect recent use (1 to 24 hours).
Imagine walking into a bustling café—the chatter of conversations, the clinking of dishes, and the aroma of freshly brewed coffee all collide in a sensory whirlwind. For individuals with ADHD, this scene can quickly escalate into an overwhelming experience known as sensory overload.
This phenomenon not only makes everyday environments feel chaotic but can also hinder focus and emotional well-being. As we delve into the intricate world of sensory overload in ADHD, we’ll explore how it affects people’s lives and uncover effective strategies to navigate this sensory storm.
What is ADHD?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental mental health disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. According to theDSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision),1 the traditional signs and symptoms of ADHD are categorized into two main groups: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.
Symptoms of inattention may include difficulty sustaining attention, frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or other activities, difficulty organizing tasks, avoidance of tasks that require sustained mental effort, and forgetfulness in daily activities. Symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity may include fidgeting, difficulty remaining seated, excessive talking, interrupting others, and acting without thinking.
To receive a diagnosis, these symptoms must be present for a minimum of six (6) months and must be evident in more than one setting, such as at home and school. Understanding ADHD is essential for providing effective support and interventions for those affected by it.
The ADHD Brain
The ADHD brain exhibits distinct neurobiological differences that influence attention,2 impulse control, and emotional regulation. Neuroimaging studies have shown that individuals with ADHD often demonstrate variations in brain structure and function compared to neurotypical individuals.
Key areas affected include the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functions such as decision-making and impulse control; the basal ganglia, which play a role in regulating movement and attention; and the cerebellum, which is involved in coordination and the processing of sensory information. Research shows that individuals with ADHD may have decreased dopamine levels in these regions, which can contribute to difficulties in motivation, focus, and reward processing.
Differences Depending on Age
In children, ADHD symptoms may present as hyperactivity and impulsivity,3 which are often more pronounced due to the ongoing neurodevelopmental processes in their brains. As children transition into adolescence, there may be a shift in symptoms, with increased challenges in attention and emotional regulation.
Neurological growth spurts during adolescence can lead to further changes in brain connectivity and working memory capabilities, marking a period where individuals with ADHD may face heightened emotional responses and social pressures.
In adults, the manifestation of ADHD4 often changes again, with hyperactive symptoms typically diminishing but challenges in attention, organization, and emotional self-regulation becoming more prominent. The adult ADHD brain may demonstrate adaptive behaviors developed over time, but individuals may still experience residual symptoms that impact daily functioning and quality of life.
How have you professionally supported someone with ADHD experiencing sensory overload, and what strategies proved most effective?
When it comes to supporting someone with ADHD and sensory overload, the first thing I always focus on is understanding their sensory profile, for which I use an evidence-based assessment. It’s really important to get a formal assessment, if possible, in order to pinpoint exactly what types of stimuli and environments are overwhelming for that specific person. Some of the most effective strategies I’ve used include having clients carry a grounding pack—something small they can keep on them filled with sensory tools that help them regulate in the moment, like fidget items, calming scents, or textured objects.
I also work with them to figure out which environments are most overwhelming, and we make a plan, like using noise-canceling headphones or Loop earplugs if auditory input is a trigger. Another helpful strategy is modifying how or when tasks are done. Simple changes can make a huge difference in avoiding overload and keeping energy steady throughout the day. At the end of the day, it’s really about listening to what their body is telling them and building in supports that work with their nervous system, not against it.
Sensory overload or overstimulation in the context of ADHD occurs when an individual experiences an overwhelming amount of sensory input5—whether from sights, sounds, textures, or even strong smells like perfumes—making it difficult to concentrate or cope with the environment. [4] For those with ADHD, heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli can lead to feelings of anxiety, irritability, and fatigue.
Inability to Focus: Struggling to concentrate on a conversation at a party because of the loud music and chatter surrounding you.
Feeling Overwhelmed: Walking into a busy shopping mall and feeling anxious or drained due to the bright lights and multiple noises happening at once.
Irritability: Becoming easily frustrated or upset when trying to work in a noisy café, where the sounds make it hard to think.
Physical Discomfort: Becoming irritated by the tags on your clothing or the texture of certain fabrics, leading you to rip off your shirt in discomfort.
Panic or Anxiety Attacks: Experiencing a sudden rush of panic when in a crowded space, causing you to feel trapped and needing to escape.
Processing Challenges: Having trouble following a lecture because your mind is racing from the sounds and movements around you.
Avoidance Behavior: Choosing to stay at home instead of attending social events because you fear being overwhelmed by the environment.
Recognizing these symptoms can help individuals with ADHD, as well as their friends and family, develop effective coping strategies and create more supportive environments. Understanding sensory overload is key to managing it effectively and improving overall well-being.
Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)
Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)6 refers to a condition where the brain has difficulty receiving and responding to sensory information from the environment. Individuals with SPD may overreact, underreact, or have unusual responses to sensory stimuli, such as sounds, flashing lights, textures, or tastes. This is called sensory over-responsivity. This can lead to challenges in daily activities, social interactions, and emotional regulation.
SPD can occur independently or alongside other conditions, such as ADHD or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Treatment often involves occupational therapy, which focuses on improving sensory integration and coping strategies to enhance daily functioning and quality of life.
What Leads to Sensory Overload?
Sensory overload in individuals with ADHD can be attributed to several causes, many of which relate to the way their brains process sensory information. Here are some key factors, explained in an accessible way:
Increased Hypersensitivity: People with ADHD often have a heightened sensory sensitivity7 to sensory input, meaning their brains are more reactive to stimuli like sounds, lights, and textures. For example, while a typical busy environment might feel just lively to some, an individual with ADHD may perceive it as chaotic and overwhelming, leading to discomfort and difficulty focusing.
Difficulties with Filtering Information: The brain’s ability to filter out irrelevant sensory information is less efficient in those with ADHD. This means they may struggle to tune out background noise or visual distractions. Imagine trying to watch a movie while someone is talking loudly in the background. For someone with ADHD, the distractions can be hard to ignore, making it difficult to concentrate on the movie.
Imbalances in Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are chemicals in the brain that help transmit signals between nerve cells. In individuals with ADHD, there can be imbalances,8 particularly with dopamine and norepinephrine, which play roles in attention and arousal. When the brain struggles to manage these chemicals effectively, it can lead to a state of sensory overload, as the individual may react more strongly to stimuli that would typically be manageable.
Co-Existing Conditions: Many individuals with ADHD also experience other conditions, such as anxiety or sensory processing disorder. These co-occurring conditions can exacerbate sensory overload symptoms. For instance, someone with both ADHD and anxiety9 might feel even more overwhelmed in bustling environments, as their anxiety amplifies their reaction to sensory inputs.
Environmental Factors: The environments in which individuals with ADHD find themselves can significantly affect sensory overload. Bright lights, loud noises, or crowded spaces can trigger an intense sensory reaction. Think about a busy supermarket on a Saturday afternoon; the combination of bright lights, loud announcements, and crowded aisles can create a sensory overload experience for someone with ADHD.
By understanding these causes, we can better support individuals with ADHD in managing sensory overload and creating environments that are more accommodating to their needs.
The Sensory Overload Experience for Those with Higher Functioning ADHD
High-functioning ADHD often presents differently than traditional forms of the disorder, with individuals able to maintain various levels of functionality in their daily lives. However, they still experience symptoms that can impact their social, academic, and professional functioning and may benefit from medical advice or treatment.
Here are some common symptoms of high-functioning ADHD, along with relatable examples:
Chronic Disorganization: Frequently misplacing items (like keys or important documents) and struggling to maintain an organized workspace or living area, leading to frustration in daily routines.
Procrastination: Putting off important tasks until the last minute, causing stress and a rush to complete work that could have been managed more smoothly over time.
Difficulty Focusing on Tasks: Starting a project enthusiastically but becoming easily distracted by background noises or even by the urge to check social media, preventing completion of the task.
Impulsivity in Social Situations: Interrupting friends during conversations or blurting out thoughts without considering the social context, which can lead to misunderstandings.
Emotional Dysregulation: Experiencing intense emotional reactions, such as anger or sadness, over relatively minor issues, which may be perplexing to friends or family.
Restlessness: Feeling the need to constantly move or fidget, even in situations where it’s not appropriate to do so, like tapping a foot during a meeting or shifting in a chair.
Difficulty Following Through on Commitments: Agreeing to help a friend but forgetting about the commitment, leading to guilt and potential strain in the friendship.
Hyperfocus: Becoming so engrossed in a hobby or a special interest that hours can pass unnoticed, resulting in missed obligations or deadlines.
Sensitivity to Feedback: Taking constructive criticism very personally, leading to feelings of inadequacy or frustration, even when the feedback is meant to be helpful.
Understanding these symptoms can help individuals with high-functioning ADHD identify and address their challenges more effectively, leading to improved self-awareness and strategies for managing their daily lives.
What are some of the most overlooked environmental or emotional triggers that contribute to sensory overload in adults with ADHD?
One of the most common, yet often overlooked, environmental triggers that I see with all of my clients, not just adults with ADHD, is the negative impact of constant notifications, alerts, and interruptions. In order to produce quality work and get into a flow state, people need to be able to maintain focused attention. To help achieve this, I recommend that clients turn off notifications–even just visual notifications–close computer windows, and, when necessary, use apps to limit/block phone and website use. Having uninterrupted time to work and think not only helps with productivity, but it also helps reduce stress and feelings of overwhelm.
Sensory overload can be particularly challenging for individuals who are dually diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and a substance use or alcohol use disorder. The interplay between these conditions can exacerbate the experience of sensory overload and create a complex set of challenges.
Here’s how this phenomenon affects individuals with such dual diagnoses:
Increased Sensitivity to Stimuli: Individuals with ADHD often exhibit heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli.10 This can be intensified when coupled with a substance use disorder, as substances may alter sensory perception, making environments feel more chaotic or overwhelming. For example, someone in recovery from alcohol use disorder might find bright lights, loud noises, or other sensory triggers, particularly jarring, leading to feelings of anxiety or distress.
Impaired Coping Mechanisms: Substance use may initially provide the individual with a way to escape from overwhelming sensory experiences. However, over time, reliance on substances can hinder the development of effective coping strategies. When not using substances, the individual may struggle to handle sensory input due to a lack of established coping mechanisms.
Emotional Dysregulation: ADHD is often linked to emotional dysregulation, where individuals may have difficulty managing their emotions and reactions to stress. When combined with the effects of substance use, which can further impair judgment and emotional control, sensory overload can lead to emotional outbursts and/or heightened irritability, aggression, or feelings of helplessness in response to overwhelming stimuli.
Triggers and Cravings: Certain sensory environments can serve as triggers for cravings or relapse in individuals in recovery. For instance, loud music or crowded spaces might remind someone of experiences associated with substance use, leading to uncomfortable feelings or a desire to self-medicate with drugs or alcohol.
Social Challenges: Social situations, which can be inherently sensory-rich, may pose additional hurdles for individuals with this dual diagnosis. The combination of ADHD-related impulsivity and the effects of substance use can lead to social anxiety or uncomfortable interactions,11 making it difficult to navigate typical social environments without feeling overwhelmed.
Despite these challenges, individuals with a dual diagnosis can implement tailored strategies, such as the following to manage sensory overload effectively:
Structured Environments: Create calm, predictable spaces at home or work that minimize sensory distractions. Using soft lighting and comfortable textures can help reduce overwhelming feelings.
Mindfulness Techniques: Mindfulness and grounding exercises can be particularly beneficial for those experiencing sensory overload. Techniques such as deep breathing or focusing on one sensory aspect at a time can help regain control.
Professional Support: Engaging with therapists or support groups specializing in dual diagnosis (i.e., Dual Recovery Anonymous/DRA) can provide valuable coping strategies and emotional support. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be particularly effective in addressing both ADHD and substance use issues.
Gradual Exposure: Gradually exposing oneself to social situations or environments that may be overwhelming can help build tolerance and reduce anxiety over time. It may also help to visit these places during less busy times.
Routine Breaks: Scheduling regular breaks during activities or work can help manage sensory input effectively, allowing time to recharge and refocus.
Understanding the complexities of sensory overload in individuals with both ADHD and substance use disorder is crucial for creating effective interventions and support systems. By fostering awareness and employing adaptive strategies, individuals can work toward improving their quality of life while navigating the challenges posed by both conditions.
Effective Coping Skills
Coping skills play a crucial role in managing sensory overload and hypersensitivity for individuals diagnosed with ADHD. These skills provide strategies for recognizing and regulating sensory input, enabling individuals to navigate overwhelming environments more effectively.
Here’s a list of effective coping skills12 that individuals diagnosed with ADHD can use to minimize sensory overload:
Create a Calm Space: Designate a quiet area at home where you can retreat when feeling overwhelmed. Use soft lighting, calming colors, and minimal decorations to reduce distractions.
Use Noise-Canceling Headphones: Invest in good-quality headphones to block out distracting sounds. Listening to calming music or white noise can also help create a soothing auditory environment.
Practice Mindfulness and Deep Breathing: Engage in mindfulness exercises and deep breathing techniques to center your thoughts and reduce anxiety during overwhelming situations.
Establish Routine Breaks: Schedule regular breaks during tasks to step away from sensory input. Use this time to engage in a short walk, stretching, or a brief relaxation exercise.
Limit Multitasking: Focus on one task at a time instead of juggling multiple activities. This helps reduce cognitive load and allows for better concentration.
Use Visual Tools: Utilize tools like planners, to-do lists, or visual timers to stay organized and manage tasks more effectively, reducing the mental noise associated with forgetfulness.
Gradual Exposure: If certain environments are overwhelming, consider gradual exposure. Spend short periods in busy settings and gradually increase your time as you become more comfortable.
Engage in Sensory Grounding Techniques: Practicing grounding techniques, such as feeling a textured item or aromatherapy, can help refocus your attention and soothe sensory overload.
Communicate Preferences: Inform family, friends, or coworkers about your sensory sensitivities, and advocate for environments that accommodate your needs, such as quieter meeting spaces.
Stay Hydrated and Well-Nourished: Ensure you are drinking enough water and eating balanced meals. Dehydration or poor nutrition can heighten sensitivity to sensory input.
Develop a Personal Sensory Diet: Create a sensory diet that includes a variety of activities tailored to your needs, such as physical exercise, creative pursuits, or calming hobbies that help regulate sensory input.
Implementing these coping skills can empower individuals with ADHD to take control of their sensory experiences, minimize feelings of overload, and enhance their overall quality of life.
What advice would you give to someone navigating both ADHD and a co-occurring condition like anxiety or substance use, especially when it comes to managing overwhelming sensory input?
Navigating both ADHD and a co-occurring condition like anxiety or substance use can feel overwhelming, especially when sensory input becomes too much. Start by identifying your triggers, which can be bright lights, loud noises, or crowded spaces. Develop a plan, like using noise-canceling headphones or taking quiet breaks, to minimize exposure to stimuli, as they can overwhelm your ability to soothe yourself. Prioritize grounding techniques, such as deep breathing or holding onto a totem or object, to help regulate your nervous system when stress peaks.
Medications for ADHD, primarily stimulant and non-stimulant options, can play a significant role in alleviating sensory issues and processing challenges associated with the condition. Stimulants, such as methylphenidate (i.e., Ritalin, Concerta) and amphetamine-based (i.e., Adderall, Vyvanse) medications, work by increasing levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, enhancing attention, focus, and impulse control.
By improving these cognitive functions, individuals may find it easier to filter and manage sensory input, reducing feelings of overwhelm. Non-stimulant medications, like atomoxetine, can also assist with attention and impulse regulation, contributing to improved emotional stability and social interactions. Ultimately, medication can serve as a valuable component in a comprehensive treatment plan aimed at addressing both ADHD symptoms and sensory processing difficulties.
The Bright Side of ADHD
While ADHD can present challenges, many individuals who effectively manage their symptoms find that they can enjoy several unique benefits. Here are some potential advantages of having ADHD when it is well-controlled:
Creativity and Innovation: Individuals with ADHD often think outside the box and are capable of coming up with creative solutions to problems. Their ability to connect unrelated ideas can lead to innovative thinking and unique perspectives.
Hyperfocus Ability: One of the hallmark traits of ADHD is the capacity for hyperfocus—becoming intensely absorbed in tasks that are stimulating or interesting. This can lead to high productivity levels when working on projects or pursuits that capture one’s attention.
High Energy Levels: Many individuals with ADHD possess abundant energy, which can be channeled into productive activities. When managed well, this energy can enhance performance in both work and hobbies.
Adaptability and Flexibility: Individuals with ADHD often learn to adapt quickly to changing situations. Their experiences in navigating diverse environments can foster a sense of flexibility that is beneficial in fast-paced careers.
Strong Problem-Solving Skills: The ability to see the bigger picture and navigate complexities can lead to exceptional problem-solving skills. Many individuals with ADHD excel in high-pressure situations where quick thinking is required.
Passion and Enthusiasm: People with ADHD often approach their interests and passions with great enthusiasm. This can infectious energy can inspire and motivate others in collaborative settings.
Resilience: Overcoming the challenges posed by ADHD can develop strong resilience and perseverance. Many individuals become adept at facing obstacles and finding creative ways to overcome themwhat-is-sensory-overload.
Outstanding People Skills: Many individuals with ADHD are outgoing and enjoy engaging with others. They can form strong interpersonal connections and excel in social situations, often being perceived as charismatic or engaging.
Enhanced Multitasking Abilities: While multitasking can be challenging, people with ADHD often thrive on switching between tasks, enabling them to manage various projects simultaneously when it fits their work style.
Unique Learning Styles: Individuals with ADHD may have unconventional learning styles that can foster creativity and a different approach to acquiring knowledge. This adaptability can lead to innovative ways of thinking and working.
When individuals with ADHD effectively harness and manage their symptoms through strategies like mindfulness, organizational tools, and support systems, they can turn these potential advantages into strengths in both their personal and professional lives.
Conclusion
If you or someone you know is grappling with sensory overload related to ADHD, seeking support is essential. This can be achieved through therapy, where professionals can offer tailored strategies and coping mechanisms. Connecting with support groups or community resources can also provide valuable insights and camaraderie. Developing skills such as mindfulness, organizational techniques, and creating a structured environment can help mitigate the effects of sensory overload.
Remember, while the challenges associated with ADHD and sensory overload13 can be daunting, there is hope for growth and improvement. With the right tools and support, individuals can learn to navigate their environments more comfortably, embracing their unique strengths and perspectives.
Stay committed to your journey; every step taken toward understanding and managing sensory overload brings you closer to a fulfilling and balanced life. You are not alone in this journey, and brighter days are ahead.
FAQs
Q. What is sensory overload in relation to ADHD?
A. Sensory overload occurs when individuals with ADHD experience an overwhelming amount of sensory input, such as sights, sounds, strong smells, or tactile sensations. This can lead to heightened anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and emotional distress.
Q. What are common triggers for sensory overload in individuals with ADHD?
A. Common triggers include loud noises, bright or flickering lights, crowded environments, strong odors, emotional stress, and visual clutter. These stimuli can easily overwhelm someone with ADHD, making it hard to focus or regulate emotions.
Q. How can coping skills help manage sensory overload?
A. Coping skills provide individuals with strategies to recognize and manage sensory input. Techniques like mindfulness, deep breathing, using fidget tools, taking breaks, and creating structured environments can significantly reduce feelings of overwhelm and improve focus.
Q: When should I seek professional help for ADHD sensory overload?
A: It’s advisable to seek professional help if sensory overload symptoms disrupt daily life, lead to emotional distress, or affect relationships. Professionals such as psychologists, psychiatrists, and occupational therapists can provide support and effective interventions.
Q: What types of therapies are beneficial for managing sensory overload?
A: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is commonly used to help individuals develop coping strategies and emotional regulation skills. Occupational therapy may focus on sensory integration techniques to help individuals better handle sensory input.
Q: Are medications available to help with ADHD sensory overload?
A: Yes, medications designed to manage ADHD symptoms, such as stimulants and non-stimulants, can help reduce impulsivity and improve attention, which may indirectly reduce sensory overload experiences. It’s important to consult with a psychiatrist to determine the best medication and dosage.
Q: Can changes in diet or lifestyle help with sensory overload?
A:While individual results may vary, adopting a balanced diet, regular exercise, and maintaining a consistent sleep schedule can positively impact overall well-being and ADHD symptoms. Some individuals may find it helpful to limit stimulants like caffeine or sugar, which can exacerbate sensory sensitivities.
Q: What are some effective sensory tools to mitigate overload during daily activities?
A: Useful sensory tools include noise-canceling headphones, earplugs, fidget toys, weighted blankets, visual timers, and calming scents (like essential oils). These items can help manage sensory input and promote a more comfortable environment.
Q: How can I advocate for my sensory needs in various environments?
A: Communicating openly about your sensory needs with family, teachers, or coworkers can help create accommodations. You can discuss specific triggers and suggest practical solutions, such as using quieter spaces, reducing visual clutter, or incorporating sensory breaks to help manage overload.
Q: Is sensory overload a lifelong issue for individuals with ADHD?
A:While many individuals with ADHD may experience sensory overload throughout their lives, effective coping strategies and interventions can significantly mitigate its impact. With the right support and techniques, individuals can learn to navigate and manage sensory challenges more successfully.
These living spaces, also known as sober living homes, halfway houses, or recovery residences, create a structured and supportive atmosphere that helps residents’ transition back into everyday life after completing rehabilitation programs.
Sober living homes are designed to help individuals maintain sobriety by addressing the people, places, and things in their environment. These homes provide a structured setting1 that promotes accountability, peer support, and essential life skills. Below are seven key features that make sober living effective:
1. Substance-Free Environment
Residents must remain abstinent from drugs and alcohol while living in a sober home. This rule allows individuals to recover in a safe space free from triggers. Eliminating access to substances makes relapse more difficult, giving residents the opportunity to focus on their sobriety and coping strategies. Oftentimes, depending on the type of sober living, drug testing may be a part of accountability and maintaining a drug-free environment.
2. House Rules and Accountability
A lack of accountability is a common trait in addiction. Sober living homes enforce specific house rules, such as curfews, mandatory house meetings, and assigned chores, to instill discipline and responsibility. House managers oversee rule enforcement, ensuring everyone stays on track and remains accountable to themselves and their housemates. This can also include monitoring of activities and schedules, support systems, and even testing for drug use.
3. Support System and Peer Encouragement
Residents benefit from a built-in community of individuals2who are also in recovery. Living with peers who share similar struggles fosters mutual support, encouragement, and accountability. This social reinforcement helps combat feelings of isolation and strengthens one’s commitment to sobriety. Some sober living homes require 12-step meetings or other types of peer support or social support.
How does sober living support long-term, sustained recovery?
Recovery housing can solidify someone’s journey in their recovery either post-treatment or while someone is attending treatment in an outpatient setting. Recovery housing ideally provides support, structure, community, accountability, and responsibility. Although many people choose not to go into recovery housing and can maintain successful recovery, the relationships and foundation that recovery housing can provide can be invaluable as a contribution to long-term success.
Tanya Kraege LCSW, CSAC, CCAR RC, WI CPS | Ventus Rex
4. Structured Daily Routine
Sober living environments3 emphasize the importance of structure. Residents follow daily routines that may include attending therapy sessions, support groups, exercising, and completing household chores. Establishing a consistent schedule helps individuals develop positive habits and reduce the time spent thinking about substance use. One of the main benefits of sober living is having structure as a next step after more formalized treatment or recovery programs.
5. Transition Assistance and Life Skills Training
Sober living homes often provide life skills training to help residents reintegrate into society. Programs may include budgeting, job searching, cooking, and relationship-building skills. These resources equip individuals with the tools needed to maintain independence and sustain long-term recovery. Depending on the level of care provided in the home, there may be additional options available for life skills or other educational opportunities.
6. Connection to Recovery Resources
Many sober living homes offer access to additional support services, such as therapy, job placement programs, and educational opportunities. These resources help residents continue their recovery journey beyond the sober living environment, ensuring they have the tools to maintain sobriety in everyday life.
7. Affordable Housing Options
Sober living costs vary depending on location, services, and amenities. Monthly expenses typically range from $300 to $2,000. Many homes operate on a sliding scale or offer financial assistance for those in need, making sober living an accessible option for individuals from different financial backgrounds. Some homes are credentialed and some operate like the Oxford House4 model.
Optimizing the Recovery Experience
Addiction impacts all aspects of a person’s life, requiring a holistic approach to recovery. For individuals with severe substance use disorders or co-occurring mental health conditions, sober living can provide a stable and supportive environment while they continue treatment. Programs such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) can help address both addiction and underlying mental health issues, improving overall well-being.
Here are some additional types of recovery support services along a path to sobriety and wellness.
How does sober living differ from traditional rehab?
Sober living offers a structured, substance-free environment where individuals can gradually transition back into daily life, often with fewer restrictions than traditional rehab. Traditional rehab, on the other hand, is typically more intensive with structured treatment programs, licensed therapy, other behavioral services, and medical supervision.
Addiction treatment programs provide structured support to help individuals achieve long-term recovery. These programs vary in intensity and approach but generally include the following components:
Assessment and Evaluation: Before beginning treatment, individuals undergo a comprehensive assessment to determine the severity of their addiction, identify co-occurring mental health disorders, and develop a personalized treatment plan.
Detoxification: Detox is a critical first step in recovery. Medically supervised detox programs help individuals safely withdraw from substances while managing withdrawal symptoms. This step is especially important for individuals detoxing from opioids, benzodiazepines, or alcohol, as withdrawal can be life-threatening.
Inpatient Treatment: Inpatient programs provide 24/7 care in a structured environment. Treatment typically includes individual therapy, group counseling, behavioral therapy, and holistic approaches. This immersive setting allows individuals to focus entirely on their recovery.
Outpatient Treatment: Outpatient programs offer flexibility for individuals who can maintain independent living while attending scheduled therapy and support sessions. This option is ideal for those with a stable home environment and strong support system.
Aftercare Planning: Long-term recovery requires ongoing effort. Aftercare planning includes continued therapy, support groups, and recovery resources to help individuals transition back into daily life while maintaining sobriety.
Support Groups: Participation in 12-step programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous (NA), provides peer support, accountability, and encouragement from others who understand the challenges of addiction.
Bridging the Gap: Integrating Sober Living with Treatment
Sober living homes serve as a vital link between inpatient treatment and full independence. By combining structured treatment with sober living, individuals receive comprehensive support that enhances their recovery journey. This approach fosters long-term sobriety, equipping individuals with the tools and resources needed to reintegrate successfully into society.
If you or a loved one are seeking the best sober living environment, consider researching reputable options to find the right fit for your recovery needs.
If you or a loved one are seeking the best sober living environment, please consider one of the following that come highly recommended:
If you or a loved one are seeking the best sober living environment, consider ARC Stone Lodge in Louisa, Kentucky, which provides a structured, supportive setting for recovery. The Southeast Addiction Center, with locations in Georgia and Tennessee, offers comprehensive addiction treatment alongside sober living options. The Pennsylvania Recovery Center in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, is another highly regarded facility for those in need of a supportive transition.
For young men seeking specialized sober living, Sandstone Care Young Men’s Sober Living in Maryland provides tailored support. The Massachusetts Center for Addiction in Weymouth, Massachusetts, also offers structured sober living programs designed for long-term recovery. Additionally, Lantana Recovery Connecticut in New Milford provides a supportive recovery-focused community for individuals seeking a sober lifestyle.
For a broader list of recommended sober living homes that match individual recovery needs, check out the comprehensive sober living directory for more options.
This version integrates the recommended facilities smoothly within the text while keeping it natural and informative. Let me know if you need any further tweaks!
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What is the meaning of sober living?
A: Sober living refers to a structured, substance-free environment that supports individuals in recovery from addiction. It provides a safe space where residents can rebuild their lives and develop the skills needed for long-term sobriety.
Q: What do you do in sober living?
A: In a sober living home, residents follow house rules, attend recovery meetings, engage in therapy or counseling, complete household chores, and develop essential life skills to maintain independence and sobriety.
Q: How long do most people stay in sober living?
A: The length of stay varies based on individual needs, but most residents stay between 90 days and a year. Some may stay longer if they require extended support before transitioning to independent living.
Q: What does it mean to live a sober life?
A: Living a sober life means abstaining from drugs and alcohol while actively engaging in healthy behaviors, relationships, and coping strategies. It involves maintaining mental, physical, and emotional well-being without substance use.
Q: What is a sober living home?
A: A sober living home is a residential facility that provides a drug- and alcohol-free environment for individuals in recovery. It offers structure, accountability, and peer support to help residents transition from rehab to independent living.
Q: What are sober living house rules?
A: Sober living homes enforce house rules such as maintaining sobriety, attending meetings, adhering to curfews, completing assigned chores, and participating in house meetings. These rules help create a structured and supportive environment.
Q: What is a halfway house?
A: A halfway house is a transitional residence for individuals recovering from addiction or leaving incarceration. It provides temporary housing with structured programs, support services, and supervision to help residents reintegrate into society.
Q: Are you covered for addiction treatment?
A: Insurance coverage for addiction treatment, including sober living, varies by provider and policy. It’s essential to check with your insurance company to determine coverage for treatment, therapy, or transitional housing programs.
Q: Does the sober living home you are considering provide access to mental health resources and community support?
A: Many sober living homes offer access to therapy, counseling, peer support groups, job assistance, and other mental health resources. It’s important to research a home’s available services to ensure they align with your recovery needs.
Q: What are halfway house rules?
A: Halfway houses typically have structured rules, including mandatory sobriety, curfews, participation in treatment programs, job search requirements, and adherence to behavioral guidelines. These rules help residents transition back into society successfully.
Q: How does sober living support recovery from addiction?
A: Sober living homes provide a stable, substance-free environment where residents receive peer support, structure, and access to recovery resources. This setting helps individuals build coping skills, accountability, and a strong foundation for lasting sobriety.
Q: How does sober living differ from traditional rehab?
A: Unlike inpatient rehab, which offers intensive treatment in a clinical setting, sober living provides a less restrictive, transitional environment where residents can practice independent living while still receiving recovery support.
Q: How does sober living help in addiction recovery?
A: Sober living homes foster long-term recovery by reinforcing healthy routines, peer support, and access to therapy and life skills training. They help individuals build resilience, stability, and self-sufficiency after rehab.
I’m Matt Glowiak, a loving father, husband, and man who was very fortunate to escape the clutches of addiction, which has been a common struggle for many loved ones as far back as I can remember and carries forward to this day. This is the story of how I narrowly escaped the clutches of addiction and built a life around helping others who struggle with mental health and addiction disorders.
Beginning My Story
Some of my earliest memories involve the mental health struggles my maternal grandmother faced. While I couldn’t make sense of them as a child, my earliest memories are polarized: either she was the funniest person in the room or the one who could become quite scary if she was in a bad mood. Regardless, I always knew I was loved. What I didn’t know, however, was what to expect each time we went over to visit. Would she welcome us with open arms, or would she slam the door and start screaming at us?
As I continued to age and mature, I started to recognize how others around her would respond. My grandfather was avoidant unless pushed to the point of confrontation. My mother would dissociate as though nothing happened. My oldest uncle would oftentimes act out in anger, screaming at her in front of everyone. My middle uncle would often show up in the most jovial mood I’ve ever seen of everyone to crash several minutes later, passed out on the floor. And my youngest uncle was the intellect who would attempt explaining to me what was happening, though I never really got it at that point. My grandmother never struggled with addiction, but her challenges ultimately led to some of her kin using to cope, with ultimately one of them dying before his time.
On my father’s side, get-togethers were more stable, though there were many riffs in the family—so much so that I would not meet many more family members until adulthood when I personally made the choice to reach out and connect with them. My earliest talk with my father about substance abuse was around Age 15 when he told me, “Matt, there’s a difference between a beer guy and a booze guy. Don’t be the booze guy.” I didn’t really know what that meant at the time, but as I gained more life experience in college, best believe I figured it out, and in reading between the lines as well as piecing stories together over the years, I learned that many members of my father’s family also struggled with significant mental health and substance use disorders.
Then came me … As an undergraduate student at what was heralded a top party school in the early 2000s, I began experimenting with alcohol and other substances. I had a close core group of friends who I cherished dearly; however, they continued pushing the boundaries we set with use, and one by one I saw many of them drop out of school, fail out, get arrested, enter rehab, and experience a plethora of otherwise undesirable consequences that I told myself I would never experience for myself. Easier said than done, however …
The Turning Point
Though I did not give it much thought at first, what ultimately came to scare me with my substance use during undergraduate was how much I loved the party life. Many times we were of the mentality that we would achieve a more euphoric state than the one prior. We were immortal in our early 20s, right? Of course that was wrong.
I remember the time when I first really thought about what I was experiencing with the withdrawal and cravings and how it was at a point of barely being within my control. I could outsmart addiction, right? Then, I recalled a time when I was 14 years old. I was a star student, athlete, and member of numerous extracurricular activities. I needed to have a procedure where the physician froze warts on my feet. Gross, right?
Well, what was even worse, which never connected until many years later, was how without even realizing what I was doing, I began abusing the liquid hydrocodone I was prescribed. Given my high tolerance for pain at the time but loving the way I felt, I skipped the morning dose and doubled down in the evening.
This reflection and connection I had in sophomore year of undergraduate led to me feeling even more depressed than I was, as I was also failing classes (a new experience for me) and grieving a break-up with my high school girlfriend who cheated on me. I thought it would help to distance myself from my primary group a bit, begin associating with those who abstained from use of any kind, and hoped a spiritual connection to Buddhism would be enough to save me. It helped a bit in that I did have some further distance from use and cleared my head a bit; however, I always knew where the fun was and returned to it every chance I could.
Climbing Toward Clarity
Fortunately, I wound up dating my best friend—who I had known since I was 11 and is now my wife—who, along with my other best friend, intervened with me my senior year. Best believe I was resistant at first and even did all I could to convince them to go out partying with me the same night. They held firm, stressed their point, and after that night, I never experimented with anything again. From there, I loosened the grip from the more potent substances but still found pleasure in drinking and smoking but with limits such as not using until the end of the day, during hazardous situations, et cetera as to minimize the risk of legal implications, overdose, or physical harm to self or others.
After a couple years out of undergrad and knowing that I wanted to do something with my psychology degree, I enrolled in a mental health counseling master’s program online. My intention was to ultimately open a private practice, which I one day did. Admittedly, though graduate school was a motivating factor, it was also stressful, especially atop a 10-hour a day job that I found soul wrenching. Throughout, I would convince myself that drinking and smoking minimized my stress while making me even more insightful. In a way, it worked. At the same time, it was the wrong type of enforcement for someone teetering on a diagnosable addiction disorder. Even here, I keep my concerns in the background, as in many ways, I was achieving all the success I desired.
As I tell my clients and students now, sometimes your life’s calling finds you instead of the other way around. My masters internship wound up being at a site where I counseling court-mandated clients who received DUIs and other drug violations. After, my first full-time job as a counselor was at a methadone clinic. THAT was my wake-up call. At both my internship and the methadone clinic, client after client would give me the same excuses I gave myself for at least the past decade. There, I realized for certain that I was nothing special. I was like anyone else struggling. Further, I had the genetic predisposition. Much of what led to my clients coming to see me, I possessed as well.
They say that while in recovery one should focus on themselves only for the first year. After a year of success, focus on a plant. The next year, focus on a pet. And if all else goes well, you are ready for healthy human relationships. For me, the accountability to others really kept me in check. Though still not perfect, my entire perception and behaviors when it came to substance use changed. I had to live a better example for others, which ultimately helped myself.
My Equilibrium and Closing Thoughts
As a youngster, I was raised with this negative view of addiction. While some of it came from my family as well as the church we attended, a lot of it came from the anti-drug campaigns they ran on TV. It appeared that most everyone addicted to drugs and alcohol was someone who didn’t care about theirself or others, had no regard for the law, and had no desire to stop. As someone who was mostly a straight-A student, in many prosocial activities, fairly popular, and from what I considered a healthy family dynamic (despite what I shared earlier); there was no way I could fall prey to addiction. Best believe, the only one I was outsmarting was myself.
Though I now have over a decade of experience as a clinician, professor, presenter, writer, advocate, and otherwise; I now know for certain that I am at risk. I hold firm boundaries, am open to constructive criticism, and continually remind myself that I am no different than anyone else struggling. The big difference is that I am fortunate to not only have woken up when I did but also having the positive support around me and now a career that keeps me accountable.
The key to recovery, whether you are one who has gone through treatment or not (like me), it must be on the forefront of your mind to make it work. That is the key to life—being resilience while learning from your mistakes. It is true that it is not so much of what we have done or have had happen to us in the past that defines us as it is what we choose to do or not do with it. In my case, I am choosing to continue pushing forward while building my life around loving and helping other people. That is unwavering.
Introduction to My Work and Passion for Mental Health
My work in mental health is quite diverse, as I love everything the field has to offer. I am a professor who teaches graduate level mental health and addiction counselors, a clinician who works with mental health and addictive disorders, a writer, a presenter, and perhaps most importantly, an advocate for prosocial change. While the path was not always linear, it seems as though the universe always had a way of guiding me in this direction. This is especially true when it comes to working with addictions. From my master’s internship, to the clients I worked with as a doctoral student, to my first full-time position in the field being a substance abuse counselor at a methadone clinic; the path found me.
Since graduating with my doctorate in counselor education and supervision as well as masters in mental health counseling, I have built my life around not only helping others but improving myself. I do believe this is my life’s calling, and my intention is to help everyone else I meet find and follow theirs. While I cannot say that doing what I love feels like I never work a day in my life, as you can best believe I work nonstop, I can say that I finish every day—even the tough ones—feeling fulfilled. If I can do it, I know others can, too.
Understanding the Stigma Around Addiction
While it is true that many people are focused on their health, a lesser spoken topic is mental health. Even lesser spoken is addiction. While there is so much stigma and misunderstanding around mental health, this is even more true with addiction. People are quick to personalize external challenges (e.g. institutionalized discrimination) while seeing personal flaws in individual hardship, the truth is that all of us go through challenges at one point or another in life.
Addiction is the disease that knows no boundaries. Any person from any demographic can fall prey to addiction at any point in life. I have seen this both personally and professionally. Doctors, lawyers, police officers, firefighters, civic leaders, moms, dads, uncles, aunts, friends, loved ones, trusted colleagues—literally anyone—can fall prey at any time. The misconceptions that surround addiction leave many viewing it as a moral deficit when it is well within one’s control, when the truth couldn’t be more opposite.
In the spirit of “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,” there is so much more we need to be doing at a societal level to prevent addiction before it starts. A big part of the equation is speaking openly and honestly about the issue. Scare tactics and fabrications do the opposite, especially with our youth. When some uses and the only consequence is a good time, it immediately invalidates arguments aimed to discourage use. The truth is that, for many substances, they begin as an enjoyable experience for those who use, but for some who struggle to stop, the consequences become gravely catastrophic over time.
Lessons Learned from Addressing Addiction in My Career
A lot of the work that needs to be done to combat addiction, going well beyond typical treatment protocol, is what happens beyond the couch, so-to-speak. For example, while working at the methadone clinic, where my clients were all diagnosed with opioid use disorder (many with co-occurring disorders), there was a common theme. Most every client who wound up using heroin began doing so because of prescription painkillers going wrong. Many began taking them as prescribed at first, but over time, tolerance built while withdrawal set in, and they found themselves using in increasing amounts to the point where prescribed medications were no longer enough. At this point, they were hooked.
Legislation at the time would immediately pin the fault on individuals they deemed were “doctor shopping.” While, yes, many individuals struggling with addiction do this to get their fix, it is part of the symptomology of addiction. On the other hand, prescribing physicians have access to a prescription monitoring program in which they can see every prescription, filled and unfilled, for anyone coming to see them. Where is the physician’s responsibility in this? As a medical professional who is obligated to do right by their patients, many were doing the wrong things. Accordingly, my clinic and I would attend legislative advocacy events as well as writing letters until the physicians were also held accountable.
Another issue we have is where police officers inappropriately manage mental health calls. We see this in the news all the time, and I have experienced it in my work, where individuals with significant mental health disturbances are treated like criminals instead of mentally ill individuals who need treatment. The consequences have been devastating to the point where people have been injured or even killed while being in the middle of a crisis.
To combat this, having police social workers or counselors who can assist police officers with mental health calls can go a long way. In the community where I had my private practice, my partner and I joined local mental health coalitions where we would discuss ways to address the problem. Ultimately, the community ultimately received a $50,000 grant to pay a police social worker 1-year salary as a test-run. Fortunately, there was such a positive response that, moving forward, the position became a permanent one.
Sometimes the most seemingly complicated issues have the easiest solutions. You only know, though, by talking about it and seeing that talk into action. Many great things begin slowly but build over time. In many municipalities where physicians have become held accountable while police departments focus on mental health, we see neighboring communities ultimately follow suit. The only way to make it happen, though, is by acting. Counseling is much more than therapy but a philosophy that serves the human spirit.
Advocating for Change: Solutions Rooted in Experience
A key part of advocacy is empowering the voices that otherwise go unheard. It is true that we live in an unjust society where many people’s needs go unmet. Even worse is how we blame them for their circumstances. Rather, we need to recognize the realities of genetic predisposition, institutionalized oppression, intergenerational trauma, environmental stressors, and otherwise. When we take a moment to hear people’s stories, we can empathize.
Most often, we realize that those with the most undesirable of life circumstances are there because of the hand they were dealt. Even for those who, perhaps, continue making unhealthy decisions, there is a reason for it. Every person deserves a fair chance, and we have the opportunity and ability to give it to them.
Advocacy need not be a lofty thing in which all the world’s problems are resolved with the wave of a wand. Rather, it can begin with the simplest of actions. Having the conversation, writing a blog, educating yourself, asserting yourself to others, joining community activities, establishing your own organizations, volunteering time, and so much more are all steps in the right direction. Again, efforts continue to grow and build over time.
Reflections and Call to Action: Building a Better Future
It is important to recognize how sometimes the greatest things come out of the most challenging of situations. Sometimes, it requires something horrible to happen for people to take action. While it would be more desirable for that not to be the case, unfortunately, it is. Given that there is a lot warranting our attention in the world right now, rather than become angry, depressed, or remain stuck; take the first step toward doing something.
Most everyone, whether they realize it or not, has been touched by addiction. It may be a friend, loved one, colleague, neighbor, or otherwise. These are people we love who are worth our efforts. Take a moment to think … If you were the one in a bad situation, would you not want others to act? I think the answer is a resounding “yes.”
Currently, we are aware of what addiction is. It is a biopsychosocial disease. That is, it negatively impacts our physiology, thoughts and feelings, and interpersonal relationships. The disease is so invasive that simply stopping often feels as though one is struggling to fulfill their basic needs for survival. In some cases, it can be deadly. Rather than pass judgment, realize that no one ever wants to experience addiction. No matter how much I speak on the topic, I cannot stress this enough.
My name is Matt Glowiak, and I am a mental health and addictions counselor, professor, author, presenter, and advocate of positive social change. Though my pathway toward becoming a mental health professional was not necessarily linear, it was one that continually called to me throughout life, and here I find myself following my callings. Beyond working with clients in a clinical setting and teaching graduate level students, I find immense value in educating the public on mental health and addiction in a relatable manner that makes sense. The more the general population knows on these topics, the more quickly and effectively we may destigmatize mental health and addictive disorders.
There is this common misconception that people only see a counselor when they are struggling with significant mental health or addiction issues. The truth, however, is that not everyone who comes to counseling has a true diagnosable condition. Given that all of us face challenges at one point or another, counseling can prove fruitful toward helping one understand oneself and others better, work through a temporary challenge, and so much more. One frequently occurring topic of discussion that is sometimes connected to a diagnosable condition and other times not is gaslighting.
Understanding Gaslighting: Recognizing the Signs
Seemingly, there is a lot more literature available on gaslighting these days than in the past. Why is this? Well, I think the definition of the term provides a lot of insight into the why. Gaslighting is a form of psychological manipulation that seeks to make a person doubt their own perceptions, memories, or reality. What makes this form of manipulation especially challenging to identify is that victims often feel as though they are the ones with the issue while potentially never discovering the true reality of what’s happening. It’s important to note that gaslighting does not necessarily indicate a diagnosable mental health disorder, though it can be a symptom of some diagnoses.
Gaslighting often involves a manipulator denying facts, lying, or presenting false information to confuse or destabilize the victim. A common example in the workplace might entail an employee being reprimanded by upper-level management for poor performance in the workplace associated with a specific task. When the employee speaks to the directives provided by their direct supervisor, the supervisor might continually deny having made a decision or giving specific instructions, leading the employee to question their memory or competence. Ultimately, the employee takes the blame and truly feels remorseful.
Gaslighting is also a common feature in many toxic relationships. Consider an abusive relationship where one individual makes every attempt to control another out of their own insecurities. They might call names, behave erratically, threaten safety, and otherwise to continue getting what they want. When called out, however, the perpetrator will frequently belittle their partner’s feelings, suggesting they are overreacting or being too sensitive, which can diminish the victim’s self-esteem. Again, the victim blames themself.
Two mental health disorders most associated with gaslighting include narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Individuals with NPD may engage in gaslighting to maintain control over their environment and to avoid responsibility. For example, a person with NPD might manipulate a partner into believing they are responsible for the narcissist’s unhappiness, creating a sense of guilt and confusion. In the case of BPD, symptoms associated with emotional instability might lead them to distort reality or project their feelings onto others, causing those around them to doubt their own perceptions.
Healing From Gaslighting
Whether gaslighting stems from a diagnosable mental health condition or not, the consequences for the victim are similar. This behavior can lead to significant emotional distress and can be a form of emotional abuse. When addressing gaslighting, it’s important to utilize approaches most appropriate for victims as well as perpetrators. In my experience, I have worked with both.
For victims of gaslighting, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) helps victims understand and reframe distorted thoughts and beliefs, empowering them to reclaim their sense of reality. Support groups provide the opportunity to connect with others who have experienced similar situations and can provide validation and support. Assertiveness training can help victims to express their feelings and needs more effectively, reinforcing their sense of worth and reality.
For perpetrators of gaslighting, engaging in individual therapy, particularly with a focus on understanding the underlying reasons for their behavior, can be crucial. Therapies such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) may be beneficial, especially for those with personality disorders (i.e., NPD & BDP). With communication skills training, learning healthy communication strategies can help perpetrators understand the impact of their words and behaviors on others. Working to develop empathy can also assist individuals in recognizing and addressing their harmful behaviors.
In both cases, fostering a safe, supportive environment is key to healing and change. This is especially poignant while working with couples and families. Here, the counselor serves as a facilitator who guides the conversation, ensuring that the dialogue is respectful and that each party has their voice heard without disruption. In more severe cases, potentially where safety is threatened, it is most appropriate to begin with each party individually to help them arrive at a better place personally before beginning their work collectively.
Helping Clients Overcome The Effects of Gaslighting
Admittedly, working with victims or perpetrators of gaslighting is challenging. For the victim, sometimes the effect of gaslighting is so glaringly obvious that it can be frustrating when your client does not connect the dots despite all the evidence pointing in that direction. On the end of the perpetrator, especially when they are aware of what they are doing and express no empathy, you sometimes feel as though there is no end in sight. Hence, patience can be a virtue while remaining objective is a must.
In either case, it’s important to stick to the facts. As a counselor, I always meet my clients where they are, regardless of where that place might be. It is important to remain empathic, as on either end, there is a reason why some continually accept or commit such behavior. Being accusatory often leads to denial, frustration, or otherwise negative feelings that compromise treatment. Accordingly, I listen, guide, educate, reflect what the client says, and grasp onto key insights revealed while helping clients make further sense of them. The further we journey down this pathway, the more we find that ties it all together, and when we arrive at the origins of the behavior, we can truly get to meaningful work where progress occurs.
As one who practices a lot of CBT, I like to help clients arrive at ample awareness of their thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and how they all connect. Physiological sensations are also appropriate for assessment here. What I love about CBT is that it ultimately teaches clients a new way. Some of the benefits include but are not limited to identifying distorted thoughts, reframing negative beliefs, building self-esteem, developing coping strategies, improving emotional regulation, and enhancing problem-solving skills (among others). Ultimately, this form of therapy is empowering. When aware, one may recognize what is happening in any given moment, take a step back, acknowledge it for what it is, and respond in a more appropriate manner.
Though I more commonly use DBT with individuals diagnosed with NPD or BPD, many of its interventions are helpful with so much more, including gaslighting. Mindfulness is a key feature of DBT. Mindfulness skills in DBT encourage individuals to stay present and aware of their thoughts and feelings without judgment. This can help those affected by gaslighting to recognize when their perception is being challenged and to validate their experiences, reducing self-doubt. Given that DBT is a modified version of CBT, they do share similar qualities in how they help clients. With DBT, clients may come to benefit from heightened emotional regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, distress tolerance, validation, and building self-compassion.
Perhaps one of the more interesting challenges as a counselor working with gaslighting is when perpetrators try gaslighting you. Every time this happens, I call it out. Though I may receive some pushback, I remain firm. Here, the client quickly learns their manipulation will not work on everyone. The clinical setting and interactions had with clients are meant to represent the real world. If I give into the gaslighting and the client feels successful, the cycle continues. Accordingly, with everything I do—serving the perpetrator or victim—the intent is to break the cycle.
Closing Thoughts and Future Initiatives
Although the term “gaslighting” did not become more popular until the mid-2010s, it became such a hot topic that Merriam-Webster named it its word of the year in 2022. This is telling. After learning about gaslighting and what it is, so many people felt impacted by it that they began researching it further. I mean, here I am even writing about it right now. That said, this behavior is more common than one might think.
As I continue saying, everything begins with awareness. Now that the general population has become more familiar with the term, and likely will continue becoming more familiar moving forward. On the other end, for those who commit this behavior seemingly outside of their control but want to have healthier relationships, they might be more inclined to seek their own help. With both victims and perpetrators seeking help, the condition may continue to improve over time.
We would be remiss, however, not to consider gaslighting on a larger societal—or even global—scale. There are numerous individuals in leadership and other high-ranking positions who use gaslighting as a strategy to gain power. This is why it is imperative that people do their research. Misinformation, disinformation, and otherwise all contribute to this phenomenon. When something doesn’t feel right, trust your gut. Most often, you are likely right. Do your research, seek support if needed, and never forget that everything begins with awareness.
