Category: Conditions

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Stress And Addiction: How Are They Related?

Stress and addiction can feed into and cause each other. “Stress” could be anything that taxes or exceeds your ability to healthily adapt1. For example, stress could prompt you to drink to cope with negative emotions. Similarly, having a heavy drinking habit could cause stress when it affects your life and well-being.

The bi-directional, sometimes cyclical relationship between stress and addiction can seem tricky to separate and treat. But with therapy and the right approach to treatment, you can heal from each and find an improved quality of life.

What Is The Relationship Between Stress And Addiction?

The relationship between stress and addiction is complex and multifaceted. Numerous studies have investigated their relationship and have provided insights into how stress can increase the risk of addiction.

Crucially, stress can cause someone to take and crave substances2. Chronic stress can further increase the risk of drug use and addiction. Stress can induce changes in neural pathways and cravings, which can contribute to substance-related disorders. The stress response system, including the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, plays a critical role3 in the development and maintenance of addiction.

Stress can also impact your ability to control impulses or other inappropriate behaviors, along with craving instant gratification.

Ultimately, the effects of stress can all lead to substance use. The American Psychological Association (APA) reveals that “stress is one of the most commonly reported precipitants of drug use4” and relapse. 

More stress, or chronic stress, is also associated with a higher risk of substance use2 and addiction. 

The Neurological Relationship

Stress can raise your levels of dopamine5, which is a neurotransmitter responsible for feeling good and reinforcing the activity that feels good. Alcohol and drugs increase your levels of dopamine6, too. Stress-induced alterations in dopamine transmission can increase the risk of addictive behavior.

Because it releases dopamine, you can even become addicted to stress7. And with stress and substance use affecting the system, it can be more difficult to disconnect one from the other and cope without the dopamine they produce. 

The dopamine-intertwined relationship between stress and addiction can have negative but treatable effects on mental health and overall wellness.

Individual Factors

The relationship between stress and addiction is also influenced by individual factors, such as coping strategies and resilience. Effective coping strategies8 can protect individuals from the maladaptive effects of stress that can contribute to addiction.

On the other hand, maladaptive coping strategies, such as procrastination9, can increase the risk of addiction. Using substances as a maladaptive coping skill certainly increases the risk, too.

Additionally, those with lower levels of psychological resilience may be more susceptible to the effects of stress10 and more prone to developing addiction.

Effects of Stress And Addiction on Mental Health

Stress makes addiction and mental health conditions more likely to develop2. The untreated effects of stress increase your risk of anxiety, depression, and other mood-related disorders. In some cases, stress can cause trauma11 and conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 

Multiple stressors or chronic stress can also be the catalyst2 between using a substance and becoming addicted to one. The more stressors you have in your life, the more likely you are to develop an addiction. 

How to Treat Stress and Addiction

Treatment that addresses your stress and addiction simultaneously can help you heal from both conditions. Therapy, wellness activities, and at-home coping strategies can help you manage stress and recover from addiction.

Therapies for Stress and Addiction

  • Stress management skill training1: This therapy can reduce emotional reactions to stress, helping you avoid relapses. You’ll usually attend 12 sessions in group therapy, learning a specific skill each time.  
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)1: CBT can help you regulate your emotions and how to respond to stress without using substances. You’ll learn and practice coping skills in and out of therapy. 
  • Mindfulness meditation12: This therapeutic intervention helps you enter a state of meditation where you’re mindful of what you’re feeling and accepting how the emotions feel in your mind and body. Meditation practices can then lower your breathing and slow your heart, helping you calm your mind and body simultaneously. 
  • Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)13: A mindfulness-based behavioral therapy focusing on emotional regulation. Similar to mindfulness meditation, you’ll work on becoming more aware of what you’re feeling and accepting the emotions. Then, you’ll learn how to regulate your emotions and your stress, which can help lower stress and prevent relapse. 

Stress-Reducing Activities

  • Yoga: the guided movements and stretches of yoga can help you manage stress.
  • Mindfulness: everyday mindfulness can help you hone in on big and small experiences, like feeling the wind or noticing the birds in the sky as you walk into work. Mindfulness can calm your body as your focus drifts to what’s happening around you. Mindfulness can effectively reduce stress without alcohol or drugs.
  • Exercise: movement can reduce stress and burn off nervous energy it may cause. You could go on a daily walk, spend time in the gym, or move in any way that feels good to you. 
  • Baths: a warm bath, especially one with epsom salts and essential oils, can calm the mind and body. Baths can also reduce soreness and pain. 
  • Progressive muscle relaxation14: a mindfulness technique where you gradually tense and relax your muscles. You can start at your toes and end at your head, but the pattern is up to you. 
  • Create something: art, music, or writing can take you out of a stressful mindset and help you process what’s stressing you out.
  • Self-compassion15: Dr. Kristin Neff suggests self-compassion as a tool for stress reduction–one you can do at any time. Her research has found self-critical approaches to failure or struggle only results in further stress. Practicing self-compassion can cause greater emotional calm and keep your stress from escalating.

Find Relief for Stress

Treatment can effectively stop the cycle of stress and addiction, help you avoid relapse, and feel better as a whole. You can find rehabs treating stress by browsing our list of rehabs for stress with photos, reviews, and insurance information to help you make an informed decision.

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Psychedelic Therapy: A New Treatment for PTSD

Psychedelic therapy has been gaining traction and creating a reputable name for itself in the recovery community. The curiosity around psychedelic treatment for mental health began in the 1950s1 (although medicinal psychedelic use originates back hundreds of years) when LSD showed initial therapeutic promise in human trials. In the mid 1960s, a legislative ban was placed on this research. 

Fast forward to 1994, psychedelics such as psilocybin were approved once again for research in the United States. Today, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS)2 serves as the foundation for human neuroimaging, psychology, and psychopharmacology studies with psychedelics.

Psychedelic therapy is becoming more and more common among providers, specifically for disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. This new age approach to healing offers patients a plethora of benefits, especially for those who do not resonate with traditional therapies. 

What Is Psychedelic Therapy?

Psychedelic therapy uses psychedelic substances such as psilocybin (naturally occurring in magic mushrooms), MDMA (commonly known as ecstasy), and LSD within a controlled therapeutic setting. Their therapeutic use can facilitate mental health recovery and personal growth.

Psychedelics alter your state of consciousness3, usually producing positive changes in perception, thought patterns, emotions, and a sense of interconnectedness. Each psychedelic is slightly different in how it affects your mind and body, but research has shown a positive association between psychedelic use and mental health1.

Through psychedelic treatment, qualified professionals can reach deeper into patients’ thoughts, feelings, and consciousness. This allows therapy sessions to reveal challenges that may be harder to process in traditional therapy. It’s unlocking new ways of healing. 

How Psychedelics Affect the Brain

When you’re using psychedelic substances, your brain functions differently. You can visually see this on an EEG or CAT scan showing the difference between normal brain functioning and a brain on psychedelics.  

Brain%20on%20Psychedelics

This image shows an increase of brain connectivity and blood flow4.

Psychedelics cause a disruption of electrical synchronicity in the brain5. This asynchronicity produces an “entropic” state, or an increase in connectivity between brain networks that may not typically communicate with each other. This can lead to a more integrated experience of thoughts, sensations, and emotions. Psychedelics can boost creativity and problem solving6 through the increased connectivity. And they can elevate mood.

Researchers and mental health professionals then use this connectivity to help patients open up about their emotions and process difficult memories and feelings.

Psychedelics for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Psychedelics show great promise to the mental health recovery community. Specifically, psilocybin and MDMA may have positive implications for PTSD recovery.

How Psychedelics Help a Brain with PTSD

Psilocybin

Psilocybin stimulates neurogenesis7—the growth and repair of brain cells—particularly in the hippocampus, responsible for memory and emotion. Neuron regrowth in this specific brain region allows PTSD patients to reframe and process traumatic memories in a less distressing way. 

MDMA

Bessel van der Kolk8, one of the top experts on trauma, dove into researching the promising effects of MDMA recovery for patients with severe PTSD. Two months after participating in the study, more than 66% of those who were administered MDMA no longer had diagnosable PTSD9. 

Why? MDMA can enhance trust, empathy, and communication between the patient and therapist. It reduces fear and anxiety responses while increasing emotional openness. This helps PTSD patients to revisit and process traumatic memories in a more controlled and comfortable manner.

Psychedelics as a Whole

Psychedelics bolster trauma processing by temporarily reducing activity in the Default Mode Network (DMN)10, responsible for rumination and mind wandering. These thought processes are commonly associated with mental health conditions like PTSD. Decreasing activity in this region prevents painful thoughts from coming up when talking about traumatic experiences.

Psychedelics also improve overall brain functioning. Mental health conditions often result in neuron atrophy, or neuron destruction, in the prefrontal cortex11. Studies have shown that psychedelics can boost neuroplasticity in the brain, meaning they can help the expansion of these neural networks. Rebuilding damage in the brain leaves room for mental health growth and learning new coping skills.  

What Does This Mean for PTSD Patients?

Psychedelic therapy offers PTSD patients a new way to heal. With a qualified therapist, you may be able to explore areas of yourself you have hidden due to trauma. 

The increased emotional intensity that psychedelics generate can help patients confront and process repressed emotions, traumas, and unresolved issues, potentially leading to therapeutic breakthroughs.

Many patients also gain new insights and ideas while on psychedelics, which is particularly helpful when exploring personal challenges or problem solving.

Psychedelics can enhance emotional regulation and resilience. MDMA in particular has been associated with increased empathy, trust, and emotional openness, which can help patients better manage intense emotions related to their trauma.

The Treatment Process

If you’re interested in adding psychedelic therapy to your treatment plan, you can expect your sessions to be monitored by trained professionals in a safe environment. Before the session, the therapist will conduct an extensive assessment to ensure that you are a suitable candidate for psychedelic therapy. They should also try to identify any potential risks. 

At your session, you’ll relax in a comfortable position, typically lying down with eye shades and headphones to minimize external distractions and enhance introspection. The carefully measured psychedelic dosage aligns with your body weight and previous experiences.

During the psychedelic experience, you’ll do some emotional exploration. Your therapist will help guide your thoughts, emotions, memories, and sensations. You’ll talk about specific traumatic experiences you’ve experienced. The therapist may ask open-ended questions, help you through challenging emotions, or offer reassurance. 

After the session is complete, your therapist will stay with you and ensure you’re comfortable until you stop feeling the psychedelic effects. 

You and your therapist will integrate the lessons and insights you’re learning into the rest of your treatment plan and daily life. This may involve setting intentions for future growth and healing. 

Finding Qualified Psychedelic Therapy

Finding a qualified clinic for your psychedelic therapy experience is crucial to guarantee you have safe and effective sessions. 

First, research clinics in your area (and make sure this therapy is legal in your state/country). If you don’t know where to start, ask your primary care doctor for recommendations. The treatment team should have a background in psychology, counseling, psychiatry, or a related field. The therapists should also have additional training in psychedelic-assisted therapy. Make sure they have experience administering this treatment.

Then, schedule a consultation with the practice. You can ask questions like

  • What safety guidelines do you have in place?
  • What are your therapists’ qualifications?
  • Can sessions be tailored to my specific needs?
  • How long will my sessions last? How many sessions will I have?
  • How much do your sessions cost? Will insurance cover them?

If you feel comfortable after talking to the clinic, then you may be on your way to beginning your psychedelic therapy sessions.

Benefits and Risks

Psychedelic therapy shows the potential to be a major player in PTSD recovery; however, this is an emerging form of therapy. It’s always best to check with your doctor to see if you’re a fit. Before you start treatment, a psychedelic therapy clinic should complete a comprehensive physical and mental health assessment. 

Psychedelic therapy benefits patients not only by improving mental health but it’s also a great approach for people with treatment-resistant PTSD12. Psychedelic effects can break through hard to reach areas in the brain by promoting deep self-reflection and insight. 

Psychedelics don’t cause addiction or withdrawal5, making this therapy a viable option for PTSD patients with co-occurring substance use disorders. 

However, the psychedelic field is still growing. There is still a lack of long-term clinical trials to fully understand the benefits and risks of psychedelic therapy. And without proper supervision, psychedelics can produce intense and unpredictable experiences. They can also trigger psychotic episodes in patients vulnerable to psychosis, so thorough screening is essential.

Receiving treatment at qualified practices that supervise sessions and provide a clean, safe space will likely guarantee that you have a positive session. 

Legality and Ethics

While some regions have decriminalized psychedelics or keep them regulated for medical use, psychedelics are illegal in many parts of the world; however, many areas are reevaluating their potential therapeutic applications. For example, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted “breakthrough therapy” status to some psychedelic compounds13, which expedites their development as treatment for specific mental health conditions such as PTSD and depression.

Psychedelic therapy is ethical for patients so long as they give informed consent and are aware of the potential risks. They should have proper screening and risk assessment to identify if they’re at greater risk of adverse reactions, such as a personal or family history of mental illness or certain medical conditions. And before the session, the therapist should explain the psychedelic experience, so the patient knows what to expect. 

The Future of Psychedelic Therapy

The movement behind therapeutic psychedelic use will likely continue growing. Expanding research explores the potential of psychedelics in treating a broader range of mental health conditions outside of PTSD, including addiction, eating disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, the FDA and other regulatory agencies are actively reviewing clinical trials using psychedelics, so more approvals for medical psychedelic treatments may come. From there, psychedelic therapy is likely to become more integrated into mainstream mental health care. 

While the road ahead is not linear, psychedelic therapy may become a staple in healthcare. So long as this therapy has continued research and education, and responsible use, it will continue to make a difference in people’s lives. 

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How to Help Someone with Schizophrenia: Strategies for Care

Schizophrenia is almost always a severe and disabling mental health disorder. Managing this condition is usually a lifelong process; however, with the right care and professional treatment, it is possible to live a healthy and fulfilling life with this disorder. 

If you know someone navigating this condition, you can offer support during this crucial time by helping them find professional treatment for schizophrenia.

Understanding Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric condition that is characterized by a disruption in thought patterns, sensory perception, reactions to emotions, and connections with others.  Symptoms of this disorder usually appear during late adolescence or early adulthood, with the most common symptoms being hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. These symptoms can have a major influence on every area of a person’s life.

Schizophrenia’s long-term effects can vary depending on factors such as your loved one’s treatment plan, medication management, when they started treatment, and overall health. Some common long-term effects of schizophrenia include: 

  • Reduced emotional expression
  • Less motivation to accomplish goals
  • Difficulty with social relationships
  • Motor and cognitive impairment

Myths about Schizophrenia

While this disorder can be complicated, there are a few things that schizophrenia is not. 

Myth #1: People with schizophrenia are violent and dangerous. Inherently, people with schizophrenia are not violent. They are actually 14 times more likely to be victimized compared to being the perpetrator.

Myth #2: Schizophrenia is directly caused by a bad childhood or a traumatic event. Schizophrenia is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. It’s a complex interplay of various factors. Parenting style or a single traumatic event does not cause schizophrenia. 

Myth #3: Schizophrenia is untreatable. While there is no cure for schizophrenia, it is a treatable condition. Antipsychotic medications, therapy, and psychosocial interventions can help manage this condition.

Myth #4: People with schizophrenia can’t work or lead meaningful lives. With proper treatment, support, and management, many people with schizophrenia can have fulfilling lives, maintain jobs, and have meaningful relationships. 

Educating Yourself

Schizophrenia is a very complex condition. The more you know about the disorder, and what your loved one is going through, the better equipped you both are to navigate it.

Doing your own research and talking to a medical professional who’s knowledgeable about schizophrenia ensures that you have a well-rounded understanding of the disorder. Reading up on the condition can provide you with a basic understanding of the symptoms, treatments, and potential risks associated with the illness. And speaking with a doctor can provide you with personalized insights and information. Doing both of these can ensure that you are as informed as possible.

Professional Help for Schizophrenia

In all cases, people with schizophrenia need professional help. And the earlier they get treatment, the better chance they have to live a fulfilling life. You can help them find appropriate resources, make appointments, or go with them to appointments if they are okay with that. 

Contact a mental health professional, like a psychiatrist, psychologist, or therapist, to develop a treatment plan. If you are having trouble finding an available professional, go to your primary care physician first. They will be able to refer you to the appropriate person. 

From here, incorporating therapy into their routine will be key. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, and social and life skills training can help your loved one learn coping strategies, manage symptoms, and improve social skills. They’ll learn new ways of thinking about and managing their hallucinations and delusions.

Medication Management

Medication management is a cornerstone to treating schizophrenia. Your loved one will be prescribed antipsychotic medication. There are 2 groups of antipsychotics—first-generation, or “typical,” and second-generation, or “atypical.” These both affect the dopamine receptors in the brain, and second-generation also affect the serotonin receptors. Talk to your doctor to see which medication is right for their needs. They may also need prescriptions to manage co-occurring disorders, like substance use or depression. 

Combining medication with therapeutic interventions can be very effective in keeping symptoms under control and providing a more fulfilling life. Your doctor should regularly check in to ensure that the medication is working properly and monitor for any potential side effects. If you notice the medications have adverse side effects, or making schizophrenia symptoms worse, seek help from a medical professional right away. 

Navigating Crisis Situations

When someone with schizophrenia is in crisis, it’s crucial to recognize the warning signs to ensure their safety and well-being. Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that could result in the person harming themselves or someone else. Seek professional help promptly if you see your loved one experiencing these signs:

  • Symptoms suddenly get worse
  • Social withdrawal
  • Intense paranoia
  • Resistance to treatment or medications
  • Decline in personal hygiene

If you believe the person is in immediate danger, do not leave them alone. Try to keep them in a safe, controlled environment. With a professional, develop a crisis management plan that outlines steps they can take when they experience elevated hallucinations or delusions. Include emergency contacts, coping strategies, and resources they can turn to for support.

Your Role in Their Recovery

Supporting someone with schizophrenia requires patience, understanding, and a compassionate approach. Your loved one will likely need some guidance, at least in the beginning of their recovery journey. But with your help, they can live a full, rewarding life.

Supporting Daily Living

A key element of your loved one’s treatment plan will be creating a structured routine. Help them build a daily schedule that includes regular meal times, medication management, and designated relaxation or leisure activities. Encourage healthy habits, such as proper nutrition and exercise. Offer to join them in this healthy lifestyle to keep them motivated. 

You can also help them maintain connections with friends, family, and support groups. Social activities can keep them from isolating and the negative effects that has on their mood.

Run through their crisis management plan regularly. Be sure that they have all the tools and skills to successfully navigate difficult symptoms, especially if you’re not there to support them in the moment.

Managing Symptoms and Challenges

Outside of therapy and medication, your loved one will also learn and practice coping skills for their symptoms. They should primarily be aware of the places, people, and things that trigger their hallucinations or delusions. They can, at first, avoid these stimuli and later work through their triggering effects. If symptoms do arise, they can manage them in a few ways:

  • Reality Testing: They can remind themselves that the hallucination is not real. Challenge the experience by asking, “Is there any evidence that supports this?”
  • Distraction: Reading, drawing, or doing puzzles, helps shift focus away from hallucinations.
  • Grounding Techniques: Your loved one can describe what they see, touch, hear, smell, and taste to help ground themselves in reality.
  • Positive Self-Talk: They can repeat affirmations or calming statements to counteract hallucinations’ negative or distressing messages.

While you can be an anchor during hard moments, make sure your loved one has consistent help and direct contact with a professional.

Patience and Empathy

Talking to someone with schizophrenia allows you to show empathy, patience, and understanding. Ask them how they feel or what they’re experiencing to show that you genuinely care and want to listen. Ensure they know you’re there for them and that they don’t have to go through this alone. And celebrate small achievements along the way because recovery is more fun when you give yourself credit for all the work you’re putting in. 

Their progress might be gradual, so show your loved one, and yourself, compassion. Be sure to prioritize your own well-being. While this process can be rewarding, taking time for yourself is important. Lean on friends and family for support.
There is hope for the person in your life who has schizophrenia. With a little guidance, and professional schizophrenia treatment, they can unlock the door to a fulfilling life.

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How to Help Someone Who Is Suicidal

If you or someone you know is experiencing suicidal thoughts, call 911 or visit the nearest emergency room. If the person is not currently in crisis, talk to a mental health professional, a helpline, or emergency services in your country. Many countries have crisis helplines that offer support and assistance to individuals in distress. The United States Suicide Hotline is 988, and the US number to message for a crisis text line is 741741. If you live outside of the United States, you can find your country’s emergency number in this list.

If you are supporting someone close to you who is struggling with suicidal thoughts, it is essential to take a sensitive and earnest approach. There can be many underlying factors that contribute to suicidal ideation, and seeking expert assistance is always strongly recommended.

What Are the Signs of Suicide?

Recognizing warning signs of suicidality can save a life. While these signs are unique to each person, some common ones that might indicate a person is experiencing suicidal thoughts include:

Sign #1: Expressing thoughts of hopelessness or having no reason to live

Sign #2: Talking about wanting to die or kill oneself

Sign #3: Engaging in reckless behavior or taking unnecessary risks

Sign #4: Withdrawing from social activities and isolating oneself from others

Sign #5: Exhibiting extreme mood swings or displaying sudden changes in behavior

Sign #6: Expressing feelings of being trapped or having no way out of a situation

Sign #7: Giving away personal belongings or making final arrangements

Sign #8: Increased use of alcohol or drugs

Sign #9: Sudden improvement or calmness following a period of depression or sadness (this may indicate a decision to attempt suicide)

Sign #10: A final goodbye conversation

Suicidal Thoughts Vs. Suicidal Ideation

Suicidal ideation and suicidal thoughts are intertwined concepts that have distinct characteristics. While both involve contemplating suicide, they differ in terms of the depth of the thought process and the amount of planning involved.

Suicidal thoughts are any thoughts of ending your life. This is usually less intense than ideation and is just a more general feeling of not wanting to live. Someone experiencing this could find a successful recovery in outpatient or residential treatment. If you know someone with suicidal thoughts, call 911 or 988. You can also text the US crisis text line: 741741.

Suicidal ideation is a thought-out suicide plan. The thoughts leading up to this are usually more intense and persistent and include a chosen method, timing, and specific actions they’re going to take. Someone with suicidal ideation should receive care in an inpatient setting, either at a hospital or a rehabilitation center. If you know someone has a plan and resources to commit suicide, call 911 and/or visit the nearest emergency room.

What Are Ways to Help Someone Who Is Suicidal? 

If someone you know is struggling with thoughts of suicide, take their situation seriously and provide support. You can be an invaluable source of guidance and comfort for them during their recovery journey; however, it is important to remember that it is essential to find professional help.

Help Keep Them Safe

If you believe the person is in immediate danger, do not leave them alone. Try to remove any items from their space that they could use for self-harm or suicide. Develop a safety plan that outlines steps they can take when they experience suicidal feelings or distress. Include emergency contacts, coping strategies, and resources they can turn to for support.

Encourage Professional Help

Encourage your loved one to seek professional help. You can help them find appropriate resources, make appointments, or accompany them to appointments if they are comfortable with you joining. Give them information about suicide prevention hotlines that they can contact for immediate support.

Offer Hope 

Offering hope to someone who is suicidal can be a powerful way to support them during a difficult time. Share recovery stories and celebrate any progress they make, no matter how small. Encourage them to envision a future where things can improve. And explore their goals and dreams with them.

Follow-Up 

After the initial intervention, continue to check in on them regularly. Knowing that someone cares and is available to listen can be very comforting. If allowed, check in with their care team to ensure they’re following through with their safety and treatment plans.

How to Talk to Someone Who Is Suicidal

Talking to someone who is suicidal can be an opportunity to show your empathy, patience, and understanding. For this conversation, find a quiet and private space. Approach the conversation with a calm and non-judgmental attitude. Show that you genuinely care and want to listen. And be clear that you’re concerned about them.

Encourage them to share their feelings and thoughts by asking open-ended questions like, “can you tell me what you’ve been going through?” or “how have you been feeling lately?” 

Acknowledge their feelings by saying “Tell me how you are feeling, I want to hear you,” or “I am here for you. Tell me how I can help you.” If you feel comfortable, ask them if they’re feeling suicidal, so that you know what type of support to get them. Empathize with what they’re experiencing—they’ll be more likely to trust you for help.

Be patient with your loved one. They are going through a challenging time, so let them talk at their own pace. Stay calm and collected when they tell you about their feelings. Make sure they know that you’re there for them and that they don’t have to go through this alone. Remind them that seeking help is a positive step.

Where to Get Help for Suicide?

Finding Immediate Help

Help is always available. If someone is in a life-threatening situation, call 911 and/or take them to an emergency room and stay with the person until they have medical help. If you live outside of the United States, you can find your country’s emergency number in this list.

Call a Hotline

If your loved one is currently safe, you can call the United States Suicide Hotline: 988. The number provides 24/7, confidential support to anyone in crisis. Another number to call is the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) or text “HOME” to 741741 to connect with a trained crisis counselor via text message.

Find a Mental Health Professional

Once you have assured your loved one’s safety and have talked with a hotline and/or doctor, you can consult a mental health professional, like a psychiatrist, psychologist, or therapist, to develop their treatment plan. If you are having trouble finding an available professional, go to your primary care physician first. They can refer you to the appropriate person. 

Talk Therapy

Mental health professionals are trained to help people with suicidal thoughts. They can provide therapy, medication management, and coping strategies. Talk therapy may be a big part of their recovery plan. 

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and psychodynamic therapy are just some of the therapies they might participate in. Therapy can help your loved one develop coping skills, challenge negative thought patterns, and improve their emotional regulation.

Medication Management

In some cases, doctors may prescribe medication to address underlying mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder. They might prescribe antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or anti-anxiety medications. For the best results, use prescribed medication management with talk therapy.

Support Network

Finally, rally a support network for your loved one. This is essential to keep them on the track to recovery. Kind words of compassion and motivation to keep going can help them on their journey. 

Additional Support for Suicide 

If your loved one needs intensive care for suicide, then a residential rehab that treats suicidality or an inpatient psychiatric hospital may be the best fit for them. Here, they will have 24/7 support and supervision from trained nurses and professionals. They’ll be able to grow and heal in a safe environment, separate from the triggers in their daily lives. 

These programs offer a variety of therapeutic interventions, including individual therapy, group therapy, family therapy, and psychoeducation. Therapists address the underlying issues contributing to suicidal thoughts and work on building healthy coping skills. They will also create a safety plan.

After completing the residential program, clients typically transition to outpatient care. A thorough discharge plan ensures a smooth transition and ongoing support.
Recovery is possible. Healing is possible. If you know someone that needs help, call 911 or the United States Suicide Hotline: 988.

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Is Alcohol Bad for Your Brain? Understanding the Impact of Alcohol on Cognitive Health

Although drinking is commonly accepted in most cultures, alcohol can damage your brain more than you think. Alcohol affects brain function by interacting with neurotransmitter systems and altering the communication between nerve cells while  depressing your nervous system, causing a slew of side effects, wanted or unwanted. 

Short-Term Effects of Alcohol on the Brain

Alcohol impacts how your brain and body communicate soon after you take those first few sips. Short-term effects include:

Euphoria

Drinking alcohol causes euphoria, commonly referred to as a “buzz” or “high.” Alcohol activates the brain’s reward system1 and increases dopamine release. People may experience increased confidence and sociability, as well as decreased inhibition. They also feel less stressed and anxious. These feelings can be enjoyable and are why people choose to drink alcohol in the first place. However, it’s important to remember that alcohol can also cause feelings of depression, irritability, and aggression when consumed in excess.

Impaired Frontal Cortex

The frontal cortex is one of the most important areas of the brain, responsible for decision-making, planning, problem-solving, and regulating behavior. It’s no surprise that alcohol has a damaging effect on the communication between neurons in the frontal cortex2. This can lead to difficulty making decisions, planning, and focusing. It can also impair the ability to control emotions and behavior, leading to impulsive and reckless decisions.

Impacts on the Central Nervous System

Alcohol’s impact on the central nervous system leads to slurred speech and a lack of coordination. And alcohol can impair memory storage3, leading to difficulties remembering recent events or conversations. You could even experience a blackout, where you have no memory of the situation because the memories could not be stored in the hippocampus. 

Long-Term Effects of Alcohol on the Brain

Day to day, it may be hard to notice how your drinking is affecting your brain and body. Over time, however, persistent heavy drinking leaves you susceptible to structural changes and damage in certain areas of the brain4. Each drink can wreak havoc, physically and mentally. In a worst-case scenario, some of the destruction might not be reversible. 

Physical Health Complications

One of the most well-known effects of excessive and long-term alcohol use is liver damage. Unfortunately, it can lead to a range of other health complications, such as heart diseases and pancreatitis, which can have serious and potentially life-threatening consequences. It’s essential to be aware of these issues and take steps to reduce your risk of damage to your body.

Weakened Immune System

Chronic alcohol consumption can significantly impair the body’s immune system5, increasing the risk of developing illnesses and infections. When the immune system is weakened, it’s unable to function properly and fight off invading pathogens, leaving the body vulnerable to attack. Long-term alcohol use can also disrupt the body’s natural balance of hormones6, which can further weaken the immune system. Poor nutrition and dehydration resulting from heavy drinking also weakens the immune system.

Premature Aging

Some studies emphasize the premature aging hypothesis, which states that heavy drinking accelerates natural chronological aging7, beginning with the onset of problem drinking. This idea highlights how alcohol’s damaging effects can cause permanent changes and complications, such as cognitive decline and memory problems.

Sleep and Alcohol’s Effects on the Brain

Sleep is the basic building block on which you build a healthy life. As a depressant, alcohol is a sedative that interacts with several neurotransmitter systems involved in sleep regulation8. Alcohol disrupts how your rapid eye movement (REM) cycle progresses throughout the night. Whenever your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is highest, among other factors, determines how the cycle is disturbed. Without quality sleep, your mood and cognitive function can suffer. Chronic alcohol abuse can even spur sleep issues like insomnia.

Neurodegeneration 

Alcohol’s neurotoxic effect on the brain can cause neuron destruction9, also called neurodegeneration. Once your neurons and their pathways change, it’s difficult for your brain to properly communicate with itself and the body because neuron loss jeopardizes how neural networks function. Without healthy networks, your brain’s health can severely decline.

Alcohol Abuse and Brain Health

Research shows that people with alcoholism have smaller brain sizes compared to those who don’t10. Long-term alcohol consumption can also lead to a decrease in gray matter and white matter11 in the frontal cortex. This might be because alcohol has neurotoxic effects on nerve cells, which can contribute to neuronal damage and increased vulnerability to alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) like dementia. 

While it is possible to develop a few different alcohol-related brain disorders, two of the most severe include Wernicke syndrome and Korsakoff syndrome. Both are associated with thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and alcohol abuse12. Thiamine helps the brain turn sugar into energy. With thiamine deficiency, brain cells cannot generate enough energy to function properly, which causes a myriad of physical and mental difficulties.

Wernicke syndrome 

Alcohol’s destruction to neurons and cell communication in the peripheral and central nervous systems can prompt the onset of ​​Wernicke syndrome. Wernicke’s encephalopathy can have a severe and sudden onset and involves ophthalmoplegia13, which is paralysis or weakness of eye muscles. It also includes ataxia, weakened muscle control in their arms and legs, and confusion. Wernicke’s encephalopathy usually precedes the onset of Korsakoff syndrome14. 

Korsakoff syndrome 

Alcohol abuse can inhibit learning new information, remembering recent events, and long-term memory processing. Over enough time, this can progress into Korsakoff syndrome. Korsakoff’s psychosis causes damage to the brain’s thalamus and hypothalamus14, which can lead to confusion, memory problems, coma, and irreversible brain damage. 

If you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms, visit your primary care practitioner immediately. If the situation feels life-threatening, call 911 and/or take them to an emergency room and stay with them until they have medical help. If you live outside of the United States, you can find your country’s emergency number in this list15.

Neurotransmitter Disruptions

Alcohol primarily interacts with the reward and stress systems in the brain16, which includes dopaminergic, serotoninergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neural circuits. A neural circuit has a series of neurons that send chemical signals to one another. 

As you drink, your brain releases more dopamine, endorphins, and serotonin and suppresses Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and glutamate release. These disruptions in normal functioning greatly affect your mood, behavior, and cognition. 

Alcohol’s impact on dopamine levels is a key factor in the formation of alcohol dependence17. Dopamine is not only the “feel good” hormone, but it’s also the motivation and incentive-based hormone. Your brain begins to reinforce unhealthy drinking habits because your dopamine levels rise when consuming alcohol, so, without alcohol, your brain will begin to crave that dopamine boost again. This spurs the dangerous cycle of chasing the high.

IJHG 20 20 g002

Image from the Indian Journal of Human Genetics16

Mental Health and Alcohol

Alcohol and mental health are closely intertwined, and the relationship between the two is complex. Some people are more vulnerable to alcohol abuse because of preexisting conditions. In contrast to those who drink responsibly or abstain, those who abuse alcohol—especially adolescents and those with long-term exposure—are more likely to develop depression or other psychological conditions. 

The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders is significantly higher among those with alcoholism18 compared to the general population. For many, this is due to using alcohol as self-medication for the uncomfortable emotions associated with these mental disorders. Chemical changes in the brain from alcohol, such as the disruption of neurotransmitters crucial in maintaining good mental health, also contribute to and worsen existing symptoms. 

If you have co-occurring disorders, finding specialized care for all conditions is essential because of their complicated relationship. You’re actually more likely to recover from each condition if the alcoholism and the co-occurring mental health disorder(s) are individually addressed and treated18. Explore professional treatment options with your doctor to get to the root cause of your co-occurring disorders. 

Adolescents’ Vulnerability to Alcohol’s Effects

According to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, roughly 35% of adolescents (ages 12-20) have tried alcohol19. And this number likely doesn’t include the many teens who didn’t report their drinking. Alcohol use during these crucial years can disrupt normal brain maturation20 and increase the risk of cognitive impairments because of restricted blood flow in certain brain regions and electrical activity. 

Adolescents are also more prone to risk-taking behaviors21, which drinking only exacerbates. Alcohol greatly affects the prefrontal cortex, which is the decision-making area in the brain that is still developing for adolescents. They could be more likely to make bad decisions and get into trouble if they’re drinking, such as getting into a car crash while driving under the influence. 

If your child is in these pivotal years, have an open conversation with them. Being open-minded and honest with them, and actively listening to their experiences without judgment, will create trust. Your child may be more likely to listen to your advice if you approach these conversations with empathy and the desire to learn from each other.

Can the Brain Recover?

So, is it possible for your brain to recover from alcohol’s damage? In many cases, the answer is yes. It is a resilient organ that can heal. Your brain has something called neuroplasticity, which means your nervous system can change, positively or negatively, to stimuli22. So, while your neuroplasticity can negatively change from alcohol abuse, it can also positively adapt in recovery. 

Recovery from alcohol abuse is complex, and it can vary depending on factors like genetics, age, and overall health. The best way to recover is to stop drinking; however, this should be done over time with a tapering plan. Attempting to stop drinking “cold turkey” is dangerous and could cause serious implications. 

For this reason, recovering with professional guidance is essential. Medical professionals can ensure that the detoxing process goes as smoothly as possible. And tapering off alcohol will decrease the likelihood of withdrawal symptoms.
Alcohol shouldn’t be running your life. Your health matters. Begin your journey towards sobriety today by browsing rehabs that specialize in alcohol treatment.

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How Much Alcohol Is Too Much? Signs You Are Drinking Too Much 

Recognizing the signs of excessive alcohol consumption is crucial because it can significantly impact your health, relationships, and overall well-being. This article will explore ways to identify how your drinking habits affect your life. Then, discover how early intervention and support can help you address alcohol-related issues and lead to a healthier and more fulfilling life.

Understanding Excessive Alcohol Consumption

Exceeding the recommended level of alcohol consumption, commonly referred to as binge drinking, can be dangerous and potentially lead to hazardous health effects. The amount of alcohol that is considered to be excessive drinking can vary from person to person, based on factors such as gender, age, and overall health.

To help you understand where your alcohol consumption falls, drinking can be split into these categories: 

  • Moderate Drinking: This typically refers to up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men1. 
  • Binge Drinking: Binge drinking is characterized by consuming a large amount of alcohol in a short period, leading to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level of 0.08% or higher. For men, binge drinking usually occurs after consuming five or more drinks within two hours, while for women, it is after four or more drinks in the same timeframe.
  • Heavy Drinking: Heavy drinking is often defined as consuming more than the moderate drinking guidelines.
Alcohol Consumption Chart

Physical Signs of Drinking Too Much

Your body will likely indicate if you’re drinking too much alcohol. You may have:

  • A higher tolerance
    • Due to consistent alcohol consumption over a long period of time, you might need to drink more to feel the same effects you used to.
  • Frequent hangovers
  • Dehydration 
  • Health problems
    • Alcohol can damage your whole body. You might develop liver disease, a weakened immune system, and cardiovascular problems.

Consistently drinking heavy amounts of alcohol can take a toll on your body. There isn’t an amount of alcohol that doctors can deem “safe,” so you could be slowly hurting your mind and body.

Physical Health Consequences

Heavy drinking could cause liver damage, cirrhosis, and other alcohol-related diseases. You also have an increased risk of cardiovascular problems and compromised immune function, making you more likely to have worse illness symptoms.

Alcohol causes poor sleep quality2 by disrupting your rapid eye movement (REM) cycle. This impacts your mood because getting proper rest is necessary for energy and productivity. 

Dehydration from drinking also negatively affects your mood3 because hydration is a crucial component of energy and mood. Without proper hydration, you may have heightened fatigue and anxiety. While alcohol may temporarily relax, its long-term effects on sleep, energy levels, and overall health outweigh the relief.

Drinking’s Impact on Mental Health

Studies found a significant link between excessive alcohol consumption and co-occurring mental health disorders4. The relationship between alcohol and mental health is complex and bidirectional, meaning alcohol abuse can contribute to the development of mental health disorders, and pre-existing mental health issues can lead to the use of alcohol as a form of self-medication.

While alcohol causes an initial feeling of euphoria or relaxation5, it is a depressant, meaning it can ultimately lead to adverse changes in mood. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant6 that can lead to chemical imbalances in your brain, contributing to anxiety, depression, and mood swings. And cortisol, the stress hormone, releases after drinking7, making you even more anxious. 

Even with all of these negative effects, you may continue your drinking habits because it can act as self-medication. Alcohol temporarily diminishes some depression and anxiety symptoms; however, using alcohol as your coping mechanism for uncomfortable feelings will cause harm in the long run. 

Behavioral Indicators of Heavy Drinking

On a surface level, it might be easier to spot physical signs of heavy drinking; however, alcohol’s impact runs deeper. It can affect your whole personality and daily behaviors. You might be more secretive about how much you drink. You could also neglect your responsibilities, like being too hungover to work. And you may be more irritable with friends and family.

The behavioral and psychological signs have an interdependent connection. The mental changes from alcohol can start the onset of negative habits. And over time, your behavioral changes can spur psychological repercussions. Soon, it’ll be hard to distinguish between cause and effect. 

Social Implications of Excessive Drinking

Relationships

Alcohol affects you and your relationships. Excessive drinking can lead to conflicts, arguments, and breakdowns in relationships with family members, friends, and significant others. You might even start isolating yourself from your loved ones because they want you to cut back on drinking, causing further conflict. 

Professional Life

Spending more time drinking may make you less efficient at work. Your thoughts might be consumed by when you’ll get your next drink, interfering with healthy daily habits. And your hangovers could make it hard to be productive.

Risk-Taking Behaviors

The consumption of alcohol impairs the decision-making abilities of the frontal lobe in the brain8, resulting in risky behaviors such as drunk driving, having unprotected sex, and sustaining injuries. These not only put oneself at risk, but also those around them. For instance, one may face a DUI charge and other potential criminal convictions.

Signs of Alcohol Dependency and Addiction

If this article resonates with you, see if your behaviors align with alcohol dependency. Some signs of addiction include:

  • Alcohol cravings
  • Being unable to stop drinking until you’re drunk
  • Developing a high tolerance
  • Experiencing physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms when attempting to cut down or stop drinking 
  • Withdrawing from friends and family, becoming secretive about drinking habits
  • Using alcohol to cope with stress, anxiety, depression, or other emotional problems
  • Continued drinking despite negative consequences

Assessing Your Alcohol Consumption

Assessing your alcohol consumption is essential in understanding whether your drinking habits are within safe and healthy limits.

You can start a drinking diary to record all the alcoholic beverages you consume for at least 1 month. Write about the type of drink and the volume (in milliliters or ounces) of each beverage. This can serve as a visual representation of your alcohol consumption, so you can easily evaluate if it’s at a healthy limit.

You can compare your drinks to standard drink sizes to better gauge how much you’re drinking. A standard drink size in the United States is 12 ounces for a beer, 5 ounces for wine, and 1.5 ounces for distilled spirits. For example, if you drank on Friday and had 3 beers and 1 glass of wine, you’d write down 4 drinks. 

Drinking Diary

Talking to a Provider About Heavy Drinking

For reliable advice and support regarding alcohol-related matters, it’s best to consult with a healthcare professional. They are able to offer valuable insights, precise evaluations, and the necessary aid to address any difficulties in an effective manner.

To begin addressing your drinking habits, start by speaking to your primary care physician. Be honest and open with them, and tell them about your concerns. Describe the amount of alcohol you consume in a week, what type of drinks you have, and the activities you typically do while drinking. Additionally, explain how your drinking has affected your relationships with family and friends. Furthermore, you could ask them to refer you to a specialist if needed, who can offer further help and advice.

Once your doctor has a good understanding of your situation, they can guide you towards the right treatment. Develop a strategy to cut down or stop your excessive drinking. This could include setting specific goals, finding alternative activities to replace drinking, and identifying triggers that lead to excessive drinking.

Steps Towards Change and Seeking Help

Acknowledging the need for change and setting treatment goals are crucial steps to progress toward a healthy lifestyle. It takes courage and determination to confront your issue and make these positive changes. You and your trusted circle of friends and family can explore treatment options to determine the best fit for your individual needs.

Detox

Many people begin their journey by going through the detox process, so you can safely rid your body of alcohol. You’ll have medical professionals there to ensure you’re as comfortable as possible. This can help you feel more focused and prepared to take on therapy. 

Residential Programs

Residential rehab may benefit you if you need a more intensive, distraction-free environment to focus on therapies and working through your alcohol dependency. You’ll get to the root cause of your drinking habits and develop new strategies to cope with uncomfortable feelings and situations. 

You might participate in evidence-based therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Your loved ones can engage in family therapy, so you can find common ground and work towards healthier relationships. 

PHP/IOP

Your care team may recommend an outpatient program if your drinking habits need less intensive care.  Outpatient treatment has varying levels of care, with partial hospitalization (PHP) providing a more intensive level of care and outpatient (OP) providing the least intensive. You’ll participate in the program for a few hours a day on certain days of the week, allowing you to go to work or attend school simultaneously. You’ll learn new coping mechanisms to manage your triggers. And your support network will grow as you heal with others in therapy.

Support Groups

Joining support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous and SMART Recovery9 provides a sense of community, understanding, and accountability in your recovery. They offer a safe space to share experiences, learn from others, and receive ongoing support.

Freeing Yourself from Alcohol

If you feel like you can’t drink at a healthy pace and use alcohol to cope with uncomfortable feelings, it might be time to seek treatment. You can discover, and sustain, a healthy and balanced lifestyle that prioritizes your well-being. Embrace a life without alcohol. Begin your search by browsing our list of treatment centers for alcohol addiction. 

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23 Essential Facts About Alcohol Addiction

It can be hard to trust what you hear about alcohol addiction. And when you’re planning for recovery, you need to know exactly what you’re facing. These alcohol facts can help you make important decisions about treatment. 

1. Alcohol Addiction Is a Chronic Disease

Alcohol addiction is a chronic disease1 with serious, long-term health effects. This condition is also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcoholism. AUD is highly treatable and can go into long-term remission.

2. Alcohol Use Disorder Can Affect Anyone

Anyone can develop AUD, regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and so on. Because alcohol is socially acceptable in most parts of the world, it can be hard to tell when your drinking gets out of hand. 

3. Alcohol Addiction Affects Nearly 30 Million People

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA) tracks alcohol facts and statistics in the U.S. According to their most recent data, 28.6 million adults had alcohol use disorder2 in 2021. That’s 11.3% of everyone in the country aged 18 or older. 

4. Your Genetics, Environment, and Other Factors Can Lead to Alcohol Addiction

Many factors can make you vulnerable to alcohol addiction.3 For example, alcohol addiction tends to run in families. On the surface, that implies AUD is genetic. But this could also be an environmental issue, because childhood trauma increases your risk of addiction. Studies show that mental health issues like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression can also play a role. 

5. Long-Term Alcohol Abuse Has Serious Health Impacts

Over time, excessive drinking can cause severe physical health problems:4

  • Stroke
  • High blood pressure
  • Liver problems
  • Weakened immune system
  • Pancreatitis
  • Cancer

Alcohol abuse also increases your risk of developing mental health problems.5

6. Alcohol Addiction Gets Worse Over Time

For most people, alcohol use disorder is progressive.6 In other words, it gets worse over time. Without proper treatment, your alcohol addiction will likely get more severe. 

7. Alcohol Withdrawal Can Be Physically Dangerous

When you first quit drinking, you may develop some or all of the following alcohol withdrawal symptoms:7

  • High blood pressure
  • Sleep problems
  • Headache
  • Digestive issues
  • Hallucinations
  • Seizures
  • Delirium tremens

Without proper treatment, withdrawing from alcohol can be fatal. When you first enter recovery for AUD, it’s extremely important to get the medical care you need.

8. There Are Many Treatments for Alcohol Addiction

There are countless ways to heal from addiction. Rehab for alcohol addiction can include a combination of medical treatments, talk therapy, support groups, and other activities. Different programs offer various types of therapy. Some even develop individualized care plans for each client.

9. Alcohol Addiction Often Co-Occurs With Other Mental Health Disorders

Alcohol addiction commonly co-occurs with other mental health issues. People with AUD have higher rates of depression,8 anxiety, PTSD, and other substance use disorders. If you’re healing from multiple conditions at once, you will likely need specialized treatment.

10. Alcohol Use Disorder Has a High Relapse Rate

Relapse is a common part of alcohol addiction recovery. In one study, at least 60% of people with AUD relapsed9 within the first year of recovery. Certain risk factors — like clinical depression — make relapse more likely. On the other hand, having a strong support network reduces your risk of relapse.10 That could include a therapist, support groups, family, and trusted friends. Building out your support system is an essential part of healing. You can start this process during rehab by making a specific plan for aftercare.

11. Alcohol Addiction Affects Relationships

Alcohol abuse can profoundly affect your closest relationships, in every stage of addiction and recovery. While untreated AUD can severely impact whole families,11 treatment has the opposite effect. Experts say it’s impossible to separate alcohol addiction from family dynamics. That’s why many rehabs offer family therapy as a central part of treatment.

12. Alcohol Addiction Can Impact Cognitive Function

Drinking alcohol, and especially alcohol abuse, can interfere with brain function.12 Specifically, it interferes with memory, motor function, and judgment. These effects are worse for teenagers and for people with chronic, long-term addiction. 

13. Early Intervention Can Make a Huge Difference

Early intervention and treatment for alcohol addiction can significantly improve the chances of successful recovery.

14. Social Support Can Help You Recover

Social support is essential during recovery13 from alcohol addiction. A wealth of data shows that people with stronger relationships recover more quickly and completely. Your support network could include family, friends, colleagues, your care team, and members of a support group. Given the high success rate of Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.), it might be a good place to start building your community.

15. Alcohol Addiction Is a Diagnosable Medical Condition

Despite the stigma surrounding addiction, healthcare professionals agree that AUD is a serious medical issue. The American Psychiatric Association (APA), for example, explains that people with alcohol addiction “have lost reliable control of their alcohol use.14 It doesn’t matter what kind of alcohol someone drinks or even how much: Alcohol-dependent people are often unable to stop drinking once they start.” If you have a diagnosis of AUD, you’ll probably need professional treatment to recover. 

16. Excessive Drinking Can Weaken Your Immune System

Heavy drinking can interfere with immune function.15 As a result, chronic alcohol abuse increases your risk of pneumonia, respiratory problems, liver disease, and certain types of cancer. People with AUD have a higher rate of complications after surgery and may heal from injuries more slowly.

17. Alcohol Addiction Harms Marginalized Communities

Anyone can abuse alcohol. However, some data shows that AUD disproportionally affects marginalized communities. For example, having less education and lower socioeconomic status greatly increases your risk of alcohol addiction.16 This is true regardless of genetics or family history. Other studies report that race also plays a role in AUD,17 and that Black communities are at greater risk. 

18. Binge Drinking May Increase Your Risk of Addiction

Recent studies show a link between binge drinking and alcohol addiction.18 We still need more information about how they relate. It could be true that binge drinking raises your risk of developing an addiction in the future. On the other hand, some say that binge drinking itself is a sign of addiction. If that’s the case, the act itself wouldn’t increase your risk of AUD. But either way, it can still qualify as alcohol abuse. If you binge drink regularly, you might consider getting treatment for alcohol addiction.

19. Relapse Is Not Failure

Relapse is a common part of recovery from alcohol addiction. It is not a sign of failure. When you think of AUD as a disease, it’s easier to make sense of this pattern. The National Institute of Health (NIH) compares addiction to other chronic conditions,19 like asthma and high blood pressure: “Relapse is common and similar across these illnesses. Therefore, substance use disorders should be treated like any other chronic illness. Relapse serves as a sign for resumed, modified, or new treatment.”

20. Underage Drinking Can Lead to Alcohol Addiction

Drinking as a teenager20 increases your risk of developing AUD as an adult. One study found that people who drank alcohol before age 15 were 3.5 times more likely to abuse alcohol. Underage drinking can also change or interfere with the way your brain develops. For teenagers with alcohol addiction, family therapy is usually an important part of treatment.

21. Integrated Treatment Can Help

If you have a mental health diagnosis in addition to AUD, it’s called dual diagnosis. Recovering from co-occurring disorders can be complex. Studies show that it’s most effective to treat mental health issues and addiction21 at the same time. By integrating different types of therapy, you can address the root cause of both issues simultaneously. Many residential rehabs use this holistic approach to treatment.

22. Chronic Alcohol Abuse Can Cause Brain Damage

Long-term alcohol addiction can lead to brain damage.22 This can occur in several different ways:

  • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: This condition is a rare type of dementia. It affects people who drink so heavily, for such a long time, that they develop severe vitamin B-1 deficiencies. Symptoms include confusion, memory issues, poor judgment, hallucinations, and cognitive decline.
  • Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Alcohol increases your risk of TBI, either due to accidents or aggressive behavior. Up to 81% of people with TBIs are intoxicated when they first sustain their injuries.
  • Alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD):23 While ARBD mimics dementia, it has some key differences. For one thing, it usually doesn’t worse over time. This condition usually affects people in their 40s or 50s. With proper treatment, many patients can completely recover.

23. Different People Need Different Types of Treatment

There are many factors to consider when you’re planning recovery. For example, do you need to detox from alcohol before starting rehab? While you’re in treatment, will you need ongoing medical care? Are you interested in attending a faith-based program that follows the 12 Steps? There’s no right or wrong way to approach treatment, but it’s important to find a center that can meet your unique needs. 

Compare rehabs that treat alcohol addiction to find the right program for you.

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What Is Binge Eating?

Binge eating involves recurring episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short amount of time. Recognizing the signs of binge eating is important because it has physical, mental, and societal effects. 

Your mental and physical health can deteriorate from binging episodes. Those who struggle with binge eating often experience intense guilt, shame, and distress, which can negatively impact self-esteem and well-being. Usually there’s a deeper root cause, like something emotionally-driven, behind your binging episodes. And eating large amounts of food can lead to significant weight gain and related health problems.

Caring about your health, and taking steps to improve it, is essential for your well-being. Prioritizing your health can empower you to lead a fulfilling life and positively impact your loved ones and communities.

Defining Binge Eating

The DSM-51 defines binge eating disorder (BED) as “eating, in a discrete amount of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances.”

Often, those with BED feel a lack of control when they’re binging. And sometimes, they’ll eat alone because they’re embarrassed or disgusted by how much they eat.

BED occurs frequently. Overeating to the point of feeling uncomfortably full may be distinct from BED, as the episodes do not occur as often. If these episodes are followed by purging behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or excessive laxative use, you may be diagnosed with Bulimia Nervosa.

Symptoms and Signs of Binge Eating

Common behavioral indicators of BED include:

  • Eating faster than normal during an episode
  • Eating until uncomfortably full
  • Eating a large amount of food, even when you’re not hungry
  • Feeling ashamed of your binge eating, and often hiding it from others
  • Often choosing to eat high-calorie foods that are rich in fats and sugars
  • Hoarding food

Emotional signs of BED include:

  • Feeling a loss of control over your eating
  • Emotional distress
  • Emotional numbing
  • Obsession with weight/body image

Causes and Risk Factors

While no one thing leads to binge eating disorder, various influences can trigger its onset. That’s why looking at this disorder with a multifaceted approach is so important.

Biological Factors

While you may think these eating patterns are something you can easily stop on your own, BED mirrors the neurobiology of substance use disorder3. Palatable foods, along with drugs and alcohol, can change your brain. 

Eating sugary and fatty foods increases endogenous opioid activity in the brain, and over time this binging cycle can alter the opioid system, just like with substance addiction. Additionally, activating the dopamine system can temporarily relieve stress, and eating these foods can do just that. However, this can lead to food, or substance, addiction which can also change your brain chemistry.

The gut-brain axis is the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal system and the brain4. Emerging research suggests that gut microbiota composition and function may influence food cravings, mood, and eating behaviors, potentially contributing to binge eating tendencies.

Emotional Triggers

Emotional triggers can play a role in BED, too. Those with binge eating disorder often reach for food when they’re feeling uncomfortable emotions like stress, loneliness, and sadness. This happens because you think you’re craving food, when in reality you’re lacking something emotional, like security, control, warmth, excitement, or love. Unfortunately, food does not compensate for these non-negotiable emotional needs.

Socio-cultural Influences

Socio-cultural influences play a significant role in shaping body image ideals, dieting behaviors, and the development of binge eating tendencies. Some key socio-cultural factors that contribute to this include:

  • Media: Thin, idealized bodies we see in the media contribute to unrealistic beauty standards.
  • Peers: Peer pressure, comparisons, and social acceptance can contribute to body dissatisfaction and a desire to conform to certain appearance standards.
  • Diet culture: This culture claims thinness equals health and moral superiority. It emphasizes strict dieting, weight loss, and the pursuit of an “ideal” body shape.
  • Accessibility to food: Limited access to affordable, nutritious foods may lead to reliance on cheap, energy-dense foods, which can contribute to weight gain and disordered eating patterns.
  • Cultural and gender expectations: Cultural ideals and gender expectations can influence body image and eating behaviors differently across societies. For example, certain cultures may value larger body sizes as a symbol of beauty and fertility, while others may prioritize thinness.
socio cultural influences for binge eating disorder

Consequences of Binge Eating

Binge eating can have significant physical health implications, particularly when it leads to obesity and related medical conditions. It can result in:

  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Gastrointestinal problems
  • Sleep apnea
  • Joint problems
  • Respiratory issues

Aside from physical health, BED can take a toll on you emotionally. There is a relationship between binge eating and anxiety and depression because binging is often used as an escape from these complicated feelings. You may also experience low self-esteem and guilt because of your eating habits.

Binge eating can impact your overall quality of life. It can strain relationships because your embarrassment could lead you to isolate yourself or avoid social situations that involve food. It could also impact your work or hobbies because of the fatigue, reduced concentration, and emotional distress that comes with BED.

Addressing binge eating through treatment and support can help you improve your relationships, social life, and overall quality of life. Therapy, support groups, and developing positive coping mechanisms can promote a healthier relationship with food, enhance self-esteem, and facilitate meaningful connections with others.

Diagnosis and Treatment

According to the DSM-51, BED is diagnosed by  

  • According to the DSM-51, BED is diagnosed by 
  • Eating a larger than normal amount of food in a discrete period of time
  • A lack of control during these binging periods 
  • 3 or more of the following:
  • Eating more rapidly than normal
  • Eating until feeling uncomfortably full
  • Eating large amounts of food when not hungry
  • Eating alone because of embarrassment when binging around others
  • Feeling shame and depressed after binging
  • Marked distress about the binging
  • Episodes occurring 1+ times per week for 3+ months
  • The binge eating not being followed by purging behaviors

If you think that you or someone you know may have BED, it is important to seek help from a healthcare professional. A proper diagnosis can guide the creation of your treatment plan, and early intervention can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life.

Therapy for BED

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for binge eating disorder (BED)4. It addresses the underlying thoughts, emotions, and behaviors associated with binge eating. CBT aims to challenge and modify unhelpful thoughts and beliefs, and it helps you develop alternative coping strategies. It’s also beneficial for co-occurring disorders like anxiety or depression because CBT is a widely recognized treatment for many mental health disorders5. 

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is another evidence-based approach used for BED treatment. IPT focuses on addressing interpersonal issues and improving relationships to reduce binge eating behaviors. This could look like learning to cope with emotions like stress, sadness, or anger in healthier ways, in turn relying less on food as a way to deal with them.

Strategies for Coping with Binge Eating

While professional treatment is the most important component for recovery, building a healthy relationship with food and practicing mindful eating can help you along your journey.

This can look like paying attention to your body’s hunger and fullness cues, mindful eating where you slow down eating and pay attention to the food sensations, stocking your kitchen with nutritious foods, and striving for a flexible, non-restrictive approach to eating.

If your BED is triggered by stress, developing effective stress management techniques can help you navigate a trigger before the binge starts. This could be deep breathing exercises, getting adequate sleep, exercising, and positive self-talk. 

Finally, seek support from friends, family, or support groups. Sharing your feelings and experiences with trusted individuals can provide comfort and perspective. And engaging in social activities and maintaining healthy relationships can also help reduce stress levels and manage your BED.

Prevention and Long-Term Management

Building a healthy relationship with food and your body is the best way to prevent BED. You can adopt balanced eating patterns that include a variety of nutrient-rich foods. There are no “good” and “bad” foods, all food is fuel. So allow yourself to have those treats without feeling guilty. Being unrestrictive can help you sustain a healthy diet.

BED develops not just because of your eating habits but also from your emotional well-being and coping strategies. Keeping yourself mentally healthy is just as important as being physically healthy. Find positive ways to cope with stress, boredom, or difficult emotions that do not involve turning to food. You can exercise, practice mindfulness, engage in creative outlets, or spend time with loved ones.

Ongoing self-care and self-compassion will be key in your journey. Set boundaries, validate your emotions, and create goals. Growth and being the best version of yourself doesn’t come from being your harshest critic. It comes from being your biggest supporter and talking to yourself like a best friend.

You have the potential to be the happiest and healthiest version of yourself. See where professional help and positive lifestyle changes can take you by browsing our list of eating disorder treatment options. 

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What Is Wellbriety?

Wellbriety is just what it sounds like — wellness and sobriety. The Wellbriety Movement supports Indigenous people in the process of addiction recovery. This holistic approach supports clients’ physical, mental, and spiritual healing.

Origins of the Wellbriety Movement

Don Coyhis, Mohican nation, founded the Wellbriety Movement in 1988.1 He began by teaching people the spiritual methods that helped him heal from alcohol addiction. Over time, these practices would help his daughter heal from meth addiction and grow into a nationwide movement empowering Indigenous communities.

How Is Wellbriety Different From Traditional Programs?

Wellbriety stands out from other recovery programs in several ways. This approach to recovery is open to Indigenous people nationwide. You can also learn from the movement’s published resources. 

These teachings are available through White Bison, a nonprofit organization Don Coyhis founded in the 1980s. Based in Colorado Springs, White Bison offers free in-person and online meetings. According to their website, this organization is “dedicated to creating and sustaining a grassroots Wellbriety Movement – providing culturally-based healing to the next seven generations of Indigenous People.” 

Coyhis’ philosophy marries several different traditions. For example, members of the Wellbriety Movement follow the Medicine Wheel 12 Steps.2 This framework combines Indigenous spiritual beliefs with the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous.

White Bison and the Wellbriety Movement address an urgent need. While drug and alcohol addiction, trauma, and mental health issues can affect anyone, they’re especially prevalent in Indigenous communities. The Red Road, another nonprofit supporting Native communities, notes the scope of this problem: “Despite only representing 2% of the U.S. population, Native Americans have the highest rates of alcohol,3 marijuana, cocaine, and hallucinogen use disorders and the second highest methamphetamine abuse rates.”

Cultural Values

Wellbriety encourages people to heal from addictions by committing to shared cultural values. Many of White Bison’s principles4 direct communities to support each other. For example, they believe that “healing will take place through the application of cultural and spiritual knowledge.” This and other principles inform their holistic approach. In recovery, members come into alignment with themselves, their communities, and the natural world. 

Spiritual Focus

Spirituality is central to the Wellbriety Movement. Members believe in a Supreme Being and follow the teachings of community leaders. Many Wellbriety practices honor the Sacred Hoop, which holds great spiritual significance. In 1995, Indigenous Elders met in a sweat lodge and formed it out of a sapling. Since that time, the Sacred Hoop has traveled more than 200,000 miles around the U.S., connecting White Bison leaders with Indigenous communities.

Physical and Mental Health

Wellbriety encompasses both physical and mental health. Certain activities address both these goals at the same time. For instance, several studies show that drumming has powerful physical and emotional benefits.5 Partly for that reason, Wellbriety meetings often include drum circles.6 This practice also has spiritual meaning.

Wellbriety and the 4 Laws of Change 

Among other principles, the Wellbriety Movement follows 4 laws of change.7 Coyhis received these laws from an Elder in the 1980s. Today, they are pillars of White Bison’s work. 

1. Change Is From Within

This law, Coyhis explains, “means that we must have an internal desire to make changes in our lives.” Only the person with an addiction can commit to recovery. That commitment can’t come from a loved one, or even from your whole community. But when you cultivate an inner desire to heal, you can accomplish remarkable things.

2. In Order for Development To Occur It Must Be Preceded by a Vision

Members of the Wellbriety Movement begin by imagining what their lives would be like without substance abuse. As Coyhis puts it, “What would our lives, our community, or our nation look like if it were working in a good way?” This question invites people to start dreaming about a better future. Once you have a clear vision of your best possible life, you can start bringing it into reality. 

3. A Great Learning Must Take Place

This law frames the healing process as a communal effort. Coyhis says that recovery “must include the individual, the family, the community, and the nation acting as an integrated whole.” In most addiction treatment programs, holistic recovery combines the different aspects of the self. Wellbriety takes this a step further, seeking to integrate personal wellness with communal growth. 

4. You Must Create a Healing Forest

When it comes to addiction and mental health recovery, your environment is essential. Members of the Wellbriety Movement understand this through the metaphor of the healing forest:8

Imagine a forest of damaged, dying trees. The sickness is in the air, the soil, and the water supply. It’s all around them. You notice one tree that seems especially unwell. You dig it up, move it, and plant it in rich soil. You give it water and sunlight and plant food, and it starts to thrive. When it’s ready, you bring it back to the original forest and replant it. Does that one tree heal the rest of the forest? No, of course not. Back in an unsupportive environment, it just gets sick again. 

The forest is a metaphor for the way addiction, poverty, and intergenerational trauma affect Indigenous communities. White Bison teaches that while one person going to rehab or attending therapy can help, it’s not enough. Entire groups of people have to commit to recovering together, supporting each other throughout a complex healing process.

Find Additional Resources and Support for Addiction Recovery

White Bison supports Indigenous communities9 around the country. The nonprofit also trains and certifies residential centers in Indigenous treatment methods. If the Wellbriety Movement resonates with you, look for a rehab that offers this approach to recovery.

Start your healing journey in a rehab that honors your culture.

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How Long Does Alcohol Poisoning Last? Symptoms, Timeline & Treatment

When you drink more than your body can handle, you might start wondering, “How long does alcohol poisoning last?” The short answer is, it’s different for everyone. But a few factors can make it easier or harder to get through alcohol poisoning. Learn what to expect, and how to know when you need medical attention. 

What Is Alcohol Poisoning?

Alcohol poisoning is another term for alcohol overdose.1 At first, it can look or feel like a person is just drunk and relaxed. But the signs of overdose can sneak up on you, with very serious consequences. 

When someone has too much to drink, they may start slurring their words or vomiting. Often, alcohol poisoning makes you lose consciousness. If you see someone develop these symptoms while drinking, they may need medical attention. 

Alcohol overdose occurs when a person’s blood alcohol content (BAC) gets too high. While your BAC is related to the amount you drink, it’s not identical. Your height, weight, alcohol tolerance, and hydration levels can all affect how quickly you get drunk. 

If your BAC gets high enough, alcohol poisoning can be life-threatening. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), a blood alcohol level of 0.31% carries a “significant risk of death in most drinkers due to suppression of vital life functions.” 

For example, choking is one of the greatest dangers of alcohol poisoning. Overdose can make you lose consciousness and vomit, possibly at the same time. It also inhibits your gag reflex. If you start to vomit in your sleep, you risk asphyxiation. This experience can cause permanent brain damage, and it can be fatal.

Duration of Alcohol Poisoning Symptoms

Several factors can affect how long alcohol stays in your system. According to the California Department of Beverage Control, these aspects of health influence the way your body processes alcohol:2

  • Gender
  • BMI
  • Prescription medications
  • Altitude
  • Energy levels
  • How recently you ate
  • How much you drink
  • Which types of alcohol you drink
  • How quickly you drink

On average, your liver processes the equivalent of 1 standard drink an hour. But that’s just an estimate. And there’s a chance your symptoms will get worse before they get better. That’s because it takes time for alcohol to take effect. If you notice symptoms while you’re still drinking, they may intensify as your body processes the rest of the alcohol you consumed.

Short-Term Effects of Alcohol Poisoning

Alcohol is considered a drug because it has an impact on the way your body functions. Specifically, alcohol depresses your central nervous system.3 That means it can slow down breathing and other essential involuntary activities.

Like any other type of drug overdose, alcohol poisoning has dangerous short-term effects:4

  • Vomiting
  • Confusion
  • Disorientation
  • Clammy skin
  • Trouble breathing
  • Low heart rate
  • Low body temperature
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Lack of motor control, including the gag reflex
  • Seizures

Alcohol is a diuretic,5 meaning it affects the way your body processes water. Excessive drinking can cause dehydration, which has additional symptoms:

  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Delerium

Seeking Medical Attention for Alcohol Poisoning

If you or someone near you is showing signs of alcohol overdose, call 911 immediately.

There are many popular misconceptions about alcohol overdose.6 But the NIAAA urges people to trust medical experts instead of trying folk remedies: 

“Do not wait for the person to have all the symptoms, and be aware that a person who has passed out can die. Don’t play doctor—cold showers, hot coffee, and walking do not reverse the effects of alcohol overdose and could actually make things worse.”

When first responders arrive, they’ll probably ask several questions:

  • How much did the person have to drink?
  • How many hours ago did they start drinking?
  • Have they taken any other drugs?
  • Are they taking any medications?
  • Do they have any health issues?

They’ll also perform a quick exam, and probably take the person to the hospital. Treatment for acute alcohol poisoning7 usually includes IV fluids and airway protection to make sure they continue breathing.

Recovery Process and Aftercare

It can take many hours to detox from alcohol. Data shows that every time you have a drink, your blood alcohol levels increase quickly,8 peaking about an hour later. Then your BAC goes back down slowly over the next 4 hours. But that’s true for every drink you have—so if you drink a lot in one night, you could experience several of these peaks in a row. 

This data describes the average person, so your experience may be different. Medical attention may or may not speed up the recovery process. 

After the alcohol clears from your system, you may feel better right away. No matter how you feel, it’s important to follow up with a medical professional a few days later. Arrive for that appointment clear-headed and ready to talk about your health. They may need to share medical information about what happened while you were intoxicated. They might also need to officially evaluate you for signs of alcohol addiction.

Prevention of Alcohol Poisoning

To avoid alcohol poisoning, experts recommend you have no more than 1 drink per hour.9 You can alternate between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, or alcohol and water. 

It’s also important to know your limits. If you’re not feeling well, or you haven’t eaten all day, your alcohol tolerance might be lower than usual. There’s no need to “keep up with” the people around you if they’re drinking more heavily. Your body’s limits might just be different from theirs. 

If and when you do drink, you can take certain actions to minimize risks. For example, you can make a plan for how you’ll get home at the end of the night. Choose a designated driver or budget to take a rideshare. Never drive after you’ve been drinking. And if possible, travel with a friend so you can each make sure the other gets home safely. 

Long-Term Effects and Risks of Alcohol Poisoning

Experts say that repeated alcohol poisoning can “interfere with brain development,”10 especially for teens. While one episode of alcohol overdose may seem like no big deal, this pattern can quickly spiral out of control.

Regular binge drinking increases your risk of alcohol addiction.11 This condition can have very serious effects. For example, excessive drinking can damage your internal organs12 over time. It can also undermine your relationships, career goals, and mental health. 

If you’re concerned about alcohol addiction, it’s never too early to start recovery. Treatment can help you address the root cause of your behavior and not just the symptoms. This approach helps clients find long-term recovery from alcohol abuse.

Drink Smarter, Not Harder

Alcohol poisoning is a type of drug overdose. It has dangerous short-term effects, and can even be life-threatening. Repeated alcohol overdoses can cause addiction, organ damage, and other serious health problems. 

If you think someone has alcohol poisoning, don’t wait to be sure—get help right away. Immediate medical attention could save their life. To learn more about how to drink responsibly, you can check out these free resources: 

Some people can learn to drink safely. Others are at a greater risk of addiction. Your genetics, family history of drinking, and other factors can all play a role. Despite your best efforts, you might still need help recovering from alcohol abuse. 


Connect with a rehab for alcohol addiction to get the support you need.

Frequently Asked Questions About Alcohol Poisoning 

What is alcohol poisoning and how long does it last?

Alcohol poisoning, also known as alcohol overdose, occurs when someone consumes a dangerous amount of alcohol, leading to severe symptoms. The duration of alcohol poisoning varies, influenced by factors such as the person’s alcohol tolerance, body weight, and hydration levels. It’s a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

What are the short-term effects of alcohol poisoning?

Alcohol poisoning depresses the central nervous system, causing symptoms like vomiting, confusion, low heart rate, and loss of consciousness. It can also lead to dangerous complications such as choking and breathing difficulties. If someone shows these symptoms while drinking, it may indicate alcohol poisoning and means they need prompt medical intervention.

How can alcohol poisoning be prevented?

To prevent alcohol poisoning, experts recommend consuming no more than 1 drink per hour and knowing your limits. Alternating between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages can help. If you’re concerned about alcohol addiction, seeking early treatment can help prevent long-term health risks and complications.