Category: Conditions

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What Is End-Stage Alcoholism?

End-stage alcoholism is the result of many years of alcohol addiction. Without treatment, alcohol abuse and alcoholism can cause severe physical and mental health problems. The longer you spend drinking heavily, the greater your risk of this condition. 

If you’re facing serious health problems because of your drinking, you probably need medical attention. You might also benefit from talk therapy or behavioral treatments to help you recover from addiction. Many of these treatments are available in residential rehab centers.

Diagnosis of End-Stage Alcoholism

Alcohol use disorder, or AUD, is one of the most common mental health issues1 in the U.S. This condition is a chronic, progressive disease. In some cases, it can even be fatal. But that doesn’t always happen right away. Before you can develop late-stage alcoholism, you’ll show much earlier signs of AUD.

Defining Alcohol Addiction

Addiction to alcohol goes beyond regular social drinking. People with AUD continue to drink in spite of alcohol’s negative impact on the rest of their lives. If you’re concerned you might have an alcohol dependency, you can get a diagnosis from an addiction expert. 

The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), lists 11 specific criteria for alcohol addiction.2 These symptoms apply to the early stages of addiction as well as late-stage alcoholism. They include, but aren’t limited to, the following:

  • Spending excessive time obtaining, using, and then recovering from alcohol
  • Repeated incidents where drinking interferes with your career, schooling, or family life
  • Continuing to drink even though you’re aware of the negative physical, emotional, and social effects of alcohol
  • Failed attempts to reduce or quit drinking
  • Withdrawal symptoms when you try to stop drinking

If you have at least 2 of these symptoms, or others listed in the DSM-5, you may have alcohol addiction. And if you’ve had them for many years, you may be approaching late-stage alcoholism. 

Reaching End-Stage Alcohol Addiction

While “end-stage alcoholism” is not an official diagnosis, it refers to a clear phase of this condition. People in this stage have fit the criteria for AUD for a long time. 

When you have late-stage alcohol addiction, your drinking causes increasingly severe problems. You’ll probably need ongoing medical care for worsening health issues. You might even show new neurological symptoms. 

By definition, end-stage alcoholism is life-threatening. While you can sometimes recover from this phase of addiction, you may require intensive treatment. 

How Long Does End-Stage Alcoholism Last Before Death?

The short answer is—it depends. End-stage alcoholism usually includes at least 1 serious health problem, like liver disease or neurological issues. Each of these conditions has a unique prognosis. Some are even curable. Your care team can give you more specific information about what to expect. If you’re wondering whether it’s time to get treatment, there are a few symptoms you can look for.

What Are the Symptoms of End-Stage Alcoholism?

If drinking has been a big part of your life for a long time, any of these symptoms could indicate late-stage alcoholism:3

  • Yellowing skin (jaundice)
  • Swollen legs or feet
  • Fever
  • Shaking
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Digestive problems
  • Bruising easily
  • Lower alcohol tolerance
  • Dementia4
  • Low blood pressure
  • Poor muscle coordination
  • Tremor
  • Memory issues
  • Heart problems5
  • Trouble breathing

These symptoms could indicate a variety of serious health conditions. Some of them can also affect people who don’t drink. However, drinking can increase your risk of both severe and mild health issues. The CDC explains that alcohol abuse weakens your immune system,5 “increasing the chances of getting sick.”

What Are the Health Effects of End-Stage Alcoholism?

Long-term, chronic alcohol abuse can cause many severe health problems. While some of these issues can be managed or cured, continuing to drink will make them worse. If your alcohol addiction leads to any of these diagnoses, your care plan should include treatment for AUD.

Cirrhosis

The liver is responsible for filtering blood,6 removing toxins like alcohol and drugs. Excessive drinking puts a strain on this organ. Over time, alcohol abuse causes liver disease:7 

  • Stage 1: Fatty Liver Disease is the accumulation of fat in the liver.
  • Stage 2: Hepatitis includes inflammation of the liver cells. This disease is reversible with immediate treatment, including total abstinence from drinking. Without proper care, it can cause liver failure.
  • Stage 3: Cirrhosis is permanent scarring of the liver. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) refer to this condition as “the end-stage of liver disease.”


With cirrhosis, scar tissue takes the place of normal liver cells.8 As a result, the liver can’t function correctly. Cirrhosis causes digestive issues9 and skin problems, and can even affect your mental health.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

It can be hard to recognize Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome10 because it shares symptoms with other mental health issues. It often mimics early-onset dementia. But in fact, this condition is a combination of 2 different diagnoses:

  • Wernicke’s encephalopathy is a severe vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency that damages certain regions of the brain. This condition can cause confusion, low blood pressure, and hypothermia. It can also interfere with vision and muscle control.
  • Korsakoff syndrome also includes a B1 deficiency, but this disease almost always results from AUD. Its primary symptoms are amnesia and confusion. It can also cause tremors and vision problems.

With intensive medical care, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is somewhat treatable. However, experts at the NIH say that “improvement in memory function is slow and, usually, incomplete. Without treatment, these disorders can be disabling and life-threatening.”

Pancreatitis

Alcohol abuse can lead to acute or chronic pancreatitis.11 This is a necro-inflammatory disease, meaning that it irritates and then destroys pancreatic tissue. Data shows that AUD causes up to 25% of all cases of pancreatitis.

This condition causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and the inability to eat. It can also cause jaundice. There are no widely accepted medications for this disease. Instead, treatment involves managing your most severe symptoms. For example, if you’re unable to eat, you might receive nutrients through an IV. 

Acute pancreatitis can resolve with proper care. Continuing to drink, however, can cause repeat attacks. Over time these generally lead to chronic pancreatitis, which is a much more serious condition. 

Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy

Drinking has a complex effect on heart health. Some research shows that alcohol abuse raises your risk of heart problems12 including arrhythmia, heart attack, and congestive heart failure. Other studies report that drinking may protect against some common symptoms of heart disease.13 We need more data to understand the big picture. 

However, the data about alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is clear. This heart condition is always caused by alcohol abuse.14 In acute cases, drinking large amounts of alcohol inflames the heart tissue, which can cause arrhythmia. Chronic ACM can damage multiple major organs. This disease can mimic congestive heart failure, and so be difficult to diagnose. The primary treatment is abstinence from alcohol. 

Cancer

The CDC puts it very simply: “The less alcohol you drink, the lower your risk for cancer.”15 Drinking increases everyone’s risk of mouth, throat, liver, and colon cancer, and women’s risk of breast cancer. Some data suggests it might also increase the risk of prostate, stomach, and pancreatic cancer. 

Quitting alcohol lowers your cancer risk,16 but not immediately. Data shows that it can take years or even decades for your risk to return to what it was before. If you already have cancer, drinking might also interfere with treatment. 

What Are the Treatments for End-Stage Alcoholism?

Late-stage alcoholism looks a little different for everyone. You could have one or many of the diseases that often appear in this phase of AUD. And for every illness, different people have different symptoms. Your exact diagnosis and recovery goals will determine your treatment plan.

It’s important to be realistic about your prognosis. With patience and commitment, some people can fully recover. However, that’s not an option for everyone. Some of these health issues are irreversible. Talk to the experts at your center to learn about your specific options. Whatever conditions you’re facing, addiction recovery is almost certainly an important part of treatment. 

Medical Detox

If you have a physical dependence on alcohol, it’s essential to start recovery with medical detox. Without the right medical care, alcohol withdrawal can be fatal.17

Detox programs can last anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks. You’ll work with a team of doctors, nurses, and therapists during treatment. They may prescribe non-addictive medications to help with the physical and emotional symptoms of withdrawal. Many centers offer 24/7 care to help you navigate this difficult time.

Withdrawal is just the first step of addiction recovery. Most programs require patients to plan for longer-term treatment before they begin detox. Usually, that means signing up for a residential rehab program.

Residential Rehab

To recover from late-stage alcohol addiction, you’ll need a rehab program that offers medical care. Most people in this phase need to heal from both emotional and physical symptoms. In the right treatment center, you can work toward multiple goals at the same time.

Residential treatment usually lasts at least a few weeks to a month, but it can take longer. If you need more structured support after rehab, you’ll have several options for aftercare. For example, you could attend an intensive outpatient program (IOP) or move to a sober living home. 

When drinking is such a large part of your routine, it can take time to build a sober life you love. Initially, rehab might be your response to a medical emergency. But while you’re there, you’ll also get to practice new coping skills. During and after treatment, those skills will help you navigate a more sustainable lifestyle. 

Ongoing Medical Care

If you have a chronic medical condition due to alcohol abuse—like cirrhosis—you may need long-term medical treatment. This could include medications, regular doctor visits, or other medical interventions. 

For many of these conditions, doctors recommend permanent sobriety. Timothy Morgan, MD, explains that “Cessation of alcohol is necessary18 to treat alcoholic liver disease.” And even with total abstinence, you might experience some chronic symptoms. Before you leave rehab, talk to your care team and make a plan for your ongoing treatment.

Support Groups

In any stage of addiction and recovery, social support can help you heal from AUD.19 This is especially important for people with end-stage alcoholism. After many years of alcohol abuse, your addiction can take a toll on your relationships. Treatment might help you reconnect with loved ones or get to know new people. 

Some clients achieve this in family therapy. You can also use the 12-Step approach to addiction recovery. Many rehabs use this framework in all aspects of treatment, including talk therapy and other activities. You can also find free AA Meetings all over the world, and even online. If you find the 12 Steps helpful during treatment, you can keep going to meetings after you leave rehab.

Find Effective Treatment for Alcoholism

End-stage alcohol addiction can impact every part of your life. If you’re dealing with a combination of mental health problems, physical symptoms, and relationship issues, it can be hard to conceive of recovery. That’s where rehab comes in. 


Connect with a rehab for alcoholism to start planning a better future.

Frequently Asked Questions About End-Stage Alcoholism

What are the health effects of end-stage alcoholism?

Prolonged alcohol abuse in end-stage alcoholism can lead to severe health issues, including cirrhosis (liver scarring), Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (brain disorder), pancreatitis (pancreas inflammation), alcoholic cardiomyopathy (heart damage), cancer, and more. Late-stage alcoholism requires comprehensive medical care, detox, rehab, and ongoing support to manage these conditions and recover from addiction.

What are the treatment options for end-stage alcoholism?

Treatment for end-stage alcoholism can involve various approaches. Medical detox, essential for addressing physical dependence, is often the first step. Residential rehab programs provide comprehensive care for physical and emotional symptoms. Ongoing medical attention, including medications and doctor visits, is crucial for chronic conditions. Support groups, such as 12-Step programs, aid in the recovery journey, especially in rebuilding relationships strained by prolonged alcohol abuse. Connecting with a rehab center is essential for effective treatment planning and building a better future.

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Blacking Out Drunk: Understanding the Risks, Causes, and Prevention

“If recreational drugs were tools, alcohol would be a sledgehammer.” – NCBI article

Some hail getting “blackout drunk” as the apex drinking experience: a testament to how wild the party was or how disinhibited they felt. But rather than being a story to tell, getting blackout drunk can put you on a dangerous path—one of crime, danger, and life-changing risks. 

What Does It Mean to Black Out?

Blacking out drunk means you have a “blackout” period in your memory. You won’t remember anything that happened around you or to you when you were “blacked”. You’re still awake when you black out, just not making memories. That’s because alcohol can block the transference of memories into long-term storage.  

Alcohol can cause 2 types of blackouts: partial and complete. If you have a complete blackout period, you won’t remember anything. Your blackout will simply feel like a blank expanse in time. Partial blackouts mean you can remember a few things, like who drove you home and where your purse might be. Physical or emotional cues can also trigger the memories you made in a partial blackout.  

Both types of blackouts keep you from forming and recollecting memories.

How Alcohol Affects The Brain And Memory

Blackouts affect an area of the brain called the hippocampus, where memories form and move into long-term storage. Too much alcohol keeps this transfer from happening. Just 1-2 drinks can start the memory-losing process. 

Alcohol disrupts the communicative chemical activity in your hippocampus. That disruption between neurons prevents the hippocampus from storing events and memories as they happen. Blackouts don’t affect past memories or the ones you make when sober, only the memories made with too much alcohol in your system. 

You may seem alert and able to hold a conversation when blacked out. But any interactions you have won’t stay in your memory for longer than a few minutes. 

Who’s More Susceptible to Blackouts?

The severity of your blackout usually depends on your blood-alcohol level—the higher it is, the more complete your blackout. Because of this, some groups are more susceptible to blacking out, including women, young college students, and binge drinkers. 

With generally smaller bodies, women are more likely to black out than men. Women also have less of an enzyme in their stomach that breaks down alcohol. And, they’re more likely to drink wine or mixed drinks instead of beer, which has comparatively less alcohol. 

College students and other young drinkers also experience blackouts more often. It’s usually because they’re not used to drinking (especially in high amounts), leading to accidental blackouts. Similarly, binge drinkers, or someone who drinks a lot in a short period of time, may rapidly raise their blood-alcohol level and black out more often. 

Recognizing The Signs of Blackout Drinking

You can look for some of these signs of blackout drinking if someone seems blackout drunk. But be aware: you won’t always know if someone’s blackout, yourself included. Though surprising, your friend may seem fine and have most of their motor and cognitive functioning intact. 

What you can look for is problems with their memory. Though everyone shows cognitive impairment when they’re drunk, like seeming spaced out, they’ll usually still have some of their memory intact. If you suspect someone’s blackout drunk, take them home as soon as you can. 

Forgetfulness

Someone who’s blackout drunk may repeat questions, seem confused, or forget the names/faces/information they just learned about. 

To test their memory-storing ability, try asking your friend to name 3 items: fruits, for example. Then, a couple of minutes later, ask what fruits they named. If they’re not blacked, they’ll eventually remember what fruits they named—even if they need time to think or slur their words. 

Retelling Stories

Your friend may repeat the same story because they don’t remember already telling it. They may also tell you the same thing repeatedly throughout the night, like they’ve spotted your mutual friend nearby.

Seeming Confused When Corrected

If you tell your friend they’ve already told you the same thing multiple times, they may seem confused. They may not even believe you. They’ll likely have no idea their memory has started to go—even if they’re concerned about that, their worries will soon fade. 

Motor or Cognitive Impairment

If someone seems drunk, look for stumbling, nonsensical speech, poor coordination, slurred speech, and sleepiness. This could indicate they’re heavily drunk and in a blackout state.

When to Intervene

If your friend, or anyone else, seems blackout drunk, keep a close eye on them. Since they’re mentally and physically impaired, they could easily get into trouble. Make sure they don’t drive, even if they seem “fine”. And make sure they don’t go off alone with anyone—someone could try to take advantage of their impairment.

And ask your friend to stay around you. If they can’t remember to stay by you, you might need to shadow them. 

Step away from the situation if you’re able and they’re willing. This could mean going home if you’re at a bar or going to a safe room and lying down if you’re at a party. Never let them drive—and call a taxi or Uber if you don’t feel safe driving, either.

Risks And Consequences of Blacking Out

Sexual And Physical Violence

Getting blackout drunk puts you at risk of physical and sexual violence. You may unwittingly go along with whatever someone else wants—even if that’s stealing, vandalizing someone’s house, or sleeping with someone you never planned to. 

If you did sleep with someone, you may not remember if you gave consent, if your partner was violent, or if you used protection. And if something terrible did occur, not knowing would prevent you from getting the medical care you need. That applies to both physical and sexual assaults. 

Sexual Assault Hotline: 800-656-HOPE (4673)
Domestic Violence Hotline: Call 1.800.799.7233 or text “START” to 88788
Crisis Hotline: Call or Text 988

Waking Up…Somewhere

After blacking out, you could wake up and not know where you are, how you got there, or how to get home. You might wake up a few blocks from your house or on the other side of your city—blackouts make almost anything possible. 

Acting Out of Character

You could get into trouble in a blackout state. Being impaired mentally and physically, you might bend easily to peer pressure. Or, doing something illegal may suddenly seem fun, like stealing. Then, you could wind up in legal trouble.

Causes And Triggers of Blackout Drinking

Blackouts commonly happen after high-intensity drinking, when you have at least twice as many drinks per hour more than binge drinking (8+ drinks in 2 hours for women, 10+ for men). Binge and high-intensity drinking lead to blackouts because your blood-alcohol level rises too fast. 

Some drugs, like sleep or anti-anxiety medications, can cause blackouts at a lower blood-alcohol level. Keeping aware of your medications can help you prevent getting blackout drunk.

Prevention Strategies for Blackout Drinking

You can prevent blackout drinking by drinking in moderation. Set a limit for yourself, like one drink per hour. Be sure to eat a full meal before drinking and start the night hydrated. And drink slowly—take sips instead of gulps. Avoid chugging, shotgunning, or joining in other drinking games. 

You can also try staggering your alcoholic drinks. For example, having a glass of wine, a big cup of water, then a smaller glass of wine. Plan for how you’re going to get home, too. Either bring a friend who’s not drinking or schedule an Uber in advance. 

Avoid drinking in unfamiliar situations, too. Nerves could cause you to drink multiple drinks much faster than usual. And, only drink what you buy or bring yourself. Never take a drink from a stranger. 

Supporting Others And Seeking Help

One way to help a friend or family member struggling with their drinking is by noticing how much they drink. If they frequently black out, binge drink, or drink whenever they can, you can consider starting a conversation about how they’re feeling and how alcohol fits into their life. 

You can start the conversation early by talking to your kids/teens about blackout drinking and its consequences. But you can emphasize the risks of blackout drinking with someone of any age. You can also pass along tips to avoid blackout drinking, how to quit drinking, and make drinking a safer experience for those you love. 

If your friend or family member reveals they’ve been struggling with drinking, you can share these resources with them:

You can also offer yourself as a resource of support. Though you can’t make anyone get help, you can offer a listening ear and be someone to walk beside as your loved one begins their recovery journey. 
To learn more, you can browse our list of rehabs treating alcohol addiction to see photos, reviews, insurance information, and more.

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What Is a “Dry Drunk”?

A “dry drunk” is someone who’s sober but still experiencing some of the emotions and behaviors caused by alcohol use. The term also describes someone who returns to an immature mindset1 after years or decades of impairment—arguably, back to how old they were when they began drinking. Other effects include irritability and impulsiveness. 

The term came about when Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) first began. AA members coined it2 as a non-negotiable stage of alcohol recovery. Later, psychiatrists and addiction specialists added their own twists to the definition, but generally agreed it’s part of recovery as a whole.

Who’s Most at Risk of Dry Drunk Syndrome?

Everyone in alcohol addiction recovery risks dry drunkenness, but it does become more likely for some specific groups.

Someone Who Never Went to Treatment

Not everyone needs professional alcohol addiction treatment, especially if their addiction isn’t severe. Or so it may feel.

Some forms of treatment, like outpatient therapy, address why/how drinking became a coping tool. Without treatment, you lose the chance to identify trauma, mental health conditions, and instill positive coping skills. Treatment can also help you process having an addiction. 

Without treatment, you risk developing dry drunk syndrome.

Someone Who Didn’t Complete Treatment

Anyone that prematurely left addiction treatment likely won’t enjoy the inner healing it can provide. You may not heal the underlying issues of addiction if you don’t finish treatment, resulting in dry drunk syndrome. 

Someone Who Had Poor Treatment

You may have gone to treatment but felt like you didn’t benefit from it. Maybe the facility wasn’t up to par, or you just couldn’t relate to their methods. Factors like that could keep you from fully engaging in treatment and experiencing healing. 

Other Nuances of Dry Drunk Syndrome 

Some symptoms of dry drunk syndrome mimic physical health issues2, like allergies and hypoglycemia. In early AA days, some members wrongly assumed more serious health conditions were simply a phase of their recovery. When those symptoms were medically addressed, they were no longer dry drunk.

So, it’s important to remember the signs and symptoms of dry drunk syndrome. That way, you can differentiate its symptoms from another health condition and get the treatment you need.

What Are The Signs of Dry Drunk Syndrome?

The signs of dry drunk syndrome2 include:

Changes in Mood 

You may feel more down, hopeless, or irritated than normal. You might also feel out of control since you can’t use your old coping tool anymore. Or, your mood could turn aggressive, and you may snap at your friends and family. 

Difficulty Concentrating

Feeling confused, disoriented, or distracted can make it hard to concentrate. Dry drunk syndrome can cause those feelings, affecting your work, school, and daily interpersonal life. 

Isolating

Feeling low, irritable, and ashamed of your feelings could lead to isolation. Or, you may want to deal with those feelings on your own, which could cause you to spend more and more time in isolation. That could mean staying in your room, overstaying at work, or becoming emotionally isolated around others. 

Engaging in Other Addictive Behaviors

You may turn to other substances1 in lieu of alcohol. These include “innocent” replacements, like caffeine, and even narcotics like cocaine. Other popular replacements include vapes and cigarettes, which contain nicotine. Excessively using nicotine or caffeine may seem better than using alcohol, but the underlying cause of addiction remains unaddressed.

Going Back to Old Bars

Despite not drinking anymore, you may feel drawn to the bars you used to go to and the social circles you were in. You may go to reconnect with old friends or another part of yourself. But doing so could tempt you into a relapse.

Habitual Lying

Hiding alcohol use and addiction usually requires lying, which can be a hard habit to break for those with dry drunk syndrome. You may find yourself lying about small or unimportant truths, creating trust issues with you and your loved ones. 

Anger And Resentment

In an attempt to avoid self-blame, rather than absolving it, you may blame others for personal errors. This could present as frequent anger outbursts, constant anger, and having a short fuse. You may also resent others for causing your addiction or contributing to it. Or, you might resent those who have gotten sober and seem perfectly happy.

Exaggerated Self-Importance

You may expect praise and positive attention for getting sober. This could lead to an exaggerated sense of self-importance, as you believe you’re owed praise. Receiving praise could then fuel that belief. Treatment can help you feel proud of your sobriety without the praise of others, which could prevent this symptom of dry drunk syndrome. 

How Is Dry Drunk Syndrome Treated?

To treat dry drunk syndrome, you and your care providers will likely return to your addiction’s root cause.  A therapist, psychologist, or addictions counselor will use various techniques to help you identify the factors that lead to addiction and find a path forward. These techniques include:

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT helps you identify and address the thoughts and emotions behind your behaviors. For dry drunk syndrome, you’ll go back to what may have caused your addiction and how that unresolved cause still affects your present self. You and your therapist will then begin the healing process to resolve those issues and relieve you from dry drunk syndrome. 

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)

DBT helps you accept strong emotions, navigate their effects, and learn tools for interpersonal communication. This therapy targets the emotions of dry drunk syndrome and the strong feelings that may have led to substance use in the first place. DBT usually takes place in a group setting with a classroom-like structure. You’ll learn new skills, accept your emotions, and explore ways to better yourself.

Holistic Therapies

Holistic therapies can help you navigate dry drunk syndrome by fostering your mind-body connection. Connecting deeper to yourself can open your eyes to the emotions that drove your addiction and how dry drunk syndrome continues to have those emotional effects. Holistic therapies for dry drunk syndrome include

The 12 Steps

Many of the original Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) members followed the 12 Steps to alleviate dry drunk syndrome. Those same principles still apply today. As the earlier members found relief through surrender and commitment to abstinence, so can you. Many rehabs and outpatient programs use the 12 Steps in treatment. And, you can keep going to AA meetings as long as you want, even after you leave treatment. You’re always welcome there.

Find A Support Group

12-Step groups exist worldwide. To find one near you, you can use AA’s meeting finder. You can also attend a rehab with a 12-Step focus.
To see 12-Step rehabs, you can browse our list of centers to see reviews, photos, insurance information, and more.

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Fawning as a Trauma Response: Understanding Its Effects and Coping Strategies

Fawning as a trauma response is the 4th theorized response to trauma and complex PTSD (c-PTSD). As defined1, “Fawn types seek safety by merging with the wishes, needs, and demands of others” and, “fawn types avoid emotional investment and potential disappointment by barely showing themselves.”

Fawns intrinsically believe they’ll need to forfeit their desires, boundaries, and rights1 to earn a relationship with someone. Childhood trauma/c-PTSD often causes the fawning response2, though later-life traumas can too. Psychoeducation and therapy can help fawns, and treatment providers, understand and overcome this response.  

Defining Fawning as a Trauma Response

Fawning was recognized fairly recently as a trauma response, adding to the better-known Fight, Flight, and Freeze responses. Fawns often grow up in an abusive home environment3 or with narcissistic parents. Fawns adapt to trauma by adhering to others’ needs. The usual narrative goes:

“If I just do what they want, am always useful, exceed their expectations, and never cause conflict, I’ll be okay.”

While that tactic may have worked when they needed it to, fawning also puts many “fawns” in the paths of narcissists, abusers, and manipulative people. Since they feel unable or scared to say no, a fawn may fall victim to these domineering personalities. 

How Fawning Differs from Other Trauma Responses

You could also react to trauma with fight, flight, or freeze responses3.

  • Fight: When something triggers you, you’ll face the threat with yelling, physical or emotional aggression, crying, or attacking the source of the danger.
  • Flight: You’ll physically or emotionally flee from the perceived threat. If you can’t do either, you may feel extremely anxious, fidgety, and hyperarousal.
  • Freeze: Perceived danger could make you freeze up and lose control of your body. You may even black out as a way to completely avoid the danger.

Fawning, in contrast, has few or no physical signs. The person fawning may seem completely fine, not triggered at all. They might think they’re fine, too. But that emotional disconnect can become another way to deal with past and ongoing trauma. 

Early Triggers Leading to Fawning

Children may adapt to emotional, physical, or sexual abuse by submitting to their abuser and aiming to please4. As children, fawns also ignore their own needs, feelings, and boundaries to appease people of authority—usually their parents. This pattern often continues into adulthood.

For example, a hungry child may hold their tongue for fear their mother will lash out if they communicate their hunger. Or, a child may push down the anger of being ignored by their parents for fear of being ridiculed. Staying quiet and outwardly unbothered then becomes the safest course of action. 

Psychological Mechanisms of Fawning

To the fawn, fawning is their only means of staying safe. They consistently sacrifice their needs and boundaries for safety, which can lead them to believe the two can’t intertwine. That belief can lead to codependency in adulthood2 and a personality change. For example, a headstrong child may grow into a demure, people-pleasing adult. 

How Fawning Changes Attachment Styles

Instead of having a secure attachment style5, a fawn will likely gravitate towards fearful-avoidant styles. These styles describe someone who has a negative model of self and others. A fawn may crave intimate relationships but feel too afraid of pain and ridicule to maintain or initiate relationships. 

Pandering and people-pleasing can prevent fawns from forming secure, mutually beneficial friendships. Others who value the fawn’s thoughts and opinions may struggle to connect with someone who “mindlessly” agrees to their every whim. In contrast, a narcissistic person would enjoy a fawn’s ongoing agreeability. 

Fawning And c-PTSD

Childhood trauma is one of the forms of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (c-PTSD). Someone with c-PTSD will have distorted beliefs2 about themself: that they’re worthless, unimportant, small, and unworthy. So, they may fawn as an outward show of their unimportance compared to the importance of their abuser—hoping this juxtaposition will spare them harm.

A fawn may continue this long enough that it becomes part of who they are. 

Effects of Fawning on Individuals

Even if you’re no longer fawning as a trauma response, it can become part of your adult personality. Fawning can make you feel unheard, used, and unimportant. You may also feel confused since you don’t have a reason to fawn or want to stand your ground, but it keeps happening anyway.  

Chronic fawning could dissolve your boundaries, identity, and self-esteem over time. You may feel only as important as you can be to someone else. Or, you may find yourself caught up with emotional abusers who exploit your people-pleasing. Neither has a positive effect on your model of self.

Fawning can also disconnect you from genuinely good people who want to satisfy your needs and make you feel seen. Someone who desires a mutual friendship or romantic relationship may feel confused by a fawn’s behavior. This could then rob you of healthy relationships throughout your life. But it doesn’t need to stay that way.

Healing And Recovery

Therapy can help you process your trauma and recognize the effects of your fawning response. You may decide on rehab for trauma, outpatient treatment, or sessions with a trauma-informed therapist. Discuss your options with your doctor or therapist to find the best fit for you.

Therapies for Trauma And The Fawn Response

Your therapist may use a combination of therapies, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to address your trauma. 

EMDR therapists have you briefly recall your trauma while you track an object6 (like a pen) back and forth with your eyes. Some therapists use touch. Tracking the object desensitizes you to the strong emotions brought up by retelling your trauma. This can help you process the event without such painful emotions attached to it. 

CBT works by identifying and adjusting the potentially distorted thoughts7 leading to your behaviors. Using CBT, your therapist can help you identify the thoughts and emotions causing you to fawn. Then, you’ll work on adjusting your behaviors with the truth of your thoughts revealed.

ACT helps you accept painful emotions and traumas8 as an inevitable part of life and respond with flexibility and adaptability—rather than suppression. Using ACT, your therapist can help you find more productive ways to adapt to trauma by committing to the pursuit of your values and desires. For example, you may accept your fear of saying no to someone but commit to setting the boundaries that would protect your valued energy, well-being, and time. 

In therapy, you can also learn coping strategies to recognize fawning and protect yourself from its effects. 

Coping Strategies for Fawning

First, you can learn to recognize fawning. Keep these questions in mind as you determine what is/isn’t a fawning response:

  • Did saying yes or doing what the other person wanted make you angry?
  • Did saying no feel unsafe? (If you need to talk with someone, call the domestic violence hotline at 1-800-799-SAFE, or text START to 88788.)
  • Did you feel responsible for how someone reacted to something?
  • Did you adopt or agree with the values of a friend, even though you don’t actually feel that way?
  • Did you act like you agree with someone just to get them to favor you and do what you want?

How you answer those questions can queue you into your tendency to fawn. If you recognize your behaviors as fawning, you can fill a toolbox with coping strategies on your own or with your therapist. Here’s a few examples of responses to use when you feel tempted to fawn:

  1. “No, I don’t feel comfortable doing that.”
  2. “I don’t have time to take that on for you.”
  3. “I don’t have the mental space to fix this problem for you.”
  4. “No, I can’t.”
  5. “No, I can’t do that, but here’s how I can help….”
  6. “I disagree but value your opinion.”
  7. “I’m not able to do that now.”
  8. “I want to help, but I’m not the person to help you with this.”
  9. “No, I need to put my time elsewhere.”
  10. “No.”

They may feel scripted at first, but keep practicing responses like these to get better at expressing your genuine desires and opinions. 

Practical Solutions for Fawning

As part of AAA (Acknowledge your feelings, Acknowledge what you want to happen next, Action), you first need to acknowledge your tendency to fawn. With the help of a therapist, you can delve into what caused this response. If it’s a way to garner acceptance from others, you may discuss why you desperately need their acceptance and how you can feel just as validated and accepted without people-pleasing. 

Then, you can take responsibility for your emotions. You can do this by journaling your emotions and how you express them in the moment. Once you take responsibility for those emotions, you can move into problem-solving. 

You and your therapist can think of practical ways to address and respond to the emotions causing you to fawn, like journaling, writing out new responses, and brainstorming what you could say/do to feel safe and validated. Together, you can also learn how to validate yourself and grow your self-acceptance without needing the approval of others.  

Supportive Resources And Communities

You can attend support groups for trauma online and in person. The c-PTSD Foundation, for example, offers online support on their website. The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) has a tool for locating mental health support groups in your area. You can also search for the support groups in your area via an internet search or by contacting a mental health institute in your community. 

Or, if you want to deepen your knowledge and introspection, you can read these books about trauma and the fawning response:

You can browse Amazon, your local library, and other online bookstores for more books on trauma and the fawning response. 

Advocacy And Raising Awareness

You can advocate for yourself or someone else by learning more about the fawning response. Education can pave the way for greater understanding in both yourself and someone with limited background knowledge on trauma (and how people respond to it).

Continued awareness for fawning and other trauma responses also promotes trauma-informed care throughout different treatment settings. Your understanding of this trauma response can help others–and yourself–feel understood, valued, and validated.

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What Are the Different Types of Alcohol Addiction?

Alcohol addiction looks different for different people. Your age, family history, and other mental health issues have a major impact on your drinking habits. To better understand this behavior, experts have defined a few subtypes of drinkers.

About the Subtypes of Alcohol Addiction

Alcohol is legal, accessible, and socially acceptable. Because of this, alcohol addiction is extremely common. According to one survey, 10% of teen and adult Americans have alcohol addiction.1 And you might not realize you have this condition until it gets out of hand. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA) defines various drinking levels2 as follows:

  • Moderate drinking includes up to 2 drinks a day for men, or up to 1 drink a day for women.
  • Binge drinking raises your blood alcohol concentration to .008% or higher. For most men, that means having 5 or more drinks in 2 hours. For most women, it means having 4 or more drinks in the same amount of time.
  • Heavy drinking refers to a pattern of behavior. For men, it means having over 4 drinks in a given day or over 14 drinks in a week. For women, it means having 3 or more drinks in a day or over 7 drinks in a week.

On their own, these behaviors aren’t always problematic. You can have an occasional night out and still lead a balanced life. But if you binge drink or drink heavily on a regular basis, you increase your risk of alcohol addiction. 

In one 2007 study, NIAA researchers defined 5 distinct subtypes of alcohol addiction.3 While these categories are not official diagnoses, some clinicians use them to aid in addiction treatment. You may or may not fit into any of the subtypes. But if you do, this framework can help you understand the root cause of your addiction. It can also help your care team design a treatment plan. If you have a loved one with alcohol addiction, learning about these subtypes can give you insight into their experience.

Young Adult Subtype

Compared to other age groups, young adults have the highest rates of binge drinking.4 This contributes to their high rates of alcohol addiction. According to the NIAA, 31.5% of people with alcohol addiction5 in the U.S. fit into this subtype. 

Social norms play a role in young adults’ drinking6 habits. For example, college students tend to drink more than other young adults of the same age. Experts believe this is because students have fewer responsibilities. If you’re working long hours, married, or raising children, you might not have time to go to parties or drink with friends. 

Many young adults recover from alcohol addiction without formal treatment. As you take on more work or family commitments, your priorities will naturally change. It’s not that easy for everyone. But data shows that alcohol addiction treatment is extremely effective for this demographic.

Young Antisocial Subtype

Alcohol addiction and antisocial personality disorder7 often go hand in hand. If you have these co-occurring disorders, you might need specialized care during recovery. 

Antisocial personality disorder, or ASPD,8 is a serious mental health issue. Having a parent with alcohol addiction increases your risk of developing this diagnosis. ASPD makes it hard to empathize with the people around you. This personality disorder can undermine your relationships and your career, and even increase your risk of legal issues. 

There’s a great deal of overlap between the symptoms of alcohol addiction and ASPD. For example, impulsivity is both a symptom of ASPD9 and a common trait of people with alcohol addiction. You may often find yourself in high-risk situations, including those where you’re encouraged to drink.

Up to 75% of people with ASPD have alcohol addiction.10 Recovery from either one is a complex process. Experts recommend managing the symptoms of ASPD11 with long-term treatment. This usually includes medication and outpatient therapy. Some of the same methods might help you recover from alcohol addiction. 

Functional Subtype

Dr. Howard Moss of the NIAA explains that people in this subtype experience “fewer psychosocial consequences from their alcohol dependence.”12 In other words, while this type of drinking can severely damage your health, it might not noticeably affect your relationships. People with this form of alcohol addiction tend to have a few traits in common:

  • Middle-aged or retired adults
  • Higher family income
  • College education
  • More lIkely to be married than other subtypes

If you fit into this classification, recovering from your addiction might not feel urgent. But, Moss emphasizes, you might still “be at significant risk of the biomedical consequences” of heavy drinking. In addiction treatment, your therapist can help you understand the impact your addiction has on the rest of your life. 

People with functional alcohol addiction can approach recovery in several ways. Many programs, including 12-Step rehabs, encourage total abstinence. But depending on your physical health, that may or may not be necessary for you. For example, your care team might suggest you moderate your drinking instead of quitting completely. If you decide to go this route, make sure you schedule regular check-ins with your doctor, talk therapist, or another provider. They can help you stay on track throughout your ongoing recovery.

Intermediate Familial Subtype

Data shows that there’s a genetic component to alcohol addiction.13 The intermediate familial subtype14 mostly includes middle-aged people with a family history of this condition. People in this category often have co-occurring disorders, especially depression and bipolar disorder, and develop substance use disorders later in life. One study found that most people within this subtype start drinking as teenagers but don’t show signs of alcohol addiction until their 30s.

Nearly 20% of people in the intermediate familial subtype15 also use cocaine, marijuana, or both. Most also smoke cigarettes. If this is your experience, you might consider attending residential rehab for multiple addictions. While inpatient treatment won’t change your family history, it can give you the coping skills you need to move forward.

Chronic Severe Subtype

While chronic severe alcohol addiction16 accounts for just 9.2% of all alcohol addiction in the U.S., this is the most serious subtype. Most people with this condition start drinking in their teens and show signs of alcohol addiction before the age of 30. They are also at a high risk of several different co-occurring disorders:

People in this subtype are also at risk for developing multiple addictions at once:

If you fit into this subtype, it’s extremely likely that 2 or more people in your family also have some form of alcohol addiction. 

When you enter recovery for chronic severe alcohol addiction, you might need intensive treatment like medical detox. That’s partly because 88% of patients experience withdrawal symptoms when they try to quit drinking.17 Without proper support, alcohol detox can be life-threatening.18 

With the right treatment, you can get through this process safely. And once your body heals, you’ll be able to focus on your long-term emotional recovery.


Connect with a rehab for alcohol addiction to start planning your healing journey.

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Alcohol Cravings in Recovery: How Long Do They Last?

Craving alcohol is a normal part of addiction recovery. When you first quit drinking, your cravings might be especially intense. As you heal, you’ll learn how to recognize and control cravings. Still, the temptation might never completely disappear. Cravings might even be a lifelong challenge. But there are ways to cope with them and reduce your risk of relapse.

Understanding Alcohol Cravings

Alcohol cravings are physical and emotional urges to drink. You might feel a loss of control or an overwhelming desire to consume alcohol, even if you know it would have negative consequences. There are some clear neurochemical reasons you might experience cravings. 

Alcohol addiction changes your brain,1 most noticeably in the reward center. Once drinking becomes a habit, your brain gets used to the good feelings that come with alcohol. It can grow harder to feel good without drinking. So when you quit, you might still crave that sense of reward. 

Alcohol cravings can have physical and emotional symptoms.2 For instance, you could have vivid fantasies about alcohol. Physically, you might start sweating3 or feel on edge.

Several factors can trigger alcohol cravings. Some triggers are internal, like memories and emotions. For example, if you used to drink to cope with stress at work, you may start to crave alcohol whenever you have a looming deadline. 

People, places, and situations can also be triggers. You might walk by a restaurant that was your go-to happy hour spot and suddenly get the urge to drink. Triggers are unavoidable at times. But once you understand them, you can learn how to curb alcohol cravings.

Timeline: How Long Do Alcohol Cravings Last?

Detox and Withdrawal

When you stop drinking and go into acute alcohol withdrawal, your cravings will be at their most intense.4 Medical detox programs can help you manage these symptoms. In this phase of recovery, your body needs to readjust to functioning without alcohol.

Alcohol detox can be difficult and even dangerous, especially if you drank heavily for a long time. It’s crucial to get medical care when you first quit drinking. You might feel physical withdrawal symptoms,5 like restlessness, shakiness, sweating, and nausea, for the first couple of weeks after you quit drinking. Your care team will keep you safe as these symptoms subside. 

Treatment and Early Recovery

Cravings often last well beyond the initial detox. It’s important to remember that everyone’s timeline is unique. While these urges usually lessen over time, you may never learn how to stop alcohol cravings entirely. Some people also develop post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS),6 in which intense cravings can last up to 2 years. 

During initial treatment, you can develop coping skills to manage these urges. You’ll also learn to recognize triggers before they overwhelm you. While cravings are uncomfortable, they don’t have to result in relapse.

Manage Cravings in Ongoing Recovery

By the time you leave rehab, you’ll have plenty of practice responding to triggers. And over time, as you continue to stay sober, you’ll develop more confidence in your ability to manage cravings. While your urges may not disappear, you’ll get better at living with them. 

Coping Strategies for Alcohol Cravings

No matter how long your cravings last, there are many ways to cope with the urge to drink. Sometimes you can avoid triggering situations—but that’s not always possible. You can also learn how to navigate triggers without giving in to your cravings. In treatment, your care team might suggest several different strategies.

Choose Fulfilling Alternatives

No feeling lasts forever—even alcohol cravings come and go.7 Sometimes all you need to do is wait them out. During that time, you can distract yourself with an engaging alternative to drinking. You might go for a walk, listen to music, or try a new sober hobby. 

Meditate to Reduce Stress

Meditation and similar activities can reduce stress,8 helping you manage alcohol cravings. Studies show that mindfulness can even reduce the amount you drink.9 These activities promote self-acceptance and a sense of calm. When you accept that even intense cravings are temporary, waiting for them to pass might get a little easier.

Lean on Your Support System

Social support is a vital part of recovery10 from alcohol addiction. When you have cravings, you can ask loved ones for encouragement. You might also attend a support group or schedule an extra session with your therapist.

Professional Support and Treatment

Therapy and medication can play an important role throughout addiction recovery. A few types of treatment are especially helpful for alcohol addiction.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

In cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT),11 you’ll start by identifying the triggers and behaviors that contribute to your addiction. Then, your therapist will teach you specific techniques to use when cravings arise. 

Prescription Medications

Your treatment might include medications to help you stop craving alcohol.12 Prescriptions like acamprosate, disulfiram, and naltrexone can decrease the urge to drink. This approach is especially helpful for people healing from long-term alcohol abuse.

Peer Support Groups

Support groups, like SMART Recovery or 12-Step groups, can help you connect with your peers. These programs offer fellowship, encouragement, and accountability as you move forward in recovery. 

Lifestyle Changes for Long-Term Sobriety

Positive lifestyle changes13 can set you up for long-term sobriety. It’s important to create a daily routine that includes both self-care and fun activities. Maybe you used to have a drink every day at 6. You can take your mind off those memories by filling the same time slot with a new activity. Focus on what you are doing, like having coffee with a friend, instead of what you’re not doing, like going to a bar.

Recovery is a chance to build a life you love, sustainably. You can fill your time with activities you find meaningful, and ones that have immediate positive effects:

  • Picking up a new hobby
  • Eating well
  • Exercising
  • Spending time with loved ones
  • Expressing yourself through art, music, or writing
  • Learning a new skill

As you continue to heal, these new habits can become part of your daily practice. And data shows that strong routines support addiction recovery.14 You can develop a schedule that includes activities you love, and then stick to it—even when you’re craving alcohol.

Relapse Prevention

There will probably be times when you can curb alcohol cravings and times when you feel like you can’t. When you can recognize the warning signs of relapse,15 you’ll be able to get help more quickly: 

  • Isolating yourself
  • Skipping meetings you usually attend
  • Reminiscing about drinking
  • Letting go of your routine
  • Spending time with people who encourage you to drink

When this happens, you can reach out to people you trust. For example, you might call your therapist or your original treatment program. Certain programs can also help you stay sober after treatment:

Managing alcohol cravings is a vital part of maintaining sobriety. Connect with an alcohol rehab to get the support you need to meet your recovery goals.

Frequently Asked Questions About Alcohol Cravings in Recovery

What are alcohol cravings and why do they occur?

Alcohol cravings are intense urges to consume alcohol, both physically and emotionally. These cravings are a result of the changes that occur in the brain’s reward center during alcohol addiction. When alcohol becomes a habit, the brain associates it with feelings of pleasure and reward. As a result, when you stop drinking, cravings can occur as your brain seeks that sense of reward.

How long do alcohol cravings last during recovery?

The duration of alcohol cravings varies for each individual. Initially, during acute alcohol withdrawal, they can be very intense. However, cravings may persist beyond the detox phase and throughout early recovery. Some people experience post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS), where cravings can last for several months or longer. Everyone’s timeline is unique, and cravings usually lessen over time.

What are effective strategies for coping with alcohol cravings?

Coping with alcohol cravings requires a multi-faceted approach. Choosing fulfilling alternatives to drinking can help manage and reduce their intensity. These can include new hobbies or activities, practicing mindfulness meditation to reduce stress, leaning into your support network, attending support groups, seeking professional treatment, and making positive lifestyle changes. These strategies can empower you to navigate cravings and maintain long-term sobriety. Planning for relapse prevention can begin as soon as you enter recovery.

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What Is Cross-Addiction?

What does cross-addiction mean? In short, it means that you have multiple addictions. But there’s a lot more to it than that.

Usually, people with cross-addiction switch out one behavior for another. Sometimes, it’s even called “addiction transfer.” For example, imagine you go to rehab for alcohol addiction, and successfully avoid drinking after the program. But once you return home, you develop a new addiction to cocaine. If something like this happens to you, you might need additional treatment.

Cross-addiction is a unique experience, and recovery can be complex. When you’re ready to plan your recovery, you can start by learning more about what it means to be cross-addicted.

How Does Cross-Addiction Happen?

Researchers are still studying the risk factors for cross-addiction.1 We need more information to fully understand its causes. But data suggests that genetics and stress can make you more vulnerable. Experts also believe that cross-addiction follows 1 of 2 patterns:

  1. Substituting a past addiction with similar behavior (e.g., quitting gambling and developing a sex addiction)
  2. Switching between addictions based on their availability, with equally severe symptoms for each one (e.g., recovering from daily heroin use and starting to do cocaine every day)

There are a few reasons this could happen during recovery. For one thing, any kind of addiction hijacks your reward system.2 It can get to the point where addictive behaviors are the only thing that makes you feel a sense of achievement. So developing a new addiction might make you briefly feel that reward again. But we need more data to know how big a role the reward system plays in this process.

How Common Is Cross-Addiction?

Because there are so many possible types of cross-addiction, it’s hard to collect broad data about this condition. But a few specific combinations are especially common:

Some experts compare cross-addiction to relapse.6 While not identical, these issues can have a similar effect on your journey. And data shows that 40-60% of people relapse at least once during recovery.7 

Common Cross-Addiction Examples

Cross-addiction can occur with any type of addiction, including substance abuse and compulsive behaviors. Learning about some common cross-addictions can help you protect against them in recovery.

Gambling

Gambling addiction is a behavioral issue. Unlike drug or alcohol addictions, it rarely includes physical symptoms. But it can still get very serious. Compulsive gambling interferes with your financial security, career, and relationships. One study found that gambling addiction often co-occurs with video game addiction.8 

Sex Addiction

In moderation, sex can be an important part of your life. But when you start prioritizing sex over all else—including committed relationships, work, sleep, and your physical health—you might have a sex addiction. 

While sex addiction isn’t in the DSM-5, it is diagnosed in ICD-11 as compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD).9 This falls under the category of behavioral addiction, or impulse control issues. Data also shows that people with sex addiction often have additional behavioral issues. In one study, nearly 40% of people with sex addiction also had a work addiction.10

Compulsive Shopping

Shopping addiction, also called compulsive buying disorder, is another behavioral addiction. Compulsive shopping increases your risk of drug addiction,11 eating disorders, and depression. Up to 1 in 20 people may have a shopping addiction. 

Prescription Medication

Data shows that people with health problems are more likely to abuse prescription drugs.12 This may be an issue of access. If you already have opioid medication in your home, for instance, it’s far easier to abuse. And what’s more, experiencing chronic pain increases your risk of cross-addiction.13 People with chronic pain may have easier access to prescription medication, especially opioids. 

Data shows that opioids, marijuana, and alcohol all have similar effects on the brain.14 Addiction to any of these substances can make you vulnerable to abusing the other two. 

How to Avoid Cross-Addiction?

Certain coping strategies can help you avoid cross-addiction before it becomes a problem. 

Self-Awareness

Until your triggers become intuitive, you can use tools to track your feelings and behaviors. For example, some mood tracker apps let you associate emotions with activities. If you notice that the mood “anxious” usually appears just before an activity like shopping or gambling, you can bring that information to your care team. This self-awareness can help you make changes before developing a new addiction.

Educate Yourself on Cross-Addiction

Learning more about any condition can help you stay safe. If there’s a specific substance or behavior you’re concerned about, start there. Once you understand the risk factors for a type of addiction, you can get the support you need before it becomes a problem. 

Group Support

A wealth of data shows that social support is essential during addiction treatment.15 That means something a little different for everyone. You might have a close relationship with friends and family, attend support groups, or live in a sober living environment. In any setting, strong relationships can help you stay grounded throughout your recovery.

Speak With a Professional

There’s no one-size-fits-all solution for cross-addiction. The right provider can help you navigate the complexities of treatment, offering advice tailored to your needs. With personalized support, you can stay on track to reach your unique goals for recovery.

How to Treat Cross-Addiction

There are nearly infinite types of cross-addiction. You could become cross-addicted to cocaine and gambling, marijuana and alcohol, or sex and video gaming. As a result, there are countless ways to heal from this condition. However, a few treatments stand out:

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)16 is one of the most popular and effective treatments for any kind of addiction. In this behavioral therapy, you’ll learn to identify triggers and respond to them in new ways. Your therapist will also teach you practical coping skills for real-world situations. 
  • Contingency management (CM)17 is a treatment that offers patients tangible rewards. For example, if you pass a drug test, you might receive cash or movie tickets. Data shows that CM is highly effective for people with multiple simultaneous addictions. We still need more information about its impact on cross-addiction, specifically. 
  • Relapse prevention (RP) and mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP)18 teach coping skills and build clients’ self-confidence. Evidence suggests that these treatments protect you against abusing any substance, even ones you haven’t used before.

Find a Treatment for Cross-Addiction

On the road to recovery, cross-addiction is a relatively common hurdle. You can get back on track in a rehab program that treats addiction.

Frequently Asked Questions About Cross-Addiction

How does cross-addiction happen?

The causes of cross-addiction are still being studied, but genetics and stress may make you more vulnerable to it. Cross-addiction occurs by substituting a past addiction with similar behavior, or by switching between substances based on availability. Addictive behaviors hijack the brain’s reward system, making the development of new addictions possible.

How common is cross-addiction?

Collecting broad data on cross-addiction is challenging due to the many possible combinations of addictive behaviors. However, some specific combinations are more common, such as alcohol addiction and prescription drug abuse. Studies suggest that approximately 1.1% of adult Americans had simultaneous alcohol and drug addictions. Cross-addiction shares similarities with relapse, and research shows that 40-60% of patients relapse during recovery.

What are some common examples of cross-addiction?

Cross-addiction can manifest in various forms, including substance abuse and compulsive behaviors. Some common examples of cross-addiction include gambling addiction, sex addiction, compulsive shopping, and addiction to prescription medication. Understanding these common cross-addictions can help individuals protect themselves during their recovery journey and seek appropriate treatment when needed.
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Addiction vs. Dependence: Understanding the Difference

The terms “addiction” and “dependence” may sound interchangeable, but they mean different things. Dependence is the physical reliance on a drug. Addiction, on the other hand, has primarily psychological symptoms. You can be dependent on a substance without having an addiction. Most types of addiction include physical dependence—but that’s not always true. When you understand the difference between these issues, you can find the type of treatment that best suits your needs.

Defining Addiction

Addiction means continuing to use a substance1 in spite of its negative consequences. This is a complex psychological condition. Addiction affects the way you think and how you behave. You might feel like your actions are out of your control. While everyone’s experience is different, there are some common signs of addiction:

  • Obsessively thinking about the substance or behavior
  • Feeling like you can’t stop acting on your cravings, no matter how hard you try
  • Developing withdrawal symptoms when you try to quit
  • Isolating yourself or hiding your behavior

People can be addicted to multiple substances at a time. This includes prescription drugs, alcohol, and illicit drugs. You can also develop addictions to behaviors like sex, watching porn, using the internet, and gambling. 

Understanding Dependence

With dependence, your body relies on a substance2 to feel normal. If you go into withdrawal when you stop drinking or taking drugs, you probably have a physical dependence on that substance. Withdrawal symptoms3 vary depending on your exact health history, but a few are especially common:

  • Sweating
  • Tremors
  • Insomnia
  • Nausea
  • Increased heart rate
  • Elevated blood pressure
  • Headaches
  • Seizures
  • Hallucinations 

Both illicit and prescription substances can cause physical dependence on drugs. But there’s a difference between dependence vs. addiction. For example, many people with diabetes depend on insulin but aren’t psychologically addicted to it. You can also come to depend on substances like alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, and nicotine. And some prescription drugs, like opioids, have high rates of both dependence and addiction.4

Even if you only take drugs as prescribed, it’s important to monitor your substance use. Notice when and why you start to physically depend on a drug. If that substance dependence has a negative impact on your life, you could be at risk of addiction.

Psychological vs. Physiological Aspects

It’s possible to have addiction without dependence,5 and vice versa. But if you have both, your physical and psychological symptoms might feed off each other. For example, you might start taking opioids to relieve pain after an injury. Then, as your body heals, lowering your dosage could make you feel anxious. What starts as a physical need can become an emotional one.

Without proper support, this can quickly lead to addiction. When you’re ready to recover, it may help to differentiate between the physiological and psychological aspects of what you’re going through. Doing this empowers you and your care team to choose the most effective types of treatment.

Psychological Aspects of Addiction

There’s a good reason addiction feels so out of your control. Addictive substances change the way your brain works.6 They flood your brain with dopamine, a feel-good chemical that activates your reward system. Over time, substances change the way your brain produces dopamine.7 Drug use might become the only thing that gives you a sense of reward. The National Institute on Drug Abuse explains:

“The difference between normal rewards and drug rewards can be likened to the difference between someone whispering into your ear and someone shouting into a microphone. Just as we turn down the volume on a radio that is too loud, the brain of someone who misuses drugs adjusts by producing fewer neurotransmitters in the reward circuit, or by reducing the number of receptors that can receive signals. As a result, the person’s ability to experience pleasure from naturally rewarding (i.e., reinforcing) activities is also reduced.”

Physiological Aspects of Dependence

Like your brain, your body can quickly get used to any drugs8 you take. If you use a drug often, you’ll need higher doses to feel the same effects. This is called tolerance. You can develop a tolerance to some drugs very quickly. For example, it takes just 2-3 doses of opioids9 for some people to develop a tolerance.

Once you have a tolerance, you might start taking higher doses to get the same effect. You might also become physically dependent on the drug, and feel withdrawal symptoms if you try to quit. Many people keep using drugs to avoid those withdrawal symptoms. If this pattern continues, it might lead to addiction. 

If your body depends on a substance, withdrawal can range from being uncomfortable to dangerous. Detoxing from certain substances—like alcohol, opioids, and benzodiazepines—can even be fatal. Formal addiction treatment can keep you safe during this phase of recovery.

Implications and Consequences

Addiction can impact every aspect of your life, starting with your mental health.10 Substances change your brain, and might contribute to co-occurring disorders like anxiety and depression. These symptoms, along with other aspects of addiction, can interfere with your relationships. If you prioritize drug use over your colleagues or loved ones, you might face serious consequences. 

Dependence also affects your physical health, whether or not you have an addiction. For example, alcohol dependence can lead to liver problems,11 heart disease, and even cancer. Opioids increase your risk for cardiac and respiratory problems.12 And illicit drug use has a high risk of overdose13 and death.

While addiction and dependence aren’t the same, they often overlap. So when you start recovery, both your body and mind will need time to heal.

Connect with a rehab program for alcohol and drug addiction to determine which treatments can best meet your unique needs.

Frequently Asked Questions About Addiction vs Dependence

What’s the difference between addiction and dependence?

Dependence is a physical reliance on a substance, while addiction is a psychological condition wherein people continue using substances despite negative consequences. While both are often present at the same time, they’re not always the same.

Can someone be dependent on a substance without having addiction? 

Yes, you can be dependent on a substance without having an addiction. Dependence refers to the physical reliance on a substance to feel normal, while addiction involves psychological symptoms and compulsive behavior. While most types of addiction include physical dependence, not all cases of dependence indicate addiction.

What are the common signs of addiction?

Common signs of addiction include obsessively thinking about the substance or behavior, being unable to stop acting on cravings, having withdrawals when you attempt to quit, and isolating yourself or hiding the behavior in question. Addiction affects the way you think and behave, and it may involve substances or behaviors such as drugs, alcohol, sex, internet use, and gambling.
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The Most Common Addictions in the United States

Both drug and behavioral addictions are extremely common in the United States. And drug addiction is steadily on the rise. 

In 2021, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) found that nearly 50 million Americans have drug or alcohol addictions.1 Behavioral addictions, like gambling and internet use, are also a growing healthcare concern.

If you’re wondering how to overcome addiction, you can start by learning about the most common types of addiction and abused drugs in the United States. 

Alcohol Addiction

Alcohol is one of many sedatives, calming the central nervous system while also causing a release of dopamine that floods the reward system, which contributes to addiction. According to a national survey done by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 11.3% of adult Americans have alcohol addiction.2 A report from the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence even calls alcohol “the most commonly used addictive substance3 in the United States.”

Causes:

There are several possible causes of alcohol addiction:4 

Alcohol is widely available, and many people feel social pressure to drink.5 This can also contribute to addiction.

Effects: 

According to the CDC, long-term excessive drinking puts you at risk6 of physical health problems and other side effects:

  • High blood pressure
  • Liver disease
  • Cancer

Alcohol addiction also affects mental health.7 It can lead to mental health conditions like depression, memory problems, and even antisocial behavior. Withdrawal symptoms can be especially dangerous, and in many cases require medical oversight or hospitalization.

Treatments:

There are many treatment programs and therapies for alcohol use disorder, from inpatient care to outpatient programs. Experts report that a few specific types of therapy are especially helpful:8

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
  • Motivational enhancement therapy (MET)
  • Contingency management
  • Couples therapy
  • 12-Step programs

Nicotine Addiction

Nicotine and tobacco rank high on the list of most common addictions9 in America. Nicotine, the addictive substance found in tobacco, is easy to access via vaping and smoking, and legal in all states. Nicotine addiction and tobacco use can affect people of all ages, from adolescents to older adults.

Causes:

This type of addiction is often caused by repetitive use, meaning someone uses nicotine often enough for their brain to grow used to its effects and need it frequently to avoid stress and withdrawal symptoms. Smoking can become a compulsive behavior, which often signifies the change from regular use to addiction. Causes for nicotine addiction include:

  • Peer influence
  • Social expectations and norms
  • Family history of tobacco use

Effects:

Smoking cigarettes or vaping regularly comes with a host of side effects10, including:

  • Lung cancer, among other types of cancer
  • Heart disease
  • Lung diseases, which can be irreversible
  • Reproductive issues

Treatments:

Many treatment programs and tools can help with nicotine addiction, like

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), to understand the thoughts and emotions leading to tobacco use, and to gain the behavioral skills to prevent use
  • Contingency management
  • Nicotine patches and other forms of nicotine-replacement therapy, like nasal sprays or inhalants
  • Support groups dedicated to supporting people who decide to quit smoking. You can access many of these online, even through apps on your phone

Marijuana Addiction

In 2020, marijuana addiction was one of the 3 most common addictions in the United States,11 despite being an illegal drug in some states. As cannabis becomes more socially acceptable, rates of this addiction may continue to rise. People can ingest weed by vaping it, smoking bongs, or by adding tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) into food. THC is responsible for the psychoactive effects common to marijuana.

Causes:

The younger you are when you start using marijuana,12 the higher your risk of addiction. The drug’s potency also plays a role.

As more states legalize cannabis, scientists are developing more potent strains. According to Tom Freeman, Director of the Addiction and Mental Health Group at the University of Bath, high-potency marijuana has 4 times the risk of addiction.13 

Effects:

There’s a relationship between marijuana use and mental health issues,14 but we need more data to determine which one causes the other. Research shows that marijuana addiction shares symptoms with mental health conditions like anxiety and depression. Long-term marijuana use also causes memory problems.15 

Treatments:

Most marijuana rehabs focus on counseling. During treatment, you might engage in a few types of talk therapy:16

  • MET
  • CBT
  • Contingency management

Opioid Addiction

There is currently an opioid addiction crisis in the United States.17 These prescribed or illicit drugs play a role in nearly 75% of all overdose deaths. According to SAMHSA, 1% of all Americans over the age of 12 had opioid addiction in 2020.18 

Fentanyl is a particularly deadly opioid, one of many synthetic painkillers that can cause addiction and overdose deaths when misused. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports fentanyl overdose deaths tripling19 from 2016-2021. Other opioids include prescription drugs like Oxycodone and Hydrocodone.

Causes:

Many factors contribute to opioid addiction,20 like genetics, environmental factors, and mental health issues. Childhood trauma also makes you more vulnerable. Chronic pain is a major risk factor,21 especially if you manage it with an opioid prescription. 

Effects:

Opioid abuse has many health risks.22 As your tolerance goes up, you may need higher and higher doses to manage physical pain. This addiction also cuts into the time you spend with loved ones, damaging your relationships.

Opioid use can be life-threatening. Overdose causes respiratory depression, in which you can stop breathing. Without immediate medical attention, this is often fatal.

Treatments:

Opioid addiction treatment plans normally include more than one type of care: 

Cocaine Addiction

Cocaine is a stimulant, like Adderall and some other prescription medications. It comes from the coca plant, which typically grows in South America. SAMHSA estimates that 1.3 million people have cocaine addiction25 in the United States. Nearly 25% of these people are teenagers. Some studies suggest that teens are more vulnerable to cocaine addiction26 than adults. 

Causes:

In addition to age, genetics play a role in cocaine addiction.27 What’s more, ongoing cocaine use can change your brain activity, so your reward system responds only to the drug. Over time, that increases your risk of addiction.

Effects:

Cocaine causes a wide range of physical symptoms, potentially requiring medical care and hospitalization. Snorting cocaine harms your nasal passages,28 causing nosebleeds, sinus issues, and respiratory problems. Smoking crack cocaine causes lung damage. Cocaine also impacts your cardiovascular system, reducing blood flow throughout the body. 

Treatments:

Most rehabs treat cocaine addiction with behavioral therapy. Contingency management and various types of CBT are especially beneficial treatments.29 There are currently no FDA-approved medications for this condition. 

Methamphetamine Addiction

Reports show that in 2019, over 2 million American adults used methamphetamine,30 up from 1.6 million in 2015. In the same time period, the number of deaths and arrests related to methamphetamine skyrocketed.

Causes:

Several experiences increase your risk of meth addiction:31

  • Drinking
  • Smoking
  • Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
  • Family history of legal issues
  • Family history of drug use

Effects:

Meth addiction causes many health problems and mental health symptoms:32 

  • Though meth isn’t a hallucinogen, it often causes paranoia and hallucinations
  • Anxiety
  • Organ damage, especially to the lungs, liver, and kidneys
  • Dental problems
  • High blood pressure
  • Permanent neurological changes

Treatments:

In treatment for methamphetamine addiction, you’ll probably engage in behavioral therapy. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), CBT and contingency management are “the most effective treatments33 for methamphetamine addiction.”

Gambling Addiction

Because research into this condition is so new, it’s hard to accurately assess how many people have a gambling addiction. But some reports estimate that “roughly 1 percent of American adults, or about 2.5 million people, have a severe gambling problem.”34

Causes:

Men are at a higher risk for gambling addiction.35 You might also be more vulnerable if you were raised by a single parent or a parent with an addiction. 

Effects:

Unlike substance use disorders, behavioral addictions rarely have physical symptoms. Even so, the effects of gambling addiction36 can be overwhelming:

  • Anxiety which is only relieved by gambling
  • New or worsening depressive symptoms
  • Financial hardship
  • Strained family relationships

Treatments:

When you’re ready to recover from gambling addiction, your care team will help you choose the right treatment plan. That means something different for everyone. Most programs recommend at least one type of talk therapy to treat gambling disorder:37

  • CBT
  • Psychodynamic therapy
  • Group therapy
  • Family therapy

In rehab, you might also attend a 12-Step group like Gamblers Anonymous (GA).

Internet and Gaming Addiction

At least 93% of Americans are internet users.38 One study found that within that number, 63% of adolescents go online every day, and 36% go online several times each day.39 

While we have clear data about internet use, we need more about internet and gaming addiction. Various studies claim that anywhere from 38-90% of internet users have internet addiction.40 Another survey reports that 3.3% of people who play video games have a gaming addiction.41 

Causes:

Gaming and internet addiction are more common among men.42 Several factors make these conditions more likely: 

  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • ADHD
  • Social isolation
  • Aggressive behavior
  • Low self-esteem

These issues can lead to internet addiction—and vice versa. Unchecked internet use makes the same symptoms even more severe. 

Effects:

Excessive gaming can have serious health effects:43 

  • Back pain
  • Eye strain
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Sporadic eating habits
  • Sleep problems

Internet addiction also isolates you from loved ones. In extreme cases, it can interfere with work or school.

Treatments:

A growing number of rehabs treat internet and gaming addiction. However, this is a new area of study. Researchers warn that until we have more data, we should approach all treatments for these addictions as experimental.44 

Despite these concerns, mental health professionals recommend a few types of therapy for internet and gaming addiction:45 

  • CBT
  • Wilderness therapy
  • Family therapy

Food Addiction

Various reports estimate that anywhere from 5.8-56.8% of Americans have a food addiction.46 Experts also note the overlap between food addiction and eating disorders47 like bulimia nervosa. 

Causes:

Food addiction and drug addiction48 often co-occur. Either one might make the other more likely. Severe childhood abuse can also lead to food addiction49 in adulthood. This condition is more likely for people with depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem.

Effects:

While food addiction can make you gain weight,50 that’s not true for everyone. More consistently, it leads to overwhelming feelings of guilt and shame. 

Treatments:

Food addiction recovery can include weight loss, but that’s not always the right approach. To treat the root cause of this condition, experts recommend approaching it like a binge eating disorder. CBT and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) are popular treatments for food addiction.51

Pornography Addiction

Like any other behavioral addiction, including shopping addiction, excessive pornography use can be very serious. But we don’t yet understand the scope of the issue in the United States. That’s partly because news sources commonly circulate false statistics about online pornography.52 

Causes:

Porn addiction is more likely53 for people with certain characteristics:

  • Male
  • Younger age
  • Religious
  • Novelty-seeking

It’s also more common among people who spend a lot of time online. 

Effects:

One study links excessive porn use with anxiety,54 depression, and sexual dysfunction. Porn addiction might cause these symptoms, or vice versa. Porn use also affects relationships. This condition can make it easier to objectify your partner. Over time, that disconnect can drive a wedge between you. 

Treatments:

Most rehabs for porn addiction offer several types of therapy. However, researchers say that CBT “might be the most effective technique55 for such patients addicted to pornography.” Some people also attend 12-Step groups like Porn Addicts Anonymous.

To learn more about treatment options for various addictions, search our collection of rehabs to take virtual tours, read reviews, see pricing, and more, and reach out to centers directly.

Frequently Asked Questions About Common Addictions in the U.S.

What are the most common addictions in the United States?

The most common addictions in the U.S. include alcohol addiction, opioid addiction, marijuana addiction, cocaine addiction, methamphetamine addiction, nicotine addiction, gambling addiction, internet and gaming addiction, food addiction, shopping addiction, and pornography addiction.

What are the causes of alcohol addiction?

Genetic predisposition, a family history of alcohol abuse, co-occurring mental health issues, easy availability of alcohol, and social pressure to drink can all contribute to problem drinking.

How is opioid addiction treated?

Rehabs typically treat opioid addiction through a combination of medications (such as methadone) and talk therapy. Medications help alleviate cravings, while therapy addresses the underlying psychological factors that led to the addiction in the first place.
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What to Do if You Have Debilitating Depression: Understanding Treatment Options and Finding Support

How do you know when you need treatment for depression? We all feel sad sometimes. There’s nothing wrong with sitting with your sadness and reflecting on your feelings as you work through it. But when sadness doesn’t go away, it can hint at a more serious condition. If it begins to interfere with your life, you can even attend a rehab program for depression. 

Sadness vs. Depression 

There are some key differences between sadness and depression. With either, you may feel tired or lost. When you have depression, those feelings persist for longer periods of time, accompanied by a sense of hopelessness or worthlessness. You might even feel numb. Everyday activities you once enjoyed can start to feel like chores. 

Severe depression1 can also take a toll on your physical health, causing restlessness, changes in appetite, and physical aches and pains. And depression often co-occurs with addiction.2 If you have either or both of these conditions, you can choose between several different treatment options.

Available Treatment Options for Severe Depression

When you’re dealing with debilitating depression, it can feel like there’s no way out. But with treatment that aligns with your values, you can build a life you love. The key is to make sure your unique recovery goals are at the forefront of any care plan. To accommodate each patient’s needs, most rehabs offer a combination of treatment approaches.3

Medication

Medication can be vital in reducing depressive symptoms. Mood stabilizers, antidepressants, or antipsychotic medication can help you regulate your brain chemistry. It’s normal to go through trial and error with antidepressant medications. Most people try different types and doses to find the best fit for them.

Psychotherapy

Having a therapist to confide in and talk through your feelings can help you heal from depression. Therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), and family-focused therapy help you address any underlying issues contributing to depression. You—and sometimes your loved ones—will also develop new coping skills to help you move forward.

Inpatient Rehab

If you have severe depression, you can start recovery in an inpatient rehab. These centers offer a safe space to heal without the distractions and stressors of your typical environment. You can choose between a wide variety of programs, including trauma-informed care, rehabs that treat co-occurring disorders, and more.

Outpatient Treatment

With outpatient treatment programs, you can receive similar care to inpatient programs while living at home. Like most other approaches, outpatient treatment is tailored to your specific needs. Intensive outpatient programs (IOPs) let you attend treatment part time, while you continue to work, go to school, or spend time with friends. Partial hospitalization programs (PHPs) offer a higher level of care, but still give you some free time outside of therapy.

Alternative Therapies

If you attend a holistic rehab, you can participate in alternative therapies for depression. These treatments look a little different in every program. For example, you might connect with horses during equine therapy or practice mindfulness in a yoga class. These activities can be hugely beneficial, but they’re no substitute for more traditional treatments. A comprehensive care plan for severe depression could include these options as supplemental therapies.

Finding Support and Coping With Depression

When you’re recovering from depression, building a solid support system is essential. The details of that support system are different for everyone. Anything that keeps you engaged can help you work through difficult symptoms, reminding you that even strong feelings are temporary.

Spending time with family and loved ones you trust can help you feel supported. Opening up to a therapist might give you insight into your feelings. You can also join a depression support group to connect with people going through similar experiences. The opportunities are endless. But data shows that a few specific activities can be especially helpful.

Exercise 

Exercise has many powerful physical and emotional benefits. First and foremost, practicing physical self care is a meaningful way to cope with feelings of depression. Instead of working out so you can look a certain way, the activity itself can be your primary goal.

Exercise is shown to reduce depressive symptoms.4 When it’s hard to get out of bed, the last thing you might want to do is go for a run. But starting small, even for 10 minutes, helps you slowly build endurance and get stronger every day.

Changing Your Diet

Have you ever heard of the link between food and mood?5 Depression can make you skip meals, crave sweets, and indulge in junk food. Foods like refined sugars, processed foods, and fried foods can make depression worse. Adopting a balanced diet can help positively transform depressive symptoms.6

Eating whole foods that nurture your body can improve your mood along with your physical health. Complex carbs, protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants are just a few vital nutrients that can help fight depression.

Getting Enough Sleep

Depressive symptoms can intensify when you don’t get enough sleep. Ironically, depression can trigger sleep problems7 like insomnia, making it hard to fall asleep or stay asleep. It can be frustrating to navigate this situation. But making your best effort to improve your sleeping habits is a start. 

You can consistently prioritize sleep with small habits like getting in bed earlier, removing distractions like TV or phones at night, and creating a comfortable sleep environment. These small changes can have a huge impact on the quality of your sleep. You can also ask your doctor or therapist for more specific advice, with your exact symptoms and health history in mind.

Mindfulness Activities

Depression often brings up a lot of dark thoughts. You can take a step back and reflect on your feelings by making time for mindfulness activities like meditation. Mindfulness helps you acknowledge those thoughts without blaming yourself. The act of noticing a thought, accepting it, and then letting it go can empower you to break out of negative cycles.

Creativity 

Many people use creativity as a form of therapy. Spending time on creative outlets like art, music, or web design helps you shift your focus as well. Putting your energy into something positive can help you grow and feel better.

For example, studies suggest journaling is good for mental health8 because it can help you get your thoughts out and clear your mind. Even if your writing is all negative or doesn’t make sense, putting it on the page can make you feel lighter.

Journaling can also help you make sense of your own thoughts and feelings. When you start to notice emotional patterns, you might discover ways to work through them. You’ll also have a written record of your progress, which might help you stay on track when you encounter future challenges. 

The Road to Recovery

The journey to recovery isn’t always straightforward. But with the right support, you can find the best way to improve. For many people, professional treatment is essential. With your care team’s help, you can learn the skills you need to get and stay well.

Healing from depression looks a little different for everyone. You might benefit from any combination of medication, therapy, or alternative treatments. Talk to your provider about which options might best suit your needs, and don’t be afraid to experiment. It can take time to find the most effective approach.

With an effective depression care plan, you can rediscover the things you love most. For example, if you’re a nature lover, your plan might incorporate hiking or time at the beach. Beyond being fun, data shows that spending time outdoors improves mental health.9

Stick to your treatment plan as best as you can. If it feels like it’s not working, get support from your care team. They may suggest changes, or they may encourage you to be patient as treatment takes effect. Healing can be a slow process, and you may experience setbacks. Recovery doesn’t mean that you’ll never feel depressed again. Instead, it means you’ll have the tools to live a rich, meaningful life, even when you’re experiencing mental health symptoms.

Planning Your Journey

As you start to plan your recovery from depression, you can choose from many treatment options. Make sure to put yourself first, and find the type of care that best meets your unique needs. When you’re on the right path, you can take things by day. Small changes in diet, exercise, and other routines can make a huge difference over time. 

Getting professional help for severe depression is a vital part of recovery. When you take this step, you regain power over your own life. Check out our list of depression rehab centers to start your recovery journey. 

Frequently Asked Questions About Severe Depression

What’s the difference between sadness and depression?

Sadness and depression share similar symptoms, but depression is characterized by persistent feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness that interfere with daily life. Depression can also cause physical symptoms such as changes in appetite, physical aches and pains, and restlessness.

What are the available treatment options for severe depression?

Treatment options for severe depression include medication, psychotherapy, inpatient rehab, outpatient treatment, and alternative therapies. These options can be tailored to your specific needs and often include a combination of approaches.

What are some ways to find support and cope with depression?

Building a solid support system is essential when recovering from depression. This can include spending time with family and loved ones, opening up to a therapist, joining a depression support group, exercising, changing your diet, getting enough sleep, and practicing mindfulness meditation. These activities help improve mood and overall well-being.