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What Are Designer Drugs?

Designer drugs are synthetic drugs created to mimic traditional drugs. They sell through gray areas in drug legislations—and can adapt as quickly as legislations change. For those reasons, they’re sometimes called “legal highs”.

Designer drugs carry risks health professionals and law enforcement haven’t fully realized yet. And designer drugs can evolve and change with relative ease, making all the types and variants hard to keep track of. 

But for each new designer drug, a way to heal exists. For example, you can go to rehab for designer drug use.  

What Exactly Is a Designer Drug?

Here, designer doesn’t mean fancy. The “designer” class of drugs just means someone designed the drug to act in a certain way1. It also means it was designed to skirt the law through cracks in controlled substance legislations. 

They’re sold in packaging that says they’re “not for human consumption,” which can keep their manufacturers somewhat safe from legal trouble.

Some designer drugs began as a research project2. Shady scientists can hijack the research made on the brain and tailor a drug to have a particular reaction. Designer drugs originated overseas, produced in places like China and Europe before shipping to America. 

Young teens and military members use designer drugs1 more often since they don’t always appear in drug tests. The packaging and names of designer drugs also cater to young teens, with bright colors, fun designs, and names like Green Giant and Joker.

Are Designer Drugs The Same As Synthetic Drugs?

Synthetic drugs don’t always have illegal connotations, as designer drugs do. For example, morphine is a synthetic drug. Though someone could abuse it, morphine wasn’t designed, manufactured, and sold with that in mind. 

Designer drugs specifically mimic other illegal drugs—but with chemical properties most toxicology screens won’t notice. Chemicals like fentanyl, morphine, and LSD would show.

And like any other drug, natural or synthetic, designer drugs come with a unique set of risks and side effects.

Common Risks And Side Effects of Designer Drug Use

No drug is without risk. But for designer drugs, their sneaky manufacturing and profit-motivated sellers create problems we’re yet to fully understand.

For example, most designer drug users don’t take just one2. They may combine 2 or more designer stimulants, or make a speedball with a depressant and stimulant. The process of making designer drugs hasn’t been regulated in any way either, meaning you could take a much higher dose than intended or something you never meant to take. 

The general side effects of designer drug3 use include

  • Serotonin syndrome
  • Seizures
  • Hyperthermia
  • Psychosis
  • Insomnia
  • Paranoia
  • Hypertension
  • Heart attack
  • Kidney failure
  • Tachycardia

The more precise effects of designer drugs vary based on the kind you take. 

The 7 Different Types of Designer Drugs

The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)4 recognizes 7 different kinds of designer drugs. They might add more in the future, but for now, these 7 are what they’ve been able to identify.

Synthetic Cannabinoids

Most synthetic cannabinoids began as an innocent research project5. Synthetic cannabinoids affect receptors throughout the body in the same way as THC (found in marijuana). It creates an elevated mood and sense of relaxation5. Almost all synthetic cannabinoids go by the street name Spice.

Compared to natural marijuana, Spice usually has a stronger effect5 and higher potential for toxicity. 

The chemical compound of Spice coats plant material, making it look like marijuana. You can smoke Spice like regular weed, snort it, or eat it. Its side effects include acute psychosis, anxiety, tachycardia, confusion, paranoia, and delusions. 

Phenethylamines

Phenethylamines are synthetic hallucinogens6, called 2Cs for their 2 connecting carbon molecules. Other street names include N-Bomb, based on the chemical name 25I-NBOMe. They communicate with serotonin receptors in the brain7. 

Phenethylamines recently hit the U.S. market after they were made to research serotonin receptors7. You can snort, smoke, inject, or swallow N-Bomb as a liquid or powder. After use, side effects like depersonalization, delirium, extreme confusion, violence, tachycardia, hyperreflexia, bizarre behavior, and heart failure can occur. 

Arylcyclohexylamines

Arylcyclohexylamines cause a dissociative high. The drug compounds of arylcyclohexylamines include ketamine, phencyclidines (PCP)8, and more. PCP goes by the street name “angel dust” as it’s typically “dusted” over marijuana and tobacco before smoking. Many synthetic arylcyclohexylamines were originally designed as anesthetics. PCP began that way too, before retiring to a veterinary anesthetic for its side effects. 

Ketamine isn’t as strong as PCP but still has addictive potential, especially at higher doses. Smaller doses, however, can be therapeutic. 

These designer drugs can cause violent behavior, hallucinations, amnesia, coma, ataxia, catatonia, and tachycardia. 

Tryptamines

Everyone has naturally occurring tryptamines—serotonin, melatonin, and others. But synthetic tryptamines act as hallucinogens9. They typically mimic the effects of LSD and DMT (psychedelic found in plants and animals). Street names include “Foxy”, “Foxy-Methoxy”, “Alpha-O”, and “5-MEO”. 

Tryptamines cause hallucinations and some stimulant effects9. They can also cause agitation, muscle tension, death, and rhabdomyolysis. Designer tryptamines come as pills, capsules, powders, or a liquid. 

Piperazines

Piperazines cause many of the same effects as ecstasy10, a stimulant. Similar to ecstasy, they’re marketed toward party-goers and even created to look like ecstasy. Its slang names include “party pills”, “Jax”, “Legal E”, “Flying Angel”, and “Pep X”.

Piperazines gained popularity worldwide as a mislabeled legal alternative to meth and MDMA (ecstasy)10. There’s little regulation or control over piperazines, making them an especially risky designer drug.

After taking piperazines, which come as a pill or powder, you might experience seizures, hallucinations, kidney failure, and respiratory acidosis.  

Pipradrol

Pipradrol, a stimulant11, was first used as an antidepressant. It was also used to treat dementia and obesity. But pipradrol was quickly recalled due to its potential for abuse. Its effects mirror amphetamines—without some of the undesirable side effects. Pipradrols suppress appetite and don’t cause noticeable overexcitement, like other stimulants.

Pipradrol’s street names include MRD-108 and Alpha. Its toxic effects include hallucinations, death, anxiety, nausea, and convulsions. 

Cathinones

Cathinones mimic cocaine12, ecstasy, and MDMA as designer central nervous system stimulant. They’re commonly called bath salts and cause a sense of euphoria. Being marketed as a designer drug, you can find bath salts online, in gas stations, smoke shops, and adult stores. 

Other street names include “Bliss,” “Blue Silk,” “Glass Cleaner,” and “Super Coke.” The active ingredient in cathinone comes from a khat plant. Scientists synthesized a drug based on the khat plant to form bath salts, which look like small, opaque rocks. Taking bath salts can cause psychosis, confusion, violence, hypertension, seizures, death, paranoia, and delusions. 

The makers of designer drugs suggest they’re a fun alternative to “real” drugs. Or, a way to take drugs without getting caught—or without accidentally hurting yourself. 

But neither proves true.

Are Designer Drugs Addictive?

Yes. Some designer drugs could be even more addictive than the drug they’re copying. Fentanyl, for example, mimics natural opioids like heroin13—but it’s 50 times more potent.  

Most designer drugs are supposed to be addictive1. What begins as an experiment or coping tool can spiral out of control and into addiction. Because, with the easier accessibility of designer drugs, feeding the habit isn’t too difficult. Finding a reason to stop could feel unnecessary.

But you can. 

Getting Help for Designer Drug Use

 Designer drug addiction often responds well to the same treatments used for natural drug addictions. Some benzodiazepines can help1 with long-term treatment and withdrawal. 

Some patients confront their need for treatment in an emergency room. An ER can get you stabilized and ready for the next steps in treatment, like a residential rehab with 24/7 support.

In treatment, you’ll likely have group and individual therapy to address the thoughts and behaviors behind your addiction. You might also join 12 Step meetings, which encourage you to find support in your higher power and in your peers. Many rehabs take insurance to make the cost of care more affordable. And your family can heal with you too, since most rehabs also offer family services. 
Treatment for designer drug use has the potential to unlock a life of recovery. To learn more about your recovery resources, you can browse our list of rehabs with reviews, pricing, insurance information, and photos.

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A Guide to the Biopsychosocial Model of Mental Health

According to the biopsychosocial model of mental health, there are 3 different dimensions of health and illness. Clinicians believe biological, psychological, and social factors can all affect your well-being.

Within this model, you’ll receive holistic treatment. Your care plan will include various therapies that focus on each aspect of your life. This comprehensive approach addresses your needs as a whole person, instead of just treating isolated symptoms. 

Understanding the Biopsychosocial Model

George L. Engel introduced the biopsychosocial model of mental health1—sometimes called the BPS model—in 1977. Since then, it’s gained widespread support among mental health professionals. 

According to Engel, health problems don’t happen in a vacuum. He defined 3 areas that contribute to any diagnosis: 

  • Biological
  • Psychological
  • Social

These 3 dimensions of wellness have a complex relationship. Having symptoms in any one of these areas can cause problems in the other two. 

For example, seasonal allergies are a biological issue. If you work outside, severe symptoms might force you to take a sick day. That could affect your income and your family, which are social issues. Sneezing all day can also put you in a bad mood, affecting your psychological state. What starts as a simple immune response can impact every aspect of your life. 

When you understand how your symptoms support each other, it’s easier to find the right types of treatment. For example, data shows that anger makes chronic pain more severe.2 If you have both of these issues, going to talk therapy for anger management could help you physically heal. 

The BPS model draws clear distinctions between its 3 areas of focus: 

Biological Factors

There’s a strong link between mental and physical health.3 On one level, this may seem intuitive. If you’re sick, you’ll probably have to rest instead of doing things you enjoy. But the connection goes much deeper. Having a heart attack, for example, raises your risk of depression. And some mental health issues, like PTSD, can have physical symptoms.4

Mental Health and Genetics

Many mental illnesses run in families,5 suggesting they might be genetic. However, until researchers can isolate the relevant genes, this will remain a theory. Today, experts believe that bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia, among other diagnoses, are likely hereditary. 

The Neurochemistry of Addiction

Behavioral health problems can also have biological components. For example, the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a role in addiction.6 This naturally occurring chemical makes you feel a sense of reward. 

When you have an addiction, the act of taking drugs stimulates the release of dopamine. That’s true no matter which drugs you’re using. Your brain can come to depend on substance use as the trigger to produce this essential neurochemical. In other words, you’ll only feel a sense of achievement when you drink or take drugs. 

This chemical balance can get worse over time, making it harder and harder to quit. While that cycle is a biological process, it also has serious emotional consequences. 

Psychological Factors

Psychological factors, like self-esteem, can affect your mental health.7 On its own, low self-esteem isn’t technically a symptom of mental illness. But it can lead to more severe issues. For example, one study found that people with less self-esteem had a higher risk of anxiety, depression, and attention problems.

Cognitive Processes

A cognitive process is the way your brain performs a task.8 Learning, decision-making, and paying attention are all examples of cognitive processes. 

Mental illness affects your cognitive processes. For example, data shows that depression interferes with memory formation.9 And ongoing memory problems can affect your work, social life, and overall well-being.

This connection goes both ways. Poor cognitive processing10 increases your risk of developing a new mental illness. Without proper treatment, this can lead to a spiral of worsening symptoms. 

Social Factors

Interpersonal relationships have a major impact on mental health.11 Social support lowers your risk of developing mental illness and addiction. And if you do have mental health issues, strong relationships improve your chance of recovery. 

Cultural Norms

There’s more to your social life than relationships. Your cultural background also influences your mental health.12 That’s because your values affect the way you think about your behavior. In some cultures, for example, it’s okay to have a beer with friends after work. In others, drinking is strictly taboo. Either way, your beliefs may affect how you define alcohol abuse. 

It’s important to find treatment that supports your values. With the biopsychosocial approach, clinicians may design a clinical care plan just for you. They may employ a variety of treatment methods, depending on your unique recovery goals. 

Socioeconomic Status

Your economic status matters, too. Researchers correlate lower socioeconomic status with higher rates of mental illness.13 This is probably due to the chronic stress of financial insecurity. That stress can also damage relationships, cutting you off from valuable social support. And what’s more, a lack of resources makes it harder to afford mental health treatment.

Application of the Biopsychosocial Model in Assessment

Under the biopsychosocial model, treatment starts with a comprehensive assessment.14 This approach to diagnosis is the standard of care. In other words, experts agree that it’s an effective way to start planning your long-term recovery. 

During the assessment, your care team will ask a series of questions15 about your physical, mental, and social well-being. These interviews are extremely detailed and may vary between providers. However, most assessments will include certain basic questions:

  • Do you have any past or present medical diagnoses?
  • Do you have any past or present mental health diagnoses?
  • Do you have a family history of any physical or mental illnesses?
  • What symptoms are you currently experiencing?
  • Do you now, or have you ever taken illicit drugs?
  • What is your living situation?
  • How much sleep do you normally get in a night?
  • Who is part of your support network? Does it include family, friends, healthcare providers, etc?
  • What is your highest level of education?
  • Are you currently employed?

Clinicians use this information to understand how your symptoms fit together. If you don’t already have a diagnosis, they may give you one before discussing treatment. Either way, the next step is to develop your plan of care. 

Treatment and Interventions

Despite the evidence that supports it, biopsychosocial treatment is not widely available.16 One study found that in hospital settings, few doctors perform comprehensive assessments. Instead, most providers focus on physical symptoms. If you’d like to receive treatment under the BPS model, you may need to seek out a specialized program.

By definition, biopsychosocial care includes multiple types of treatment.17 Each one addresses a different aspect of your health. For example, your care plan might include some or all of these therapies:

  • Biological: Medical care, nutrition counseling, physical therapy
  • Psychological: Talk therapy, behavioral therapy
  • Social: Family therapy, support groups

In many programs, your clinicians will work together18 to provide integrated treatment. You may meet with your care team as a group, and they may meet privately to discuss your case. This close communication allows them to track your progress and make adjustments to your care plan if necessary.

Limitations and Criticisms

While biopsychosocial assessment is the standard of care, this model has some limitations.19 Specifically, it focuses more on diagnosis than treatment. Without formal guidance on how to design a care plan, every provider takes a slightly different approach. This makes it hard for patients to know what they can expect during recovery. 

Some experts argue that the biopsychosocial approach is outdated.20 Critics say that scientific breakthroughs “have changed the very face of psychiatry in the last few decades,” leaving Engel’s theory behind. This new research suggests that some mental health issues have purely biological causes. However, we need much more data before we can confirm these theories.

The BPS model is more holistic21 than other approaches—maybe to a fault. S. Nassir Ghaemi, Director of the Mood Disorder Program at Tufts Medical Center, explains that “its boundaries are unclear.” In the effort to include so many dimensions of health, Engel left room for practitioners to interpret information as they see fit. As a result, their personal biases may affect treatment. Biopsychosocial treatment “gives permission to do everything, but no specific guidance to do anything,” Ghaemi writes. 

Future Directions and Implications

Despite these critiques, other experts say we can keep learning from this approach. For example, experts posit that focusing on the biopsychosocial model might reduce burnout among medical students.22 This could have far-reaching implications for the future of treatment. By setting an example for the next generation of healthcare providers, we might be able to reduce the stigma around mental illness. 

Biopsychosocial care also offers unique opportunities during recovery. Because treatment is so personalized,23 you and your care team may develop a closer bond. That connection can help you commit to treatment more fully. 

For a complete assessment of your physical, mental, and social needs, reach out to a treatment center and inquire with their admissions team. From there, you can begin planning the next phase of your recovery journey—and the rest of your life. 

Frequently Asked Questions About the Biopsychosocial Model of Mental Health

What is the biopsychosocial model of mental health?

The biopsychosocial model of mental health recognizes that biological, psychological, and social factors all contribute to a person’s well-being and the development of mental health issues. It emphasizes holistic treatment that addresses each aspect of a patient’s life to provide comprehensive care.

What are the 3 dimensions of the biopsychosocial model?

The biopsychosocial model consists of 3 dimensions: biological, psychological, and social. These dimensions interact with each other, and symptoms in one area can impact the other two. By understanding these connections, healthcare providers can develop tailored treatment plans.

What types of treatment are involved in the biopsychosocial model of mental health?

In the biopsychosocial model, biological treatments may include medical care, physical therapy, and nutrition counseling. Psychological treatments may involve talk therapy and behavioral therapy. Social treatments may include family therapy and support groups. Integrated care, where different treatment providers collaborate, is common in this model.

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The Signs of Drug Use in Teens

Drug use in teens is an increasing problem in the U.S. It’s important to recognize the signs of drug use in order to intervene and help teens struggling with addiction. Common signs of drug use in teens include changes in behavior, including mood swings, attitudes, and school performance. Additionally, physical signs can include red eyes, changes in sleep patterns, and changes in physical appearance. Finally, teens with drug addiction may show signs of financial or legal trouble, including stealing money or getting into trouble with the law.

If your child is using drugs, this recovery journey you’re about to embark on can not only help your teen, but it can also make your whole family grow closer. Getting teen treatment can set your child on the path to success. 

Signs, Symptoms, and Behaviors of Drug Use in Teens

If you know what to look for, you can discover if your teen is using drugs or drinking alcohol. Be on the lookout for these signs:

Changes in mood:

  • Irritable
  • Withdrawn
  • Unable to focus
  • Depressed or hyperactive

Changes in appearance:

  • Unkempt appearance
  • Bloodshot eyes
  • Flushed cheeks

Changes in behavior:

  • Sneaking out
  • Secretive about their phone or their whereabouts
  • Missing school or work
  • Hanging out with a new crowd of friends

How to Spot Drug Use in Teens

If you have a hunch your kid is using drugs, but you want to be sure, there are some things you can do to get a better idea of the situation:

  • Have eye contact conversations, and see if their eyes are bloodshot.
  • Smell for smoke.
  • Pay attention to their emotional state, this may be out of the norm.
  • Go through their belongings: This can be a sensitive topic. Giving your children the privacy they deserve is important, but if you are concerned about your teen’s safety and well being due to possible drug use, you may want to consider this option.

Teen Drug Use Statistics

 According to the National Institute on Drug Use, since the start of COVID-19, reported drug use has decreased1. This is likely due to school closure and social distancing (i.e. less peer pressure). Luckily, the downward trend has continued through the last couple of years; however, substance use still poses a threat.

The Most Commonly Used Drugs Amongst Teens

The most commonly used drugs reported in 2022 were nicotine/vaping, cannabis/marijuana, and alcohol. (Keep in mind that these are only the reported statistics. More teens likely use these substances and just don’t report it.)

  • 20.5% of 10th graders vaped
  • 19.5% of 10th graders ingested cannabis
  • 15.2% – 31.3% of 10th graders drank alcohol

While this downward trend provides some hope, research findings show dramatic and rising death rates in youth between the ages of 14-18. 

Also, it’s important to know that fentanyl, amongst other dangerous players, has contaminated the U.S. and worldwide drug supply2. This substance is extremely potent, meaning even the tiniest drop can make the user overdose. Fentanyl could be found in drugs like cocaine, MDMA (ecstasy), and heroin because it’s cheaper to cut these drugs with fentanyl than sell the pure substance.

Educating yourself on these dangers, and knowing how to help your child, is crucial for prevention, awareness, and recovery if/when needed.

Reasons Why Teens Use Drugs

Each teen has their reasons for using drugs. Here are some common factors that can push them to experiment.

  1. Peer Pressure: Being a teenager is hard, and they just want to fit in with their peers. If their best friend, or someone they admire, offers them drugs or alcohol, they’ll likely take it to feel accepted. 
  2. Media: TV shows, movies, and especially social media nowadays can show drug use as glamorous, normal, or fun. This can appeal to impressionable teens.
  3. Self-Medication: Mental health issues start to pop up around adolescence, and some teens may see the escape of drugs as a way to avoid these complex feelings.
  4. Experimentation: Teens are curious and ready to try new things, especially as they start to gain some freedom.
  5. To Feel Grown Up: Wanting to be a grownup and assert their independence can lead them to drinking or doing drugs.

Find Help for Teen Drug Use

So you’ve had the conversation with your teen about their drug or alcohol use. Now is the time to start gathering resources on how to help them.

  1. Gather Information: Begin by browsing programs for teens. Think through what you want to get out of this experience—for your child and your family. You may want to look for gender-specific care. These programs address hardships that boys and girls uniquely experience by giving them tools to face uncomfortable emotions and experiences. Gender-specific care also helps them focus on treatment without distractions. 
  1. Engage in Family Therapy: Family therapy will likely be an important part of the recovery process, for your teen and your whole family. Addiction education for loved ones is usually offered with this, as well. This gives clarity on your teen’s journey with substances and recovery. So when your child comes home after treatment, everyone will have the skills they need to maintain a healthy recovery environment.
  1. Be Supportive: Most importantly, be a rock for your child. They’re likely going through a confusing time, so having your support will make this process easier and improve their chances of success.
  1. Make Sure You Have Support: Give yourself grace through this journey. Helping your child through addiction recovery can be emotionally draining. You will have support from medical professionals, but other family members or friends can also provide support in this process. 

4A. Remember to prioritize your own self-care. Engage in activities that bring you joy and practice stress-reducing techniques.
As your kids grow older and start making their own decisions, you can act as a compassionate guide and lead by example. What you do from here on out is what matters most. A bright future awaits for your child with the right teen treatment.

find help for teen drug use
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What Is The Most Addictive Drug?

The most addictive drug varies from person to person. Some genetic mutations make certain drugs more addictive than others. Or, you might find yourself drawn to a seemingly “less addictive” drug, like nicotine, that feels just as powerful as a narcotic. 

With that said, scientists have narrowed down a few of the top addictive drugs. Their addictive potential comes from reactions, communications, and changes in the brain. 

But for each addictive drug, you have resources for recovery. You can speak with your care team to decide which route of treatment works best for you—like going to rehab. 

Heroin

Heroin comes from certain poppy plants. As an opioid, heroin is highly addictive and can change the structure of your brain1 over time. It usually comes from South America. Dealers often cut heroin with starches, sugars, or sedatives—some of which can have unpredictable and unwanted effects. 

Pure heroin looks like a white powder and tastes bitter. Impure heroin is called “black tar” for its sticky feel and dark color (from impurities). 

You can snort powdered heroin or smoke it. For black tar heroin, you can inject it into your veins or muscles once it’s been dissolved and diluted.

Heroin absorbs into mucous membranes in your nose and lungs—or, if you inject it intravenously, it dissolves directly into your bloodstream. 

Once ingested, heroin bonds to mu-opioid receptors in your brain and activates them2, which turns off GABAergic neurons. GABAergic neurons keep dopamine from rushing along your reward circuit. Once the opioid receptor turns GABAergic neurons off, dopamine runs free, which causes a rush of euphoria and a strong sense of general well-being. 

Activating the reward system like this tells your brain opioids are about as great as it gets. Add in the distressing withdrawal symptoms, and getting more can feel like an urgent need. And as you keep taking heroin, you’ll need higher doses to feel the same high as your first time2—which means you’ve built up a tolerance. 

Much of heroin’s danger lies in this rapid high-low pendulum swing.  Soon, you might need high doses to keep from feeling sick. Trying to chase your first high, you might accidentally overdose. 

Taking too much could cause your breathing to slow to null3. You might also feel constipated, nauseous, and extremely itchy. Long-term use can knock your neuronal and hormonal systems off balance4—sometimes permanently. 

Alcohol

As a depressant, alcohol suppresses the central nervous system. And, alcohol is both socially accepted and easy to get—a tricky combination. Alcohol causes a sense of happiness and well-being5, which activates your brain’s reward system. It sees alcohol as medicine and, eventually, as something you inherently need to survive. 

Because of its addictive nature and easy access, alcohol is one of the most dangerous substances to abuse6. Over half the visits to emergency rooms have something to do with alcohol. It’s also one of the 2 most-used substances, the other being nicotine. 

Different alcoholic drinks have different levels, or percentages, of alcohol. For example, an alcoholic seltzer drink is usually 5-8% alcohol; in something like vodka, the rate goes up to 40%. 

As with illicit drugs, you can build a tolerance to alcohol. So, you might need to add a splash of vodka to your seltzer or have an extra glass of wine to feel how you’re used to feeling on alcohol. The longer this continues, the more you’ll need to drink. 

Withdrawals include insomnia, anxiety, tremors, and seizures. For many, safely detoxing from alcohol requires medical supervision. 

Nicotine

Nicotine, like many other drugs, causes a release of dopamine7. But with nicotine, the rush isn’t quite as intense as something like heroin. Nicotine has such addictive power because of its repetitive nature7 and because you can use it with other activities (and substances). 

Smoking a cigarette or vaping can enhance the pleasure of other activities7, like watching a movie, partying, having a cup of coffee, or listening to music. Even though nicotine only adds to these activities, your brain still associates it as the source of joy in those situations. And so, you learn to keep smoking, subconsciously chasing satisfaction.

What used to be fun and motivating might seem boring or too mundane without the added boost from nicotine, so stopping can be challenging7. You might even feel like nothing’s enjoyable without smoking. That’s because nicotine represses your natural dopamine-release functions, and once they’ve been suppressed for so long, it can take time for your brain to adjust and provide its own. 

Though unpleasant, nicotine withdrawals won’t hurt you8. You may have a bad headache and experience cravings. You might also feel more anxious and hungry. But all withdrawal symptoms pass with time. 

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines, or benzos, subdue the central nervous system. They’re usually prescribed to help with anxiety, panic disorders, and insomnia9 for their calming, sedative effects. But benzos can also be highly addictive.

Some benzodiazepines can cause dependence faster than others. But usually, people use them with another drug9 to balance or complement other effects. Alcohol and benzos, for example, produce an enhanced calm but can dangerously suppress the central nervous system.

The benzodiazepine Rohypnol, AKA roofies, acts as a powerful sedative. Some misuse benzos like Rohypnol against others. But usually, benzodiazepines appeal for their countering effects against opioids and for self-sedation.

Benzodiazepine withdrawals9 can feel extremely uncomfortable. You could experience nightmares, anxiety, insomnia, psychosis, hyperpyrexia (extremely high fever), and convulsions. For those reasons, detoxing under medical supervision is a safer option. 

Methamphetamines

Doctors may prescribe the psychostimulant methamphetamine, or metamfetamine, to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)10. In healthy doses (for those who need it), methamphetamine’s effects resemble the brain’s fight-or-flight response10. This response  increases energy, alertness, and focus. But it’s also a drug of abuse with a high potential for addiction.

Methamphetamine looks like a white powder11 or crystal-like rocks. It’s relatively easy to make and cheap to buy. Many pseudo-scientists make methamphetamine in discreet labs, usually hidden off the beaten path.  But most meth comes from larger labs in Mexico and overseas countries. 

Methamphetamine releases dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine10, which contribute to pleasure, satisfaction, and alertness. Using methamphetamine for pleasure can cause binges, since the desired effects only last a few minutes. And because meth is one of the cheaper stimulants and easy to get, feeding the binges might not seem like a problem. 

But, as with other drugs, your brain changes with repeated doses. You might build up a tolerance12, prompting higher doses. Your brain may also stop producing dopamine and serotonin on its own. 

Methamphetamine withdrawals12 can cause cravings, depression, anxiety, violent behavior, confusion, insomnia, hallucinations, delusions, and psychosis. 

Cocaine

Cocaine is another highly addictive stimulant13. It’s also one of the most common illicit drugs14 in America. 

Cocaine prevents the reuptake of dopamine14, meaning dopamine stacks up on dopamine receptors. This sends an intense rush of pleasure and stimulates the entire reward pathway15, causing your brain to see cocaine use as intrinsically rewarding. Even the sights, sounds, and places associated with cocaine use can trigger the need for a dose. 

As with many other drugs, you can become used to the effects of cocaine, or “tolerant”. You’ll need more and more to feel the same high as your first time. This puts you at risk for an overdose. New dangers also lie in adding vermisol to cocaine15, which is used as a cutting agent. Sometimes, fentanyl even makes its way in. 

The withdrawals from cocaine16 include insomnia, tremors, cravings, and hyperactivity. 

Crack Cocaine

Crack cocaine is a smokeable version of regular cocaine17. So it’s also a stimulant, and addictive, but even more potent due to how it’s ingested. Before it’s smoked, crack cocaine looks like small rocks or crystals. 

The membranes in your lungs absorb crack cocaine18 easily and quickly, resulting in an almost immediate high. The high goes away faster than powder or liquid cocaine, which could prompt a binge—smoking until you run out of crack or money.  

The reinforcing action is even more powerful in crack cocaine17. Your brain thinks it’s a good idea to keep having more more often, trying to realize the pleasure it knows crack can give.

Barbiturates

Similar to benzodiazepines, barbiturates are a depressant19 generally used for anxiety, headaches, seizure prevention, and insomnia. Those who misuse this prescribed medication usually do to counter the effects of other drugs—typically stimulants like cocaine.

You can take barbiturates as a pill or liquid. Barbiturates make you feel sleepy, relaxed, and at ease19. They can also impair your memory and judgment, and make you irritable. You might also feel paranoid and suicidal.  

Overdosing on barbiturates19 causes your heart rate to rise, your breathing to slow, and your body temperature to lower. Overdoses can also cause comas and death.  

Methadone

Doctors prescribe methadone, a synthetic opioid20, to treat opioid use disorders (OUDs). It relieves cravings, reduces withdrawal symptoms, and doesn’t provide the same “rush” of euphoria as other opioids. At the correct dosage, these factors make methadone a valuable treatment element20 for OUDs. 

Part of what makes methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) effective is the low risk for addiction. And, in MMT, you don’t have to share needles or risk taking heroin, cocaine, etc., of unknown purity20. Doctor oversight adds another element of safety. 

But methadone does have an addictive element. The usual dose for OUD management ranges from 60+mgs20. Sometimes, patients in treatment buy extra doses from others or hoard doses to eventually get a euphoric effect from methadone. 

Taking too much methadone can cause dangerous effects, especially if you’re on other medications. Signs and symptoms of an overdose20 include dizziness, slurred speech, unconsciousness, slow pulse, shallow breathing, tiny pupils, and frothing at the mouth. 

Naloxone reverses the overdose effects of methadone20, as it does with other opioids. 

Marijuana

Marijuana, or weed, comes from the marijuana plant. Its addictive psychoactive properties lie in the THC21 (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in marijuana. You can ingest marijuana in many ways21—smoking the leaves, drinking it in tea, eating foods with weed, and smoking concentrated weed in the form of a sticky resin.

Weed produces a sense of relaxation22 and a milder feeling of euphoria. Weed can also make you pretty hungry (or, give you the munchies) and laugh easily. You’ll experience these effects right away if you smoke weed. 

Eating it slows the onset by a half hour or more, which could prompt you to redose, thinking it’s not working. Taking too much can cause anxiety, fear, paranoia, and panic22—the opposite of what weed usually feels like. Extremely high doses can even cause acute psychosis.  

Marijuana activates the reward system23 in your brain, causing a flood of dopamine to course along your reward pathway. After continued use, your brain teaches you to keep having weed as a way to feel reward and satisfaction. Continued usage can also impair your memory, learning abilities, and balance23.

Starting weed at a young age leads to a higher risk of addiction24. But anyone at any age can find themselves addicted, meaning they’d feel withdrawal symptoms and be completely unable to stop—even when they know they should. In states that don’t monitor distribution, the potency of THC continues to rise too. This creates consequences scientists and health professionals haven’t fully realized yet. 

But for each substance and its potential for addiction, you have opportunities to recover. 

Find Effective Drug Addiction Treatment Near You

The most addictive drug could vary widely from person to person. While one person might struggle to stop smoking cigarettes, someone else might not feel able to stop drinking—but drinking isn’t a problem for the first one. 

Fortunately, treatment for drug addiction caters to this variance. You can get the care you need at a residential rehab, outpatient facility, or detox unit. Your care team can help you decide which type and level of care will best meet your needs. 
To see a comprehensive collection of rehab facilities, you can browse our list of drug addiction rehabs to see photos, prices, reviews, insurance information, and more.

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Can Withdrawal Kill You?

Without proper care, the withdrawal symptoms from certain substances could kill you. A symptom this extreme depends on what you’ve been taking, how much, and how long you’ve been taking it. 

Not every drug has dangerous withdrawal symptoms. Some, though extremely uncomfortable, won’t hurt you. But alcohol, benzodiazepines, and opiates have the potential to be deadly.

After discussing your situation with your doctor or care team, you might decide to detox in a licensed, medically monitored detox environment. Many rehab centers with detox offer just this. 

What Causes Withdrawal Symptoms?

Your brain and body get used to drugs or alcohol and adapt to work around them. Once you stop taking substances, your body has to adjust to life without them. So, you experience withdrawal symptoms as your body returns to homeostasis1. Though the change is arguably good, your body still has to adjust—which might not feel good at all. 

If you’ve become highly dependent, stopping becomes dangerous. In those cases, you can seek treatment in a detox center or a residential rehab with detox. Detox centers treat non-life-threatening withdrawal symptoms too. Your comfort and safety both matter. 

Withdrawals vary across the different types of drugs and substances. Some pose no threat. Others require careful supervision. 

Alcohol Withdrawal

Detoxing from alcohol2 could be dangerous. The level of danger, and general symptom intensity, depends on how much you drink and how long you’ve been drinking. 

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms2 could include 

  • Rapid heartbeat
  • Shaking
  • Delirium tremens (DT)
  • Insomnia
  • Hallucinations
  • Extreme confusion
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Excessive, purposeless activity (getting in and out of bed, wandering around)
  • Anxiety
  • Grand mal seizures

Delirium tremens commonly affect those with a long history of drinking. DT’s symptoms3 include “profound confusion, autonomic hyperactivity, and cardiovascular collapse.” It’s rare, but needs to be caught as soon as possible to avoid danger. 

The other symptoms of alcohol detox may feel gross, but don’t tend to be life-threatening—especially under the supervision of doctors and nurses. Then, medications like Antabuse can help you stay sober4 in recovery.

Opiate Withdrawal

Opioid withdrawals can feel like a bad flu5, or the sickest you’ve felt in your entire life. Typically, though, it’s not one of the withdrawals that can kill you. The severity of symptoms depends on your dose and how long you’ve been taking opioids. 

The discomfort of opiate withdrawals can make you crave opioids even more. For many, temptations to alleviate the pain can cause a relapse5. Detoxing in a residential setting could help you avoid this in your early days of recovery.

During your opioid detox period, you might experience

  • Diarrhea
  • Dysphoria
  • Goosebumps
  • Restless legs
  • Muscle pains
  • Dizziness
  • Insomnia
  • Malaise
  • High heart rate

You can die from dehydration during opioid withdrawals6, caused by excessive vomiting and diarrhea. This catastrophic effect usually happens in jails, where prompt (and sufficient) medical care isn’t as common. 

Medications can curb the effects of opioid withdrawals7. For opioid detox, your doctor may prescribe methadone, buprenorphine, clonidine, and lofexidine. Each operates in different ways to diminish cravings and make withdrawals more comfortable. You can continue to take these medications to maintain your sobriety.

Heroin Withdrawal

As a short-acting opioid, heroin’s withdrawals typically set in 8-24 hours after your last dose7. They can last 4-10 days. 

Heroin’s withdrawal symptoms mimic a very bad flu. Turning to opioid-agonists, like methadone, can help you taper off high doses and maintain sobriety. Methadone relieves cravings and discomfort without the euphoric rush of heroin and other opioids8, making it non-addictive at the proper dose. 

And, using a maintenance medication like methadone reduces the risk of relapse by satisfying cravings8. This can also prevent HIV and infections caused by needle sharing—and, largely, relapse in general. 

Benzodiazepine Withdrawal

Depending on your dose and length of use, benzodiazepine withdrawals can be life threatening. Benzos treat anxiety and sleep disorders5 but could become addictive if used too long. Detoxing from benzos presents several dangers.

Benzo withdrawals resemble alcohol withdrawals5, which have a death risk. For that reason, you’ll likely need to detox in a medically monitored setting, like a hospital or residential rehab. Here’s what you might experience during benzodiazepine detox9:

  • Seizures
  • Muscle pains
  • Insomnia
  • Anxiety
  • Restlessness
  • Agitation
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Hand tremors
  • Excessive sweating
  • Heart palpitations
  • Catatonia
  • Death

Withdrawal symptoms usually begin 2-10 days after your last dose and can last 2-8 weeks. You can manage the symptoms by gradually weaning off benzodiazepines5, which gives your body time to adjust to lower doses. Going cold turkey, or stopping all at once, could cause psychosis, death, seizures, and convulsions10.  

Withdrawing From Multiple Substances

There’s limited research on detoxing from multiple substances. But, the available research shows each drug needs its own attention during detox11. For example, detoxing from a stimulant and a depressant at the same time requires a more nuanced approach. So, physicians may prescribe 2 withdrawal medications to combat the effects of multiple substances. 

Withdrawing from multiple substances has its challenges, but it’s not uncommon. A study found 71% of patients in detox were withdrawing from 2 or more substances11. Your care provider will make the ultimate decision regarding any medications you’ll need during detox and how the process might look for you. 

Getting Treatment for Withdrawal Symptoms

At best, detoxing might feel uncomfortable. At worst, it could kill you. But for each end of the detoxing spectrum, you have treatment options. 

For many withdrawal symptoms, you may need the help and care of a detox center. Or, a residential rehab with a detox program. In a center like this, you can begin therapeutic residential treatment right after detoxing.
To see your options, you can browse our list of rehabs with detox that includes pricing, photos, insurance information, and more.

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Does Insurance Cover Rehab?

The short answer is—yes, insurance often covers rehab. But it depends on your exact plan, why you need treatment, and which program you choose. It’s important to ask the right questions and get the answers you need before starting treatment. Doing this can remove some significant barriers to recovery. You can start by looking for a rehab program that accepts insurance.

Understanding Insurance: The Big Picture

Dealing with your insurance company can be daunting. And when you’re preparing for rehab, it might be tough to navigate that bureaucracy. Rehab is often an emergency, and you might not have the time or emotional energy to learn new-to-you complex terminology.

If this process feels overwhelming, remember that both insurance and rehab are there to help you get the care you need. The employees of these companies are real people with families and healthcare needs of their own. Look for ways to connect with them on a personal level. Sometimes that means getting on the phone with the right person, which can take time. You can also ask your rehab center for help.

Factors That Affect the Cost of Rehab

When you’re planning to start rehab, you can find out how much treatment will cost before you enter rehab. That transparency is essential. For many people, this is what makes recovery possible.

Your rehab’s staff can give you most of the information you need. To answer any remaining questions, you can call your insurer or ask your rehab to call them for you. It’s often better to have a staff member contact them on your behalf. They might know more about insurance than you do, and already know someone who works at the insurance company.

There are a few common questions you might want to start with:

  • Does your rehab program accept my particular insurance plan?
  • Do I need any referrals from my primary care doctor, therapist, psychiatrist, etc., to qualify for coverage?
  • What documentation do you need from me to confirm that my insurance will cover rehab?
  • How will my insurance company determine what type of treatment is medically necessary?
  • Which specific types of treatment does my insurance plan cover?
  • How long does insurance cover rehab? Will my coverage change based on how long I stay in treatment?
  • If my care plan changes during rehab, will your staff help me negotiate those changes with my insurance company?
  • Which types of aftercare will my insurance plan cover?
  • If I relapse after rehab, will my insurance cover additional treatment?
  • At your facility, what would my total out-of-pocket costs be for the specific type of treatment I need?

It’s best to get clear answers before signing up for treatment. If your provider can’t or won’t give you this information, you can call your insurer directly or look for a different rehab center.

What Types of Insurance Cover Residential Rehab?

Insurance companies regularly update their policies. Talk to your insurer, rehab center, doctor, or someone else on your care team to ensure you have the most recent information before you commit to a particular rehab program.

Most types of insurance cover some amount of addiction and mental health treatment, including but not limited to the following:

With any insurance, it’s important to check what coverage your specific plan can offer. For example, some plans might require a referral from your doctor. Others may cover medical detox but not longer-term care.

Out-of-Network vs. In-Network Treatment Centers

A network is a list of providers who accept a particular insurance plan. In-network healthcare providers ((“What You Should Know About Provider Networks.” Health Insurance Marketplace. https://marketplace.cms.gov/outreach-and-education/what-you-should-know-provider-networks.pdf)) can easily bill your care to your insurance company. You may still need to go over some details to make sure your treatment is covered by insurance. But in most cases, attending an in-network treatment facility is the most straightforward option.

Simple isn’t always better. You might need a type of care that’s only available at an out-of-network facility. In that case, you’ll probably have higher out-of-pocket costs than you would at an in-network rehab. You might even have to pay the full amount. But that’s not always the case. You can still ask your provider to get in touch with your insurance company to learn more about your options.

Going to Rehab Without Insurance

If you’re paying out of pocket, or your care plan won’t cover rehab for drugs or alcohol, you can still find ways to get the treatment you need:

    • Some rehab centers offer scholarships, ((Welcome to Benefits.Gov | Benefits.Gov. https://www.benefits.gov/benefit/871. Accessed 31 May 2023.)) grants, or financial assistance. Ask your center’s admissions team to learn how you can apply. You may be eligible for funding through a public aid program or directly through your rehab facility.
    • Consider outpatient treatment. These programs are usually much less expensive than residential rehab. You might attend an intensive outpatient program (IOP) or partial hospitalization program (PHP). Either one will allow you to live at home while attending therapy like a part-time or full-time job.
    • Find a more affordable rehab program. According to the National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics, the least expensive inpatient rehabs in the U.S. cost approximately $6,000/month.

((“Average Cost of Drug Rehab [2023]: By Type, State & More.” NCDAS, https://drugabusestatistics.org/cost-of-rehab/. Accessed 31 May 2023.))

How to Get Insurance to Pay for Rehab

Walter Baker, insurance expert with Sandstone Care, says that “The #2 barrier to treatment and the #2 cause of relapse is money.” Many people delay getting the care they need because they’re afraid they won’t be able to afford it. And what’s more, worrying about money can directly affect your mental health. ((Ryu S, Fan L. The Relationship Between Financial Worries and Psychological Distress Among U.S. Adults. J Fam Econ Issues. 2023;44(1):16-33. doi: 10.1007/s10834-022-09820-9. Epub 2022 Feb 1. PMID: 35125855; PMCID: PMC8806009.)) You can put your mind at ease by getting clear answers before treatment. Use these strategies to plan for your long-term recovery.

Build Personal Relationships

Some rehabs and insurance companies may hesitate to tell you how much treatment will cost. If you can appeal to them on a personal level, you can break through this barrier. Reach out to the admissions team at a rehab and ask them for help. They may know someone who works at your insurance company. If not, they can help you plan to contact them yourself. Knowing who to ask can make all the difference.

Document Your Process

Insurance companies use a lot of specialized terminology. That can make it hard to understand your own bills, much less negotiate their terms. Plan around this by keeping clear records of all your correspondence with your rehab and your insurance company. You can also request a copy of your medical records from your doctor, therapist, and other providers. If you get a surprising bill, ask an expert about it instead of paying immediately. Your rehab’s staff might be able to help you, or your insurer might be willing to make adjustments if you can give them enough information.

Get Medically Necessary Care

Most of the time, insurance only covers medically necessary treatments. ((“Understanding Health Care Bills: What Is Medical Necessity?” National Association of Insurance Commissioners. https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/consumer-health-insurance-what-is-medical-necessity.pdf )) In other words, you or your care team will need to prove that you need a specific type of care. This practice prevents people from abusing their insurance to get treatment they don’t really need. When you’re healing from substance use disorders, this can be especially important. The downside is that it can limit what types of treatment are available to you.

When you’re choosing a rehab, broaden your search to include several different levels of care. Your insurance may be willing to pay for an IOP or PHP, even if they deny coverage for residential rehab.

Choosing the Best Rehab for You

While insurance can be confusing, it’s there to help you recover. Your care team can advocate for you while you research different options. Don’t be afraid to comparison shop between various rehab programs. Consider their types of treatment, insurance coverage, and how much support you get from the admissions team.

Throughout this process, you’ll also learn to be your own greatest ally. “Just because an insurance company says one thing and a provider says another thing, the truth is probably somewhere in the middle,” Walter Baker explains. If you can find that truth before you commit to a rehab program, you’ll set yourself up for long-term success.

Search rehabs by insurance coverage to find a program that meets your unique needs.

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6 Sobriety Support Groups for Women: Community and Connection in Recovery

Your recovery is your responsibility—but it doesn’t have to be yours alone. Support groups offer a sober community to support and celebrate you throughout recovery. It’s important to find a support group where you feel heard, so you can feel safe to share your story. And sometimes, women find it hard to achieve that in mixed-gender settings.

Women’s support groups invite members to connect with other women in recovery who share similar life experiences. These spaces can offer you a stable community during or after a women-only rehab program. 

The Role of Support Groups for Women in Recovery

Many women with alcohol addiction start drinking because of issues in their social lives,1 like the isolation many new moms feel after becoming a mother. And compared to men, addiction is more likely to negatively affect women’s social lives. When women decide to enter treatment, they typically have less social support to do so. As a result, many women begin their recovery journey without the help of a strong community. 

However, studies show that women with more social support2 tend to stay in treatment and sober for longer. And it’s not just about receiving support from others. Women in recovery also benefit from giving support. 

Not every relationship aids in recovery.3 In fact, your previous support network might even get in the way of your progress. Old friends might still drink heavily and refuse to change their behavior to support you. Or they may even pressure you to drink with them like you did before. These types of relationships make it very difficult to stay on track. 

Studies show that the more supported you feel by your social circle, the more motivated you’ll be4 to stay in recovery. This is especially true for people who have recovery-specific support networks. When your friends are also in the process of healing, you’re more likely to stay sober. In many women-oriented treatment programs, you can connect with other women in recovery. 

What Are Support Groups?

Peer support groups invite people in recovery to share mutual support5 without professional guidance. Instead, you’ll connect with peers who share your recovery goals.

These groups aren’t a replacement for addiction treatments like talk therapy. But they can be an important aspect of recovery nonetheless. Data shows that peer support groups motivate people to stay in recovery.6 They also decrease cravings and the risk of relapse.

Alcoholism Support Groups for Women

Many support groups are open to everyone, but some women may not be comfortable with mixed-gender groups.7 For example, women in addiction treatment may have a history of trauma at the hands of men. If that’s true for you, you might find it hard to be vulnerable with men in the room. Men also tend to be more dominant in mixed-gender interactions, speaking more than people of other genders. That pattern can prevent women from getting the support they need.

You might also just find it easier to relate to other women in recovery. People of the same gender face similar challenges, in recovery and other aspects of their lives. If you’d like to join a women-only support group, you can choose from several different options.

1. Women for Sobriety

Women for Sobriety (WFS) is a peer support group for women in recovery. Their New Life program revolves around 13 Acceptance Statements that urge members to recognize their own self-worth. Many of these are written as affirmations:

“I am responsible for myself and for my actions.I am in charge of my mind, my thoughts, and my life.”

This secular non-profit welcomes women from all religious backgrounds. Members talk about their lives and encourage each other to stay sober. They strive to let go of guilt and shame about the past, and focus on building a better future instead.

WFS hosts virtual and in-person meetings around the country. They also offer phone support. If you call in, you’ll speak to a member who’s been sober for at least a year.

2. SMART Recovery for Women

SMART (Self-Management and Recovery Training) Recovery takes a scientific approach to healing. Their free women’s support groups focus on 4 points of behavioral change:8

  1. “Building and maintaining the motivation to change.
  2. Coping with urges to use.
  3. Managing thought, feelings, and behaviors in an effective way without addictive behaviors.
  4. Living a balanced, positive, and healthy life.”

Participants learn how to manage their emotions using techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). While most meetings are mixed gender, they also offer some women-only meetings. Dr. Natalie Unmesi, a SMART Recovery facilitator, explained why she started the first women-only meetings in New York City:9

“My hope is to create a safe space to address the unique biological and societal challenges that women face in accessing addiction treatment and in recovery from substance use disorders and other maladaptive behaviors. I love the space that we have created in our weekly meeting. We celebrate our collective successes, we support each other through challenging times in a nonjudgmental setting, and above all, we use the CBT-based SMART tools so that we may continue to take agency in our lives.”

3. She Recovers

She Recovers welcomes women and non-binary people recovering from a range of challenges:

Unlike many other groups, She Recovers doesn’t hold to a strict philosophy of healing. Instead they recognize that while everyone’s healing journey is unique, social support is key for many women in recovery.

Sherri Beatty, a member and volunteer, says, “She Recovers put me on the road to recovery by introducing to me the most important part of recovery, connection!10 The friends and coaches I’ve found in this group are instrumental in my life.” You can attend in-person or online meetings, as well as trauma-informed yoga and dance classes. 

4. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Women’s Meetings

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is one of the most well-known recovery support groups. In AA, you follow a 12-Step program as you work through the program. The 12 Steps guide you to accept your lack of control over alcohol and put faith in a higher power.

While AA is a spiritual fellowship,11 it’s open to people of all religious backgrounds. Studies show that this spiritual focus is beneficial to many people’s success in recovery. But if spirituality doesn’t resonate with you, these meetings might not be a good fit. While general AA meetings are open to all genders, it’s easy to find women-only meetings in person and online. 

5. The Phoenix

The Phoenix supports recovery through fitness classes and outings. Members believe in the physical and emotional power of self-transformation. They offer over 20 different types of fitness classes, from skiing to yoga. Classes are free to anyone who has been sober for at least 48 hours. The Phoenix has chapters in 44 states, and you can live stream classes on demand.

Dina, a member of The Phoenix, describes how the dual focus on social support and physical fitness12 helps her recovery. “It’s not just the physicality of it…we’re not friends, we’re family, and you’re not made to feel welcome because that’s their job…we want to help you save your life.” 

Most meetings are open to all genders. However, you can contact your local chapter to ask about their women-only classes. For example, they occasionally partner with organizations like She Recovers. The Phoenix also has very strict community standards against sexism,13 racism, homophobia, and aggressive behavior or language in classes. 

6. In The Rooms

In The Rooms is a virtual venue for additional connection between in-person meetings about recovery. It’s especially helpful for people who are traveling, live far from in-person support groups or have social anxiety. Their meetings offer social support when you need it most. As co-founder Ron Tennebaum explains, “You need a support system.14 You need someone to call on days when you wake up and you really want to pick up a drink or a drug.”

This organization offers 150+ live virtual sessions a week, including 12-Step and non-12-Step meetings. You can find meetings for people recovering drugs, alcohol, gambling, sex and love addiction, codependent relationships and more. They host meetings for other women-only groups like She Recovers and AA for Women in Recovery. 

How to Find and Join Support Groups

Every support group has a slightly different ethos. It’s important to find one that can help you meet your recovery goals. To do that, you can ask your care team for recommendations. They’ll likely have context about your specific addiction, so they’ll be able to help you choose the right group. If you know other people in recovery in your area, you can also ask them about any groups they’re part of. 

You can also search online databases for local meetings. Many support group websites have a page for in person and online meetings based on your location. Some people find that it’s easier to attend virtual meetings at first, for a few reasons. First, they eliminate any travel time or logistics. Second, some online meetings let you join without turning on your video or microphone. Observing a meeting can give you a sense of what to expect, without the pressure of joining in right away.

For more information on gender-specific treatment, see this resource for healing from substance use disorders.

Support Groups Give Community to Women in Recovery

Support groups are a valuable supplement to many women’s recovery. But they can’t replace formal treatment. During or after rehab, you can build a stronger community by connecting with your peers.

This approach can be central to every part of your recovery process. Search women-only rehab programs to find one that meets your needs.

Frequently Asked Questions About Women’s Sobriety Support Groups

Why is it important for women in recovery to have social support?

Women in recovery tend to have less social support compared to men. Studies show that women with more social support tend to stay in treatment, and stay sober, longer. Women who have recovery-specific support networks are more motivated to stay sober.

Why might some women feel more comfortable in women-only sobriety support groups?

Some women may feel uncomfortable in mixed-gender support groups due to a history of gender-related trauma. Women might also find it easier to relate to other women in recovery who face similar challenges. Men tend to dominate mixed-gender interactions, speaking more than people of other genders, which can prevent women from getting the support they need.

What are some examples of women-only sobriety support groups?

Women-only sobriety support groups include, but aren’t limited to, Women for Sobriety, SMART Recovery for Women, She Recovers, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) women’s meetings, Sober Mom Squad, The Phoenix, and In The Rooms.

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Sober Women of History

Sober women have contributed to the recovery movement in America since it first began. Their early contributions helped make the recovery space more accessible and acceptable for women. 

Women also advocated for gender-specific treatment, support groups, and 12-Step meetings. Their work is still felt around the world today. Some rehabs cater to just women, too. 

Women in Recovery Who Made a Difference

Each and every woman in recovery makes a difference. Women who challenged the stigma of addiction and recovery early on paved the way for continued advocacy, fresh recovery programs, and support. 

Betty Ford (1918-2011)

Former First Lady Betty Ford left a large mark on the addiction treatment scene and the stigma surrounding it. After a battle with opioid and alcohol addictions, an intervention, and treatment, Betty realized she was in a unique position to make a difference. 

First Lady Betty Ford helped create her own treatment center, the Betty Ford Center, designed to help both men and women find recovery. Betty Ford Centers have since expanded across America. 

The Betty Ford organization merged with the Hazelden Foundation in 2014. Hazelden pioneered the Minnesota-model of treatment1, which focuses on 12-Step treatment. Their merge broadened the impact of Betty’s first decision to make her addiction known and use her notoriety to help others.

Jean Kirkpatrick, Ph.D (1923-2000)

Jean Kirkpatrick, sociologist, formed Women for Sobriety in 1975. She attended 12-Step AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) meetings throughout her recovery process. After finding a need for women-focused treatment, she created a solution herself: Women for Sobriety2. 

Women for Sobriety groups meet across America now. Dr. Kirkpatrick’s history of repeated relapses, research, and life-long determination brought a gift to the world many women continue to enjoy. 

Elizabeth Taylor (1932-2011)

American actress Elizabeth Taylor lived a lavish, seemingly ideal life. But after a spinal surgery and other health conditions, she became addicted to prescription pain pills3. She also struggled with alcohol addiction. 

Elizabeth Taylor made the decision to publicly announce her admittance to Betty Ford Center, Betty Ford’s first treatment center. By doing so, Elizabeth gave permission for other celebrities to do the same. She also normalized treatment for women—even pretty, successful ones like her.

As a Hollywood Icon, Elizabeth Taylor embodied who many women wished they could be. So seeing her go to rehab, openly admit it, and then go again after a relapse may have been more impactful than she’ll ever realize.  

Nora Volkow (1956-Present)

Nora Volkow, current director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), changed the way we see addiction. Her work in brain imagery showed that addiction isn’t a character flaw or personal failing. Rather, it’s a tangible change in the brain. 

Her work contributed heavily to the disease model of addiction4. This revolutionized the old idea of addiction being something to punish. Now, for many, it’s something to treat.

Women in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) provides a resource for Americans struggling with alcohol addiction. While it didn’t specifically exclude women, they weren’t welcomed in the same way men were. Usually, women were seen as the supportive spouse, attending just for their husbands’ sake. Or, women were villainized for their addiction. 

Some of the very first women in AA decided to change that.  

Florence R. (?-1943)

Florence was one of the very first members of AA5. She joined one of the pioneering groups in New York, wrote the first section written by a woman in the Big Book, and tried to start an AA group in Washington. 

Though she didn’t succeed, and eventually returned to drinking, Florence made AA meetings somewhere women could go, too. Those early members became family to her—something that still happens to this day.

In Florence’s case, just showing up to meetings made her an early AA icon. Despite her sobriety not lasting, she still made AA meetings a more accepting, open place for women.

Marty Mann (1904-1980)

Marty supported the disease model of addiction, a brave move at a time when it wasn’t yet proven. She was one of the first women to bring awareness to addiction6 as something to heal, not punish. Marty fought against the stigma women in particular received: that they were promiscuous, uncontrollable, and without value. Instead, she advocated for recovery through acceptance.

Marty Mann also founded the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. She encouraged other women to get help, and those in the LGBTQ+ community. As a gay woman, Marty Mann bridged gaps between 2 underserved communities and the help they deserved. 

Dr. Ruth Fox (1896-1989)

Dr. Fox became the first medical director of The National Council on Alcoholism in 1959. She was one of the first psychoanalysts to take alcoholic patients. And she pioneered the use of Antabuse7 to treat alcohol addiction, which we still use today.

Dr. Ruth Fox also founded the American Medical Society on Alcoholism and Other Drug Dependencies. 

Dr. LeClair Bissell (1928-2008)

Dr. Bissell co-founded the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM)8. Like Marty Mann, she helped change the way the public saw addiction, women in recovery, and gay women. LeClair also advocated heavily for alcoholism treatment in professionals, specifically medical professionals. 

All these women changed the way women and the world see recovery. They made healing seem like a safe option for women who were scared, embarrassed, and without hope–but wanted out.

Those options for recovery still exist today, for men and women. And we have a lot of people to thank for that.

Find a Recovery Program Today

Much has changed from the early days of AA and recovery as a whole. While the stigma surrounding addiction hasn’t yet disappeared, these early women in recovery diminished it bit by bit. 
Thanks to them and many others around the world, ethical, women-focused recovery programs exist globally. You can browse our list of women-only rehabs and see photos, reviews, insurance information, and more.

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Women for Sobriety: Healing with Your Sisters

Women face a different set of challenges than men during addiction recovery. Surrounding yourself with like-minded women can help you feel more supported and open during your recovery journey. 

Women for Sobriety (WFS) does just that. They are a women’s only peer-support program designed for overcoming substance use disorders. Like WFS, attending a women’s only rehab can meet you where you’re at and guide you on the path to sobriety. 

What Is Women for Sobriety? 

In the past 25 years, research has shown that there are significant gender differences in alcohol and drug recovery1. Because of this, treatment and professionals need to adapt to uniquely serving both men and women.

This is where Women for Sobriety (WFS)2 comes in. Founder Jean Kirkpatrick, a sociologist, had been an alcoholic for many years. She tried Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) but felt that something was missing. That’s when she found out that the success rates of recovery were higher for men than women. After her own journey of achieving, and maintaining, sobriety, she kick started WFS in 1975.

Is Women for Sobriety Affiliated with a Religion?

WFS runs on the core belief that “[women] have the power of changing [their] way of thinking. [They] live in the atmosphere created by [their] mind and [their] thoughts.” The organization helps you realize that you have the power to change, and that choosing positivity will create a positive reality. WFS does not have any religious affiliations; however, it can be used alongside other religious recovery support groups for women. 

Their New Life program3 promotes lasting change through:

  • Positive reinforcement (approval and encouragement)
  • Cognitive strategies (positive thinking)
  • Letting the body help (relaxation techniques, meditation, nutrition, and physical exercise)
  • Dynamic group involvement

WFS Affirmations

WFS has 13 empowering statements that their members follow, similar to AA’s 12 Steps. These affirmations help guide your daily life in a positive, motivated direction. WFS breaks down these 13 statements into their 6 Levels of Recovery. As you move through each level and continue on your journey with WFS, you’ll focus on growing in all different areas of your life. 

Level 1: Acceptance of having a substance use disorder, one that requires the cessation of substance use. (Acceptance statement 1) You’ll learn to come to terms with your addiction, and realize that sobriety is necessary. You’ll learn more about substance use disorders and how to care for your mind and body.

Level 2: Discarding negative thoughts, putting guilt behind, and practicing new ways of viewing and solving problems. (Acceptance statements 2, 4, and 9) You’ll examine what factors in your life are problem areas. You’ll pick out negative habits and thought patterns and actively work on shifting those to healthy ones. You’ll recognize that you don’t need to let your problems overwhelm you and see them as growing opportunities. 

By this stage, you’ll have 1.) a regular exercise routine and 2.) way of relaxation and meditation.

Level 3: Creating and practicing a new self-image. (Acceptance statements 5 and 12) This is the phase where you tap into your power. You’ll take responsibility for your feelings and behaviors, and you’ll let go of people, situations, and things outside of your control. 

You’ll be picky about what energy you allow into your life, so that you can create a positive environment. You’ll learn that one mistake does not ruin all the hard work you’ve done. You’ll create the self-image of a powerful, confident woman who owns her life.

Level 4: Using new attitudes to enforce new behavior patterns. (Acceptance statements 3, 6, and 11) During this level, you’ll learn to choose happiness every single day. You’ll adopt a positive attitude that you can share with your loved ones. And every day, you’ll seek out magic in the ordinary. 

Level 5: Improving relationships as a result of our new feelings about self. (Acceptance Statements 7 and 10) You’ll learn to be vulnerable with others and the world around you. You’ll work on developing meaningful, reciprocal relationships. This step comes later in the healing process because first, you must mend the relationship you have with yourself. 

Level 6: Recognizing life’s priorities: emotional and spiritual growth, self-responsibility. (Acceptance statements 8 and 13) You’ll continue to work on the lifelong relationship that you have with yourself through emotional and spiritual growth. You’ll take ownership of your actions and choose a happy and healthy lifestyle.

Women for Sobriety Meetings

To make the WFS program effective for you, you must practice it consciously each day. This can be easy with the help of other supportive sisters. There are different meetings that you can choose from to fit your schedule and needs. WFS embraces all expressions of female identity and welcomes those in the LGBTQ+ community.

In-person support groups

“Face-to-face” groups are available in the United States and Canada. These meetings are just for women who are recovering from drug and alcohol addiction. Meetings occur once per week and usually last 60-90 minutes. Ideally, only 6-10 women attend per group.

During in-person meetings, you’ll face each other in a circle in an open discussion format. At the beginning of the meeting, the 13 Acceptance Statements and the mission statement are read out loud. Each woman introduces herself by saying, “my name is ____ and I am a competent woman.” You’ll then share a positive action or feeling that relates to one of the 13 affirmations. You’ll go over different topics, share stories, and learn together throughout those 60-90 minutes. 

At the end of the meeting, you’ll stand with joined hands and say the WFS Motto: “We are capable and competent, caring and compassionate, always willing to help another, bonded together in overcoming our addictions.” 

If this resonates with you, you can find a face-to-face group near you.

Online meetings

WFS Online is an open forum for women overcoming their addiction. This is a 24/7 message board where women can share and seek support for their recovery. There are online chat meetings that happen 1-2 times daily. And these meetings are free.

If this style of online support resonates with your recovery journey, join the online forum today.

Healing Through Love

Jean Kirkpatrick set out on a mission to help women all across the country recover differently than what society has told them they should do. The Women for Sobriety program has helped thousands of women find their place in the recovery community. Healing with other women will not only help you on your lifetime sobriety journey, but you’ll also form incredible relationships along the way. Discover how women’s only treatment can help you feel at home.

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How Does Addiction Affect Women?

Women healing from addiction and mental health conditions face distinct risks and challenges. Your sex and gender can impact the way your body responds to substances. While we need more data about people of many genders, we know that women often use drugs for different reasons than men. Women also face unique cultural pressures that can make addiction more likely. Women-only rehabs offer a safe space for women to work through these challenges. 

The Relationship Between Gender and Addiction

It’s important to note that most addiction research to date focuses on men and women. We need more data about the impacts of addiction on people of all genders. However, it can still be helpful to learn about how addiction affects different genders differently. 

Physiology and Addiction

Some physiological factors uniquely impact people assigned female at birth, whatever their gender. For example, many people with bodies assigned female at birth have a lower total percentage of body water1 than those assigned male at birth. This means it takes less alcohol for them to feel just as intoxicated. 

It’s also possible that men and women respond to substances differently. Experts report, “a number of studies have suggested that, relative to men, women may have an accelerated course of substance use,2 progressing more rapidly from initiation of substance use to problems with substances, and from problems with substances to treatment-seeking.”

Societal Challenges for Women

Women face certain social pressures, whether or not they were assigned female at birth. For example, data shows that both trans and cis women have higher rates of eating disorders3 than cis men. 

People of all genders feel shame about addiction.4 But these difficult emotions are stronger in women, especially those with children. Women are also more likely to feel a sense of stigma around addiction. And that, even more than the feeling of guilt, can be a barrier to treatment.

Women’s reasons for using drugs5 are also different from men’s. Men usually drink and use drugs for fun or to take risks. Women, on the other hand, use substances to regulate their mood, reduce stress, and find relief from difficult life experiences. If you’re using drugs to cope with your life, it’s easy to develop addiction. What’s more, data shows that women become addicted more quickly than men. 

What Types of Addiction Are Women Prone To?

While men are more likely to abuse substances6 in the first place, women are more prone to some types of  addiction. Women are also at a higher risk for certain mental health conditions. 

Alcohol

Because they typically weigh less than men, it takes less alcohol for women to become intoxicated.7 Most women also have lower levels of the digestive enzymes that break down alcohol. 

This means that drinking exposes women’s bodies to higher concentrations of alcohol. And that exposure lasts longer for women than it does for men. These factors make women more vulnerable to alcohol addiction. 

Prescription Drugs

Women are more likely to experience chronic pain8 than men. This may be part of the reason why women are more likely to misuse prescription opioids. And due to their brain chemistry, women develop opioid addiction much faster than men.

Gambling

Gambling addiction is commonly a way to cope with anxiety, loneliness, or boredom.9 While men are more likely to develop an addiction to gambling than women, that gender gap is closing. They may feel more shame about their behavior, or worry about whether it’s safe to get treatment in a mixed-gender setting.

Eating Disorders

The relationship between gender and eating disorders11 is a complicated one. Many women develop these conditions due to societal pressures about their appearance. According to one study, “girls or women are more likely than boys or men to report weight dissatisfaction, dieting for weight control, and use of purging.” 

Co-Occurring Disorders

When you have a mental health condition and addiction, you can look for a rehab that treats co-occurring disorders. Women are especially vulnerable to certain diagnoses. For example, almost twice as many women experience depression12 as men. People with depression are more likely to use substances,13 and people who use substances are more likely to be depressed. Without treatment, this can easily become a spiral.

Many women also use substances to cope with trauma. Data shows that as many as 59% of women with addiction also have PTSD.14 When drug use masks your mental health symptoms, it might feel like a coping strategy. But if you’re already vulnerable to addiction, that behavior can easily get out of control. 

Women and Relapse

It’s widely believed that women are more likely to relapse than men. However, there are studies with conflicting findings. Some say that women are more likely to relapse, while others have found the opposite to be true. In all, experts report “few gender differences in rates of post-treatment relapse15 to alcohol use, although the evidence is mixed in regard to relapse to drug use.”

Certain factors contribute to women’s relapse rates:

Supportive Treatment for Women With Addiction

Gender-specific treatment can make a huge difference in your healing journey. In women-only rehabs, your gender stops being a barrier to treatment. Instead, it can inform your specific goals for addiction recovery.

Women-Only Support Groups and Therapy

Some women find it difficult to share their feelings in mixed-gender groups.19 Perhaps you’ve experienced trauma that makes it hard to trust men. In addition, men tend to dominate conversations with women, even unintentionally. In rehab, women-only support groups and group therapy invite you to open up in a protected space. 

Some mixed-gender rehabs have women’s groups, and other programs only treat women. For Andrea, a client at Georgia Strait Women’s Clinic, attending women-only rehab was the key to recovery. “An all women’s program allowed for a safe environment for group work and other activities,” she explains.

Trauma-Informed Therapy for Women

Most women with addiction have a history of sexual assault,20 physical abuse, or both. Trauma-informed care helps clients explore the complex impacts of trauma. It also provides a safe, supportive environment for healing.

Kristi P., who attended the women-only rehab Awakenings by the Sea, says this of her experience: 

“I needed a safe place of refuge to escape my life and the chaos I was going through…I found women who were searching to heal from trauma the way I was searching.”

Relapse Prevention

For women, the risk of relapse is tied to societal pressures.21 Experts describe 4 themes among women who relapse: 

  1. A low sense of self-worth, especially in the context of romantic partnerships
  2. Negative feelings and conflict in relationships
  3. The inability to build a new, sober support network
  4. Little knowledge about drugs, alcohol, and relapse prevention skills

This data suggests that women can benefit from rehabs with a strong focus on relapse prevention. These programs can help you make a long term recovery plan that accounts for your specific risk factors. For example, your plan might include family therapy to help you improve close relationships.

Gender-Specific Treatment Options for Women

Women face unique risks and challenges when healing from addiction. The good news is that there are a myriad of ways to get the support you need. Gender-specific treatment can help you explore the root cause of your addiction, and empower you to start recovery.


No matter your sex or gender, you deserve care that meets your unique needs. Explore rehabs for women including centers with trauma-informed care, relapse prevention, and more.

Frequently Asked Questions About Women and Addiction

How does addiction affect women differently than men?

Addiction can affect women differently than men due to biological, psychological, and social factors. Women may experience more intense cravings and faster progression of addiction, have a higher risk of relapse, and may face greater stigma and social isolation. Women also tend to have more complex mental health needs, such as anxiety and depression, which can contribute to addiction.

What are the unique challenges women in addiction recovery face?

Women in recovery may face gender-specific issues, such as pregnancy, childcare responsibilities, or financial dependence on a partner. Women are likelier to have experienced trauma, such as sexual abuse or domestic violence, which can complicate recovery. Other challenges include lack of access to treatment, societal stigma, and shame associated with addiction.

What treatment options are available for women with addiction?

Treatment options for women with addiction include inpatient and outpatient rehab programs, behavioral therapies, medication-assisted treatment, and support groups. Treatment may also address co-occurring mental health conditions like anxiety or depression. It’s important for women to receive treatment that addresses their unique needs and challenges in recovery.