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When Drinking Doesn’t Help: The Connection Between Alcohol and Social Anxiety

Alcohol and anxiety are closely related. Many people with social anxiety disorder (SAD) feel like drinking alleviates their symptoms. In the short term, that might even be true. But over time, any alcohol consumption can make matters worse. Heavy drinking not only increases anxiety; it can also turn into addiction.

If you have either of these conditions, treatment can help. You can attend inpatient rehab to treat a drinking problem, social anxiety, or both at the same time. During recovery, you’ll learn better ways to cope with your symptoms. And with those skills in hand, you won’t have to self-medicate with alcohol.

“Getting to the Root of My Anxiety”

If you’re using alcohol to cope with social anxiety, ((Efilnikufecin. (2021, October 18). I became an alcoholic due to Social Anxiety [Reddit Post]. R/Socialanxiety. www.reddit.com/r/socialanxiety/comments/qau9cf/i_became_an_alcoholic_due_to_social_anxiety/)) you might feel stuck in a cycle. But according to one anonymous Reddit user, there’s always a way out:

Alcohol “was like a miracle cure,” they write in a post. “Super confident, I’d walk up and talk to anyone. And embarrass myself obviously. I’d blackout drunk every single time because I never wanted the feeling to end. I didn’t want to go back to being scared.”

Over time, this person’s symptoms got worse, but “the increasing anxiety made me drink more.” They would experience withdrawal whenever they were sober. It turned into a vicious cycle. When drinking got in the way of their parenting, they knew something had to change.

“Getting to the root of my anxiety and feelings of self hatred was the important thing,” they explain on the Social Anxiety subreddit. “It’s been 4 years now and I haven’t had a drop.” It may feel like you need alcohol in order to function—but in reality, drinking just compounds the problem.

When Social Drinking Becomes a Problem

Many people feel like they need alcohol to be social. And it can be hard to spend time around drinkers without joining in. But anxiety disorders and alcohol addiction go hand in hand. ((Book, S. W., & Randall, C. L. (2002). Social anxiety disorder and alcohol use. Alcohol Research & Health, 26(2), 130–135. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6683821/)) If you have SAD, you may be at a higher risk of developing a drinking problem.

Defining Alcohol Abuse

The official criteria for alcohol abuse ((Drinking levels defined | national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism(Niaaa). (n.d.). Retrieved July 5, 2022, from https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/moderate-binge-drinking)) might surprise you. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines heavy drinking as follows:

  • For men: Over 4 drinks in 1 day, or 14 drinks in 1 week
  • For women: Over 3 drinks in 1 day, or 7 drinks in 1 week

(These definitions are based on biological differences between cis male and female drinkers. They may not be accurate for people of all genders.)

These numbers might help you identify an addiction. But any quantity of drinking can cause anxiety. ((Social anxiety disorder and alcohol abuse | anxiety and depression association of america, adaa. (n.d.). Retrieved July 5, 2022, from https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder/social-anxiety-and-alcohol-abuse)) According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, “Even moderate amounts of alcohol can affect one’s mood and anxiety level.”

Alcohol use is so socially acceptable that it can take time to even realize you have a problem. But this addiction is all too common in people with anxiety. A study found that “about ⅕ of patients with social anxiety disorder also suffer from an alcohol use disorder.” ((Book, S. W., & Randall, C. L. (2002). Social anxiety disorder and alcohol use. Alcohol Research & Health, 26(2), 130–135. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6683821/))

How Alcohol Impacts Anxiety

Drinking has a complex effect on mental health. On one hand, alcohol is an anxiolytic ((Gilman, J. M., Ramchandani, V. A., Davis, M. B., Bjork, J. M., & Hommer, D. W. (2008). Why we like to drink: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the rewarding and anxiolytic effects of alcohol. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(18), 4583–4591. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0086-08.2008)) —meaning that it reduces anxiety. However, data shows that alcohol abuse “can also lead to increased anxiety.” ((Lingford-Hughes, A., Potokar, J., & Nutt, D. (2002). Treating anxiety complicated by substance misuse. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 8(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.8.2.107)) And when the same behavior makes your symptoms both better and worse, it can be hard to imagine recovery. But with expert support, you can absolutely break out of this cycle.

Treatment for Co-Occurring Social Anxiety and Alcohol Addiction

It may feel like drinking is the best way to manage your symptoms—but in rehab, you’ll find healthy alternatives. If you’ve been drinking to self-medicate your anxiety, ((Turner, S., Mota, N., Bolton, J., & Sareen, J. (2018). Self-medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review of the epidemiological literature. Depression and Anxiety, 35(9), 851–860. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22771)) you can recover from both. Experts say that treating these issues at the same time is “the current ‘gold standard’ model of care.” There are several ways you can approach treatment.

Detox

When you first quit drinking, medical detox is almost always necessary. This process can have serious side effects, and some people need 24-hour care. Your specific needs will depend on the amount you’ve been drinking and your physical health.

Anxiety is a common symptom of quitting alcohol. ((Saitz, R. (1998). Introduction to alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Health and Research World, 22(1), 5–12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6761824/)) If you have SAD, your symptoms may get worse during detox. In an inpatient program, you might get a prescription to help with this side effect.

Medications for Social Anxiety Disorder

A wealth of data supports treating social anxiety disorder ((Rose, G. M., & Tadi, P. (2022). Social anxiety disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/)) with medications. You might take SNRIs (ex. Cymbalta, Effexor) or SSRIs (ex. Prozac, Zoloft). A doctor or psychiatrist can determine whether any of these are the right fit for you.

Your physical and mental health should stabilize during your time in rehab. As that happens, your needs will change, too. Some people keep taking meds long after they start recovery, while others stop after a short time. No matter how long you spend taking meds, you should stay in close contact with your doctor the whole time. This is an important way to guard against relapse.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Research shows that CBT is a highly effective therapy for social anxiety disorder. ((Evren C. An overlooked combination in treatment: addiction and social anxiety disorder comorbidity. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 2020;33:331-333. https://dusunenadamdergisi.org/storage/upload/pdfs/1614849083-en.pdf)) It is also a well-regarded treatment for alcohol addiction. ((Kiluk, B. D., Ray, L. A., Walthers, J., Bernstein, M., Tonigan, J. S., & Magill, M. (2019). Technology‐delivered cognitive‐behavioral interventions for alcohol use: A meta‐analysis. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 43(11), 2285–2295. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14189)) If you’re healing from both these conditions, it could be very helpful.

During CBT, you’ll meet with a therapist in 1:1 sessions. They’ll teach you practical skills that help you live with your anxiety. You’ll learn to reframe your thoughts and respond to triggers in a healthy way.

CBT is no substitute for traditional talk therapy. As a behavioral treatment, it’s designed to help you change your daily habits. However, you won’t spend much time talking about your past. And in order to move forward, it’s important to look back on where you’ve been. If you do CBT in rehab, it will likely be combined with other types of therapy.

Exposure Therapy

In exposure therapy, patients face stimuli that would normally trigger them. This involves creating a hierarchy of situations that cause anxiety and includes telling the story of a time you were triggered in real life. You’ll speak in the present tense, describing the event in great detail. Then, you and your therapist will talk through your emotional response. Preliminary research also shows that virtual reality exposure therapy can reduce social anxiety. ((Chesham, R. K., Malouff, J. M., & Schutte, N. S. (2018). Meta-analysis of the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety. Behaviour Change, 35(3), 152–166. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2018.15))

Some data suggests that a version of this treatment called cue exposure therapy (CET) can treat alcohol addiction. ((Mellentin, A. I., Nielsen, B., Nielsen, A. S., Yu, F., & Stenager, E. (2016). A randomized controlled study of exposure therapy as aftercare for alcohol use disorder: Study protocol. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0795-8)) However, much more research is needed on the subject.

Mindfulness

Mindfulness strategies can treat many mental health issues, including anxiety and addiction. One study looked at mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) as a treatment for social anxiety. ((Liu, X., Yi, P., Ma, L., Liu, W., Deng, W., Yang, X., Liang, M., Luo, J., Li, N., & Li, X. (2021). Mindfulness-based interventions for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 300, 113935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113935)) Researchers found a “a dose-response relationship between MBIs duration and effect size.” In other words, the longer you spend practicing mindfulness, the more effective it can be in reducing anxiety.

For people recovering from an alcohol addiction, mindfulness can help prevent relapse. ((Zgierska, A., Rabago, D., Zuelsdorff, M., Coe, C., Miller, M., & Fleming, M. (2008). Mindfulness meditation for alcohol relapse prevention: A feasibility pilot study. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 2(3), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e31816f8546)) Learning mindfulness techniques early in recovery may set you up for future success.

Support Groups

For people with social anxiety, the very idea of going to a meeting can be a trigger. But for people with alcohol addiction, support groups can improve treatment outcomes. ((Tracy, K., & Wallace, S. P. (2016). Benefits of peer support groups in the treatment of addiction. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 7, 143–154. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S81535)) Talk to your primary therapist about whether attending a support group is a good idea for you.

If you decide to try it out, there are many options available. Most peer-led support groups host free meetings all over the world. You can even connect with your peers online, from anywhere. In these groups, you can connect with people who share some part of your experience. If you feel anxious to be around them, that’s okay. They might feel that way, too. Talking about it can help you build meaningful relationships. And that’s an essential part of healing.

Specialized Care, in a Protected Space

And it can be hard to treat just one of these issues at a time. Instead, experts recommend integrated treatment for addiction and social anxiety. ((Nguyen, A., Mirbaba, M., Khaleghi, F., & Tsuang, J. (n.d.). Current treatment options for co-morbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders: A review. Journal of Addictive Behaviors and Therapy, 1(1), 0–0. Retrieved from https://www.primescholars.com/abstract/current-treatment-options-for-comorbid-anxiety-and-alcohol-use-disorders-a-review-106758.html)) In layman’s terms, that means starting recovery for both diagnoses at once.

Many rehabs offer this kind of specialized care. A team of providers can design a treatment plan to meet your needs. And in the privacy of an inpatient program, you can focus on what’s most important: your own recovery process.

In the right program, you’ll get the coordinated care you need. Connect with a rehab that specializes in treating co-occurring anxiety and alcohol addiction here.

Reviewed by Rajnandini Rathod

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Traumatic Brain Injuries and Your Mental Health

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) can be extremely serious. Unlike most injuries, they can directly alter brain function, and have a severe impact on your mental health. Some patients even develop addictions following TBI, whether or not they have a history of substance abuse.

Even a relatively mild concussion can cause long-term symptoms. And because those symptoms won’t necessarily appear right away, it can be hard to see the connection between TBI and subsequent mental health issues. After sustaining any type of head trauma, it’s important to see a doctor and learn about your options for recovery. Depending on your exact experience, you may benefit from getting treatment at a residential rehab.

Mental Health Symptoms of a Physical Injury

Although they’re caused by physical trauma, TBIs are strongly related to mental health and addiction issues. Because these injuries can affect brain function, mood and behavioral changes are common symptoms of traumatic brain injury.1

In some clients, head trauma can lead to serious mental health conditions,2 like depression or anxiety. This is even true for people with mild TBIs, like concussions. According to one study, “both moderate to severe and mild TBI are associated with an increased risk of subsequent psychiatric illness.3 Whereas moderate to severe TBI is associated with a higher initial risk, mild TBI may be associated with persistent psychiatric illness.”

The connection between TBIs and mental health conditions goes both ways. Many TBI patients experience emotional changes, regardless of their prior health history. People with a preexisting mental health diagnosis may also be at a higher risk for traumatic brain injury.4 No matter what your mental health history looks like, you may be especially vulnerable to certain issues after a TBI.

Depression

TBIs are correlated with major depressive disorder.6 One study found that this condition “occurs with sufficient frequency to be considered a significant consequence after TBI.” And unfortunately, these symptoms may get in the way of your recovery. Many people with depression have trouble finding the motivation to get the help they need.

Anxiety

Anxiety disorders are quite common after traumatic brain injuries.7 TBI is associated with a number of anxiety disorders, including (but not limited to) the following:

  • Social anxiety disorder
  • Phobias
  • Panic disorder
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

In some cases, these conditions are simply emotional responses to the event that caused traumatic brain injury. For example, you might develop PTSD after being in a serious car accident. However, they may also result from changes to the brain itself. Experts have found that anxiety is “a strong predictor of social, personal, and work dysfunction” in people with TBIs.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

PTSD commonly co-occurs with traumatic brain injuries. This might be true because of the prevalence of TBI among military veterans,8 who are at risk of PTSD for additional reasons. However, research has found that civilians with a history of head trauma are also at risk for developing PTSD.9 If you’re experiencing the symptoms of PTSD, whether or not you have a history of TBI, consider attending a program that offers trauma-informed care.

Choosing the Right Therapy for TBI Recovery

Treatment for TBI depends on your exact symptoms, and on their severity. Because these injuries may affect any area of the brain, different clients have vastly different needs during recovery. Most people benefit from a combination of physical and psychotherapeutic interventions for traumatic brain injuries.10

If you’re experiencing mood or behavioral changes, or other mental health symptoms, the following types of therapy can be especially helpful:

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT is the most widely used mental health intervention for people with TBI.10 In this type of treatment, you’ll regularly meet with a therapist to discuss your emotional experience. During each session, you’ll identify challenging thought patterns and emotional responses, and learn practical tactics to help you navigate them. These skills empower you to approach difficult emotions and situations with equanimity.

Mindfulness Practices

Mindfulness techniques may be helpful for TBI,11 especially for people with both cognitive and psychological symptoms. Preliminary research shows that therapies like meditation, yoga, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) are highly effective in treating a wide variety of symptoms. These techniques can help you come into the present moment, accept your emotions as they are, and find a sense of peace. More research is needed into this form of treatment in the context of TBIs. If you do engage in meditation as part of recovery, it’s important to combine it with other healing methods.

Pharmaceutical Treatment

Depending on your symptoms, you may be a candidate for pharmaceutical treatment for mental health issues following a TBI.12 If you decide to try taking medication after a brain injury, it’s important to stay in close communication with your prescribing doctor. Any prescription can have side effects, and you could be at risk for developing serious cognitive or even physical symptoms due to your health history. Some medications, including tricyclic antidepressants, may not be safe for people with a history of TBI.

all points north lodge indoor pool
All Points North Lodge offers specialized programming and facilities for both active and former professional athletes.

TBI and Addiction

There is a high rate of substance use disorders among people with a history of TBI.13 Although more research is needed into the exact link between these two conditions, data supports the idea that addiction can make people more vulnerable to brain injuries, and vice versa.

Drug and Alcohol Use Can Cause TBI

Like other mental health conditions, substance abuse can increase your risk of traumatic brain injury.12 One study suggests that problem drinking is an especially common risk factor for these injuries, because it interferes with physical coordination. Drinking post-TBI can lead to severe mental health symptoms.

Any history of addiction can have an impact on your recovery from these injuries. One study found that people who had already entered recovery for substance misuse, and then sustained a traumatic brain injury, were at an increased risk of addiction relapse after their TBI.13 And since new symptoms can appear long after the original injury, it’s important to make a long-term plan for your recovery.

Neurological Changes Following TBI

Evidence suggests that people who sustain early-life TBIs are at a greater risk for developing substance use disorders.14 Head trauma can impact brain development, and it sometimes changes the way you respond to certain stimuli. In particular, research shows that the “regions of the brain associated with the perception of reward” may be directly affected by brain injuries.

If these areas of your brain are changed or damaged, you’ll be more vulnerable to addiction. A wealth of neuroscientific research confirms that drug use hijacks the brain’s reward system.15 According to neuropharmacologists Wilkie A. Wilson, Ph.D., and Cynthia M. Kuhn, Ph.D., “when addictive drugs enter the brain they artificially simulate a highly rewarding environment.” This modifies brain chemistry, provoking behavioral changes. Habitual drug use causes “the reward system to modify the brain to crave the drug and take action to get it.”

Professional athletes may also be more vulnerable to developing addictions16 following TBI. According to one study, athletes are “more susceptible to the intoxicating effects of substances and may get in trouble more easily due to the disinhibiting effects of the brain injury.” Because addiction often starts as an attempt to self-medicate mental health symptoms, early treatment may help you avoid more serious consequences.

If you have a history of either drug abuse or brain injury, be sure to inform your doctor when you seek treatment for either condition. Healing is absolutely possible, but you may need specialized care during recovery.

Rehab for Professional Athletes

Traumatic brain injuries are common among athletes.17 Experts estimate that 10% of all TBIs “are due to sports and recreational activities.” And if you’re a professional athlete, this type of injury can directly interfere with your ability to do your job.

Fortunately, several luxury rehab programs are designed to meet your unique needs. Orenda at Futures offers the Orenda Athletes Track, in which clients can continue physical training during residential treatment. This empowers you to recover without sacrificing your long-term career goals in the process. At this facility, “a team that has provided training and physical therapy to MLB, PGA, and more helps athletes heal and train while receiving comprehensive care for mental health and substance use disorders.”

You may be eligible for one of these specialized programs even if you’ve already retired from professional sports. All Points North Lodge treats both active and former professional athletes. Their experts continue offering support even after clients complete inpatient treatment. With their guidance, clients can start planning for long-term recovery from the moment they enter rehab. For some, that recovery plan may need to include medical care alongside mental health treatment.

orenda at futures athletes track
Orenda at Futures’ Athletes Track allows clients to continue physical training during residential treatment.

Other Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injuries

If you develop mental health symptoms after a TBI,18 you may be at greater risk for additional symptoms. Specifically, mental health issues could be a warning sign for functional limitations, like memory loss and difficulty performing regular activities. Your healthcare team may be able to recognize those signs in advance, and help you prepare for challenges.

TBIs may be classified as mild, moderate, or severe. According to the CDC, symptoms may last as little as a few hours, or they may linger for the rest of a person’s life. These injuries are especially dangerous for children and older adults. For children, TBI symptoms can affect brain development and result in long-term cognitive issues. Older adults are often misdiagnosed, and fail to receive the care they need as a result.

In mild cases, common symptoms of a traumatic brain injury5 include, but are not limited to:

  • Headache
  • Confusion
  • Dizziness
  • Blurred vision
  • Fatigue
  • Mood or behavioral changes

Moderate or severe TBIs present with the same symptoms, and may also cause the following issues:

  • Seizures
  • Nausea
  • Pupil dilation
  • Loss of coordination
  • Agitation

If you exhibit any of these symptoms after a head injury, no matter how minor, it’s very important that you consult a doctor.

Long-Term Recovery for Body and Mind

Traumatic brain injuries can have long-term health impacts. And if your brain functions differently than it did before, it can be difficult to imagine what healing will look like. Recovery might not mean returning to life as it used to be. Instead, this is your opportunity to get to know yourself again, and decide how you’d like to move forward.

It’s extremely important to get comprehensive care after a TBI. Physical and mental health are always connected, especially if you’re healing from a brain injury. By working with a skilled team of doctors and therapists, you can decide on a plan of care that feels right for you.

If you’re concerned about the impact of an injury on your mental health, talking to a treatment facility can be a good place to start.

Frequently Asked Questions About Traumatic Brain Injuries and Mental Health

What are the mental health symptoms associated with traumatic brain injuries?

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) can lead to various mental health symptoms, including mood and behavioral changes, depression, anxiety disorders (such as social anxiety, phobias, panic disorder, OCD, and PTSD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These symptoms can occur regardless of your prior mental health history.

Can traumatic brain injuries lead to addiction?

Yes, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are associated with a higher risk of developing substance use disorders and addiction. Addiction makes people more susceptible to brain injuries, and vice versa. Substance abuse, including problem drinking, can increase the risk of TBIs and worsen mental health symptoms. Early treatment and specialized care are important for individuals with a history of addiction or brain injury.

What types of therapy are effective for TBI recovery and mental health symptoms?

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is widely used for people with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and mental health issues. It helps identify challenging thought patterns and emotions and provides practical tactics to navigate them. CBT is only one kind of available talk therapy; your treatment provider can help you decide which therapies are best for you.
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Demystifying Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Traditional therapy and medications aren’t always effective for treating mental health disorders. If this is the case for you, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) could be a viable alternative. This non-invasive treatment works by stimulating different parts of your brain to alleviate symptoms of mental health conditions like depression and PTSD.

Your primary care physician, mental health treatment provider, or rehab treatment team can help you determine if TMS is right for you.

Health Conditions TMS Can Treat

TMS can be used to treat1 several conditions:

About 20-30% of patients with MDD continue to experience depressive symptoms2 despite therapy and medication. For those patients, looking for alternatives to traditional treatment approaches is often a logical next step. TMS shows significant potential to improve depressive symptoms among people with treatment-resistant depression and PTSD. It may take several weeks to see results, so it’s imperative for patients to consistently attend the number of sessions prescribed by their doctor.

Repetitive TMS, or rTMS, has also been shown to be successful for anxiety and bipolar disorders,3 although it’s more effective in treating depression than manic episodes. It may also speed up recovery after a stroke, and help alleviate symptoms that arise after the event. In addition, low-frequency rTMS can help control the symptoms of Tourette syndrome and OCD. High-frequency rTMS helps people quit smoking by reducing cravings. rTMS can even reduce cocaine use and cravings4 in people struggling with addiction.

What Exactly Is TMS?

TMS is a non-invasive procedure that stimulates brain tissue5 by producing a high- or low-intensity magnetic field through a copper wire. There are 3 main methods of TMS used today:

  • Single-pulse TMS (spTMS) stimulates the motor cortex while a machine measures and records electrical activity.
  • Paired-pulse TMS (ppTMS) delivers 2 pulses through the same coil, with long or short intervals in between.
  • Repetitive TMS (rTMS) is a popular variation of TMS that applies repeating pulses to a specific area of the brain. This method treats the symptoms that come from mental health disorders. Deep TMS (dTMS)6 is a newer type of rTMS that stimulates deep brain areas because their larger helmet allows for more surface area. All Points North Lodge is one rehab center that offers dTMS treatment.

Typically, spTMS and ppTMS evaluate brain functioning, while rTMS actually creates changes in the brain. If you’re treated for a mental health condition, you’ll most likely undergo rTMS. There are several different coils available for use in TMS treatment. The specialists who deliver your treatment will determine the best one for your needs.

You can either complete TMS sessions at an inpatient rehab center (Inspire Malibu, for example, offers this in partnership with a physician’s office) or at a private clinic as an outpatient. In the latter option, you’d stay at home and commute to your sessions each day.

What Happens During a TMS Session?

Before you undergo any TMS procedures,7 you’ll take a physical and mental health screening to confirm your candidacy. This includes discussions of symptoms, conditions, and any medications you take with your treatment team, who will then guide you through the process.

During your session, you’ll sit in a reclining chair with earplugs (or some sort of hearing protection) with an electromagnetic coil attached to your head. The Dawn Rehab in Thailand even lets you listen to music so you feel as comfortable as possible. During rTMS (the most common type of TMS procedure), the operating physician will turn the coil on and off repeatedly to deliver pulses to your brain. During this process, you’ll feel a tapping sensation, called “mapping.” The professional administering rTMS will slowly increase the dose of magnetic energy to determine the right amount for you.

Most people don’t find TMS painful,8 but some people may feel slight discomfort. The Dawn Rehab describes their TMS sessions:

“A TMS-trained nurse will place an electromagnetic coil against your head which will painlessly deliver brief magnetic pulses – the same as those used in MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machines – to the region of the brain involved in mood control and depression.”

After your session, you can continue your regular daily routine as usual.

How Long Are TMS Sessions?

Duration can vary from person to person, and will also depend on your diagnosis. Standard rTMS treatment for major depressive disorder,9 for example, averages around 20-30 daily sessions for around 4-6 weeks. However, research recommends a minimum of 6 weeks. One study found that 38.4% of MDD patients responded well to just 4 weeks of treatment, but then surveyed patients who didn’t respond well to the initial 4 weeks after an additional 12 weeks of biweekly sessions. 61% of those patients responded well to the longer treatment phase.

Some studies have explored another, faster form of rTMS called “accelerated rTMS” or arTMS. During rTMS, people undergo multiple sessions in one day. Some studies suggest promising outcomes from this procedure, but more research will determine if this is actually a more viable option. Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is another, newer form of rTMS that can produce quicker results.10 Some studies found that, after only 5 days, patients enrolled in TBS arTMS trials reported success rates of 90%.

Some people may continue to attend “maintenance sessions” after their first set of TMS sessions. This involves slowly reducing the number of sessions per week from 3 to 1, which is eventually reduced to 1 session every 2 weeks. However, some people stop rTMS altogether, and go back to therapy and medications after completing their sessions. Unfortunately, rTMS maintenance isn’t well studied, and needs more research before making any determinations.

Should You Try TMS Therapy? Consider the Cons

While TMS has relatively few drawbacks, they do exist. Side effects are possible, but are usually minimal. And, TMS can be expensive and time-consuming. However, it may still be worth it for you, since lifting your depression to any degree can greatly impact your quality of life. Here are some factors to consider before trying TMS:

Possible Side Effects

Although TMS is non-invasive and seldom produces side effects,11 it can cause seizures in rare cases, and doctors do not recommend it for patients with epilepsy. While the risk of a seizure is small (less than 0.01% if you don’t have epilepsy, and less than 3% if you do), it’s still a possibility. If any of the following apply to you, you may be more likely to experience seizures:

  • Pre-existing neurological conditions
  • Adolescent
  • Changes in medication
  • Active substance use

You should talk to your doctor if you have any metal or electronic implants that will be near the TMS coil. This includes cochlear implants. These may cause problems with the therapy, and can be dangerous.

You may feel some slight discomfort in your scalp or neck during the procedure or pain afterward. You might also become more sensitive to sounds or experience ringing in your ears—which is why treatment providers should always provide ear protection. Some people report feeling fatigued afterward. However, it’s unlikely that you’ll encounter any of these side effects, and if you do, they will most likely be mild and short-lived.

Cost

rTMS is expensive,12 ranging from $200-300 USD per visit in a private clinic. If you complete the full course recommended by your doctor, you may end up paying $5,000-10,000 USD. Of course, this can differ depending on the duration and number of sessions you attend. Check with rehabs you’re considering to see if TMS is included in the cost of your program, or how much additional costs are.

Could TMS Provide the Relief You’ve Been Looking For?

Being unresponsive to treatment is incredibly frustrating when you’re living with depression or other mental health issues. But the good news is, you still have options. Alternative treatments like TMS just might do the trick for you, and the simple act of being open to trying something new can empower you to move forward in your recovery journey.

To learn more about residential treatment programs that offer this and other alternative therapies, browse our collection of rehabs and connect with centers directly.

Frequently Asked Questions About Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Addiction Treatment

How does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) work for addiction treatment?

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate specific areas of the brain. It works by delivering targeted magnetic pulses to activate or inhibit brain cells, which can help regulate mood and alleviate symptoms of mental health conditions.

Is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation safe for treating depression and anxiety?

Yes, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is considered a safe procedure for treating conditions like depression and anxiety. It has been extensively studied and approved by regulatory authorities. Common side effects may include mild headache or scalp discomfort during or after the session, but these are generally well-tolerated.

What are the potential benefits and risks of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation offers several potential benefits, including its non-invasiveness, minimal side effects, and efficacy in treating certain mental health conditions. However, it may not be suitable for everyone, and some individuals may experience rare side effects such as seizures. It’s essential to consult with a qualified healthcare provider to determine if TMS is a suitable treatment option.

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Equine Therapy for Addiction Recovery: Science-Backed Benefits Explained

Equine therapy (ET), also known as equine-assisted therapy (EAT), is an increasingly popular method of addiction treatment. In this therapy, your interactions with a horse will help you achieve therapeutic goals. Specifically, you might work on social skills, sensory processing, and physical wellness. You may also gain insight into how your behavior affects those around you.

Because ET doesn’t require much conversation, you may feel more at ease working through issues that you don’t feel comfortable addressing in traditional talk therapy. While you may already have an affinity for horses, this therapy can still be beneficial even if you’ve never interacted with these animals before–many people report that horses seem like nonjudgmental creatures that make them feel safe. If this sounds appealing to you, you may choose to explore rehab programs that offer equine therapy.

What Is Equine Therapy?

During equine therapy, your therapist will guide you through a series of tasks with the horse. This can include anything from riding to ground activities like grooming or walking, depending on the type of ET your treatment center offers. Session lengths vary, but you can usually expect them to last around 30-90 minutes.

One study determined the following common factors in equine-assisted therapies:1

  • The goal of the interaction is a positive outcome for the participant.
  • Treatment occurs through the interactions between the horse and human, which are purposeful and regulated.
  • A trained facilitator, such as a therapist, is present with the horse, in addition to the human receiving the therapy.

Throughout the session, your therapist will be able to learn about you through your interactions with the horse. This process can help you work through whatever comes up—sometimes it’s not at all what you expect.

Equine-assisted therapies are becoming more popular2 in Europe and the U.S. since their inception in the ‘90s. But what, exactly, takes place during one of these sessions?

What are the Different Types of Equine-Assisted Therapies and Activities (EAAT)?

There are several different kinds of equine-assisted therapies and activities (EAAT) that you may encounter at rehab centers. While there are some discrepancies about the terms used for various types of equine therapy, we’ll look at some of the more popular options below.

Note that offerings vary from rehab to rehab depending on their facilities, staff, and treatment approach. You can contact the admissions team at a center you’re considering for more details about their specific program.

Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy (EAP)

One that you’ll encounter often at many different rehab centers is equine-assisted psychotherapy (EAP). Contrary to popular belief, EAP doesn’t involve riding the horse. During this experiential therapy, the therapist leads the client and horse through a series of activities on the ground. The whole process is slow and gentle, and helps encourage personal growth, responsibility, and healing.

Don Lavender, program director at Camino Recovery in Spain, has worked with horses for over 40 years, and even helped bring the treatment to the U.S. in the early 2000s. According to Don, “It’s become a really effective therapy. It’s therapeutic for the person because they get to learn connection with others.” Don also says that this connection can replace their substance use, and be an integral part of the healing process.

Therapeutic Horseback Riding (THR)

THR includes horseback riding,3 and may include activities like leading the horse around or through obstacles, or simply walking or trotting, depending on the rider’s experience level. This may also include grooming and caring for the horse.

Therapeutic Carriage Driving

In therapeutic carriage driving,3 clients drive the horse while riding in a carriage. This can give the person driving feelings of empowerment and responsibility, especially if other people are present in the carriage. In addition, people who may be unable to ride a horse due to physical difficulties can still experience benefits from THR through this activity.

Interactive Vaulting

Interactive vaulting sessions3 can include gymnastics while riding the horse and group problem solving tasks.

What Happens During an Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy Session?

It may depend on the center, but at Soberman’s Estate, clients are eased into this type of therapy. Equine & Meditation Coach Janice Story doesn’t have the client participate in any particular activities on the first day. Instead, she simply lets the person bond with the horse. “I’ll have them just sit and pet the horse, and see what comes up for them,” she says.

Later, they might go on walks, practice leading the horse, and eventually work their way up to various trust-building and communication practices. During some of these sessions, the client has a blindfold on. Story, or another client, then leads the blindfolded client to the horse and through a series of trust-building tasks, such as picking up their feet. “It teaches clients that they can do something without really knowing how,” she says. “We give them tools and relate it to how they can take it with them when they leave, when they try to navigate their journey back into life.”

At Camino Recovery, Lavender has the client start by grooming the horse, and allows both parties to get to know each other. Eventually, they move towards “lunging.” This involves getting the horse to move around the pen with their personal energy rather than with a rope. To do this requires the client to understand, read and tend to the horse’s emotions.

These are just a few examples of what you might expect during equine-assisted psychotherapy. While it may seem intimidating, Story is confident that the experience will be a positive one. “When our clients first show up, some of them say, ‘I don’t know what this equine therapy is going to do for me,’” she says. “By the end of an hour they’re asking me when we come back.”

How EAT Can Improve Mental Health

Equine-assisted therapy can improve mental health3 in several ways. Research shows that it can increase self-esteem. It can also inspire feelings of freedom, independence, and competency.

Our own beliefs about these creatures play a role in this process. According to researchers, interacting with horses creates “visual imagery of power and beauty,” which can empower recipients of this therapy. What’s more, horses have been human companions for thousands of years.4 We’re used to seeing them as pets, working animals, transportation, and entertainment. This familiarity can help clients establish trust.

Horses Provide Connection and Comfort

Equine therapy can also facilitate connection.5 According to one study, “many people find that human-horse bonding results in a comforting and affectionate relationship.”

Horses are pack animals, and they need a connection with their herd. And that doesn’t just mean connecting with other animals—they can also bond with people. Experts believe horses may actually “perceive humans as herd members.” This allows them to form close bonds with ET clients during treatment.

In another study, scientists observed that equine therapy was an effective treatment for combat veterans.6 “When you’re with a horse they give you kindness and compassion and love and they don’t expect anything,” one participant explained. “They don’t want to give you advice and they don’t want to make things seem less than they are. They’re just there for you.”

These relationships can be extremely grounding for people in addiction recovery. Many people report that it feels comforting to connect with such a large, powerful animal. By slowly building a rewarding bond based on mutual trust and respect, as ET clients gain the horse’s trust, they learn to trust themselves.

Sharing Your Emotions Becomes Easier

Equine-assisted therapy provides a nonjudgmental place7 for people to express themselves. By interacting with a non-verbal animal, you may feel safe to share thoughts you normally wouldn’t mention to another person.

After over 30 years of working with horses, Janice Story understands the animals, and how much they can truly help her clients, very well. “The horses are really amazing at creating a safe space for our clients. When clients first come in, oftentimes they haven’t felt any emotions for a long time. Horses will bring that up for them.”

EAT Can Boost Your Confidence

Equine-assisted activities can improve your self-esteem.8 Horses are large animals, and some people may find this intimidating, especially if they haven’t interacted with them before. But when they overcome these challenges successfully, they feel empowered, which boosts their sense of self-confidence.

Because horses are pack animals, they naturally look for a leader. If the person doesn’t become the leader, the horse will. Therefore, the person must establish themself as the leader, and work on becoming assertive and confident in order to gain the horse’s respect. This process can teach you valuable leadership skills.

Building Self-Awareness

Horses have evolved to be on the lookout for predators. Because of this, they’re highly attuned to their environment. And in equine therapy, that awareness includes empathy.

Horses easily understand and react to human emotions.9 And they’re not afraid to give you feedback. If you make a horse feel uncomfortable, you can trust it to let you know. This dynamic is intended to help you improve your self-awareness. Instead of acting on impulse, you’ll learn to control your emotional reactions to help the horse stay calm.

According to Story, horses act as mirrors, reflecting the client’s emotions back to them. “If the client needs to work on holding some boundaries, they might not know it, but the horse will show that to them,” she says. “And then at the same time, they’ll help them work through it. So it actually teaches them how to hold their boundaries.”

In that way, equine therapy differs from talk therapy. Janice points out that, in traditional therapy, “the issues might arise but sometimes the solution is not instant. Where with the horses, they’ll teach them at the same time.” This real-time feedback can help the client work through the issues that they’re dealing with right then and there.

Equine Therapy for Specific Mental Health Concerns

Equine therapy is used to treat various mental health concerns such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many of these conditions occur alongside substance use disorders. And thus, equine therapy can be helpful in treating mental health concerns that arise because of, or separately from, drug misuse.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

One study found that equine-assisted therapy can help alleviate PTSD symptoms.10 After just 6 weekly, 2-hour EAP sessions, participants reported feeling significantly less intense responses to trauma, and minimized PTSD symptoms. Additionally, they experienced less anxiety and reduced depressive symptoms.

Equine therapy may work especially well for symptoms of PTSD11 in part because horses are prey animals. This makes them hypervigilant, and unlike dogs, humans need to gain their trust over time. People with PTSD often experience the same hypervigilance, which can help them relate better to the horse. And because horses communicate primarily through body language, people can work to improve other PTSD symptoms, such as emotional numbness and bodily dissociation.

Anxiety

Numerous studies show that equine therapy helps reduce anxiety. A participant in one study said that therapeutic horseback riding helped her minimize her anxiety12 through the “teamwork” experienced between her and the horse. In this process, clients move “in sync with the horse’s body,” and the horse intuitively responds to the rider.

Aggression

One study found that equine-assisted psychotherapy can also treat aggression.13 This may be due to the horse’s larger size, which can make them seem more intimidating. People may realize that, if they can’t control their anger impulses, there is a possibility that the horse can cause them harm. This helps them to learn to react calmly and carefully. And because the horse gives instant feedback, patients can learn quickly exactly which behaviors are hurtful and work to correct them.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Another study looked at children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who did 10 weeks of therapeutic horseback riding.14 Children with ASD are sometimes rough with pets, but participants in this study were reportedly more caring towards them after the study ended. The control group, which learned about horses but did not interact with them, did not show as much of a change in their behavior.

A similar study discovered that adolescents with ASD showed significant improvements in social behaviors and communication.15 The researchers theorized that the reason for these positive changes was due to the “shared attention experience” that came from working with the horse. Horses mirror and respond to humans’ body language, which can help those with ASD better understand social cues and behaviors. The children also showed decreased irritability and hyperactivity, which may be due to the relaxing effect of horse riding.

A Program for Veterans

The Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH) International Equine Services for Heroes® program is an equine-assisted therapy program that specifically works with veterans.16 Because veterans are more likely to experience PTSD after returning home from service, PATH developed this unique program just for them. Each veteran receives a horse intended to help them heal both physically and mentally. In this particular study, 13 veterans completed 24 weeks of both riding and ground activities (grooming and walking).

Afterwards, the veterans involved in the study reported feeling more confident, less isolated, and more trusting of others. Their depressive symptoms decreased over the course of treatment. “You’re forced to bring [problems] up and deal with them to the horse,” said one participant. “It’s pretty interesting. It’s amazing.”

Another participant stated that “I learned that even though I have issues in my life, I can come here to this program and get past my issues by working with the horse.”

Reconnect With Yourself Through Equine Therapy

Horses can teach you communication, confidence, and even interpersonal skills. Don Lavender may summarize it best: “Equine therapy is about connection, learning to connect to self by first learning to connect to another.”

Through your connection with a horse, you can learn how to reconnect with yourself.

To learn more about this powerful approach and see photos, reviews, insurance information, and more, visit our searchable directory of equine therapy rehab centers.

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Finding Treatment for Cocaine Addiction

Cocaine addiction can wreak havoc on a person’s life. And once you’re caught in the cycle of substance misuse, healing may seem out of reach. That’s a misperception. Recovery is always possible. For some people, rehab for cocaine addiction is the best place to start.

“Cocaine is the most commonly reported illicit stimulant used in the U.S.”1 Because its abuse is so common, this drug has been the subject of widespread research. As a result, many treatment programs are well-equipped to help patients recover from cocaine misuse.

The Prevalence of Cocaine Addiction

Cocaine is a stimulant2 derived from the coca plant native to South America. It can briefly increase a person’s energy, self-confidence, sociability, and mood. Because the effects of cocaine3 are so short-lived, it can quickly become habit-forming. Long-term use may cause less desirable effects, such as cause paranoia, hypersensitivity, and irritability.

The history of cocaine4 is strongly connected to mental health. In fact, its popularity can be traced back more than a century. “In 1884, Sigmund Freud detailed his experiments with cocaine, recommending it for treatment of opiate addiction and melancholia.” However, he did not account for its negative effects, and reportedly struggled with addiction for much of his life. Unfortunately, his endorsement of the drug helped make it socially acceptable for some time, for both medical and recreational purposes.

Reported drug abuse statistics5 paint a clear and distressing picture of cocaine use today. According to the National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics, 2% of people in the U.S., or 5.5 million people, reported taking cocaine in 2018. As of 2022, more recent data is not yet available. Researchers also caution against comparing current data about drug use and health6 with surveys taken before 2020, since the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way surveys are conducted.

Cocaine use can have serious ill effects on both physical and mental health. Deaths caused by cocaine overdose in the U.S.7 have skyrocketed in recent years, increasing from nearly 4,000 in 1999 to nearly 16,000 in 2019. Because cocaine increases blood pressure8 and heart rate, it may cause strokes or respiratory failure. “Even first time users may experience seizures or heart attacks, which can be fatal.”

Because of these potential outcomes, cocaine misuse is extremely dangerous. However, patients don’t develop substance use disorders by choice. You may be highly susceptible to addiction despite your own better judgment, or desire to remain healthy. And some patients may be at a higher risk for developing a psychological dependence on cocaine.

Risk Factors for Cocaine Addiction

Certain demographics are especially vulnerable to cocaine misuse. Patients who exhibit one or more of the following risk factors may be at higher risk for this condition, or may require specialized care.

Adolescence

Teenagers may be more susceptible to developing cocaine addictions.9 Relative to adults, “adolescents show greater intake of cocaine, acquire cocaine self-administration more rapidly, work harder for the drug and are less sensitive to increases in price.” In layman’s terms, young people do more of this drug than adults, and are willing to work harder to obtain it.

Adolescents also face social pressures that may not impact adult behavior. Specifically, many teenagers develop substance use disorders10 while trying to fit in with their peer groups. Parents of adolescents should take note of any drastic behavioral changes, as these may indicate the onset of addiction. Teens with substance use disorders may show less interest in activities they used to enjoy, pay less attention in school, or start spending time with new friends who encourage these behaviors. By itself, any one of these signs may be a normal part of adolescence; however, sudden and extreme behavioral changes can be a cause for concern.

Novelty-Seeking Personality Traits

According to one study, “cocaine addiction has been associated with several distinct behavioral/personality traits.” For example, novelty-seeking behavior is associated with cocaine abuse.11 And in particular, people with sensation-seeking tendencies may be more vulnerable to cocaine use. However, people with high impulsivity are more vulnerable to cocaine addiction.

These traits may be genetic, learned, or influenced by a person’s environment and life circumstances. More research is needed to understand the link between personality, behavior, and substance use disorders.

Neurochemical Effects of Cocaine Use

Cocaine has a direct effect on the way the brain processes dopamine, which regulates the reward system.12

During normal brain activity, this neurotransmitter is released, binds to dopamine receptors, and is then recycled by a protein called the dopamine transporter. “If cocaine is present,” however, “it attaches to the dopamine transporter and blocks the normal recycling process, resulting in a buildup of dopamine in the synapse, which contributes to the pleasurable effects of cocaine.”13

In the short term, this can be enjoyable. In the long term, however, cocaine use can change brain function.14 The drug causes neurochemical imbalances, which make it difficult for the patient to feel a sense of pleasure or achievement without substance misuse. Over time, “the brain will gain a tolerance to feelings of pleasure and it will take more and more of the drug to achieve the same level of euphoria.”

What’s more, the act of abusing any substance affects dopamine levels.15 This is because the experience of ingesting a drug can trigger the release of the chemical, whether or not that drug has an effect on dopamine levels. This feeds into the cycle of addiction, in which the patient continues using illicit substances in order to feel any sense of reward. This effect is amplified with substances that have a direct effect on dopamine to begin with.

Treatment for Cocaine Addiction

Substance use disorders are treatable. No matter how long you’ve been using cocaine, or what impact it’s had on your life, change is always possible. And because its misuse is so prevalent, experts have been perfecting cocaine addiction treatment options16 for decades.

At present, “there are no medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat cocaine addiction,17 though researchers are exploring a variety of neurobiological targets.” However, there are a number of effective therapeutic and behavioral interventions. And the first step toward healing is to learn about the options available.

Detox

Cocaine withdrawal18 may or may not have any physical symptoms. Unlike alcohol and opiates, detox from this substance is rarely life-threatening. That being said, it can be extremely uncomfortable and psychologically distressing.

If at all possible, it’s best to go through this process under medical care. If you attend a detox program, you’ll be closely monitored by a team of doctors, nurses, and therapists, possibly including a psychiatrist. Patients may receive non-addictive prescriptions to help them manage the symptoms of withdrawal. This experience can also help you transition into a longer-term rehab program.

Learn More: What You Need to Know About Detox

Rehab

Studies have shown that long-term rehab for cocaine dependence can be extremely effective.19 By attending a residential program, patients can take time away from triggers and difficult life circumstances, which may have been caused or exacerbated by their substance use. During that time, they can begin talk therapy, attend support groups, and make plans to live a healthier, more sustainable life after treatment.

Psychotherapy

Several therapeutic modalities can be effective in treating cocaine misuse. Researchers are most optimistic about contingency management (CM), a behavioral therapy that activates the patient’s reward system.

According to one study, contingency management is “perhaps the most effective psychosocial treatment” for cocaine use disorder.”20 In this treatment, patients receive vouchers redeemable for goods and services in the community, contingent upon achieving a predetermined therapeutic goal. CM treatment has been found to be especially effective in promoting initial abstinence from cocaine.”

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has also been shown to help these patients, although it may not be as productive as CM. This might be because CM has a more direct impact on brain chemistry, whereas CBT is skills-based.

Long-Term Recovery From Cocaine Addiction

Patients with a history of cocaine abuse can improve dramatically. In fact, detox and recovery from cocaine misuse can help you recover brain function.21 One 2017 study provided “early evidence that individuals with cocaine use disorder have the potential to at least partially reverse prefrontal cortex damage accompanying cocaine misuse, and regain associated cognitive abilities important for executive functions when cocaine use is stopped or significantly decreased.” In other words, you may be able to physically heal your brain during recovery.

But healing isn’t just about physical improvement. It’s also the process of building a better life. And in order to achieve that, patients must stay focused on recovery even after completing inpatient treatment. This ongoing commitment to healing may include regular talk therapy, attending support groups, or other modalities. For example, some studies have found that “greater participation in self-help programs” is an important factor in sustained recovery from cocaine dependence.22 ((McKay, J. R., Van Horn, D., Rennert, L., Drapkin, M., Ivey, M., & Koppenhaver, J. (2013). Factors in sustained recovery from cocaine dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(2), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2013.02.007))

Building a Better Life

When you have a history of substance misuse, recovery is often a lifelong process. That being said, it is absolutely possible to live a fulfilling life without cocaine use. Healing can even be fun! As you recalibrate your internal system of rewards, it’s important to do things you find enjoyable and exciting.

As you learn to make healthier choices, you can also begin building a new kind of confidence. And, best of all, you won’t be held back by the destabilizing pattern of substance abuse. Over time, you may find that joy is both more accessible and more sustainable.

If you’re ready to begin recovery, you can find a rehab center that treats cocaine addiction here.

Frequently Asked Questions About Cocaine Addiction Treatment

What are the treatment options for cocaine addiction?

Treatment options for cocaine addiction often include a combination of behavioral therapies, counseling, support groups, and medication in some cases. Individualized treatment plans are designed to address the specific needs of each person seeking recovery.

How long does treatment for cocaine addiction typically last?

The duration of treatment for cocaine addiction varies depending on factors such as personal progress, treatment goals, and circumstances. Treatment usually ranges from 2 weeks to 60 days. Some people benefit from longer treatment and ongoing aftercare support.

What should I look for in a luxury rehab for cocaine addiction?

When searching for a luxury rehab for cocaine addiction, it’s important to consider factors like clinical expertise, the level of personalized care, comfort, staff credentials, and confidentiality. It’s also important to verify accreditation and success rates. Most centers list accreditations directly on their site; CARF and the Joint Commission are the most common accreditation bodies.

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Could Sunny Malibu Be the Perfect Place for Your Recovery?

If you love the sun, beautiful beaches, and holistic healing in a laid-back atmosphere, then attending a rehabilitation facility in Malibu could be a great choice for you. Malibu is known for its year-round warm weather and beautiful scenery, as it’s located between the Pacific Ocean and the Santa Monica Mountains. It’s hard to believe that Los Angeles is only a 30-minute drive away.

Many Malibu treatment centers take advantage of their location and temperate climate, offering programs like surf therapy in addition to outdoor excursions like beach walks or hikes. Holistic therapy is also a popular method of treatment throughout California, and several centers in Malibu embrace this approach.

You may want to start your journey to mental health and addiction recovery in Malibu if you enjoy ocean views, a warmer climate, and unique therapy techniques focused on the outdoors and alternative medicine.

Malibu’s Inviting Climate and Landscapes

Malibu is in close proximity to nature, with stunning views in every direction. Malibu’s 11 public beaches are located along 21 miles of coastline on the famous Pacific Coast Highway, and include some of the best beaches in California, including Zuma Beach and El Matador State Beach.

Several recovery centers, such as Oceanside Malibu, are located right on the coast. You’ll be able to hear the sounds of the waves from Malibu Beach as you work on healing, take long walks by the water, or participate in beach fitness activities.

Mountains rise up behind the city, providing an abundance of hiking opportunities with beautiful views. Malibu has plenty of parks, including the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, which has over 5,000 miles of hiking trails on 156,000 acres of land. Solstice Canyon Park and Malibu Creek State Park are 2 other popular outdoor recreation areas that people enjoy exploring.

Some centers, like Cliffside Malibu, are located in the mountains themselves. This scenic landscape offers plenty of space for peaceful reflection. You can either explore the trails nearby or relax on the sun deck to take in the stunning views of the Pacific Ocean.

Malibu’s Mediterranean climate means you can comfortably enjoy outdoor activities like swimming, hiking, and biking in any month of the year.

Unique, Recovery-Focused Activities

Many centers offer activities that are best experienced in the California sunshine. Between the ocean and the mountains, there are endless opportunities to explore the outdoors. And because California is such a multicultural hub, some centers offer opportunities to visit nearby museums and attractions.

Surf Therapy

Several rehabs, including Oceanside Malibu and Cliffside Malibu, offer surf therapy for their clients. Surf therapy is a healing modality1 that “combines surf instruction, surfing, and structured individual and/or group activities to promote physical, psychosocial, and psychological well-being.” One study found that surfing improved overall well-being for combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),2 and offered both a respite from the symptoms of this condition, and increased positive feelings gained from connecting with peers.

cliffside malibu slide 8
Perched in the mountains of Santa Monica, Cliffside Malibu offers therapies ranging from reiki to surf therapy.

Surf therapy is also a promising method of treatment for adolescents. Research shows that surf therapy has a positive impact on mental health,3 improving emotion regulation, social competencies, and social connections, while decreasing behavioral problems and depressive symptoms in youth experiencing psychological difficulties. Another study found surf therapy improved adolescents’ self-confidence4 through the feelings of accomplishment that come from mastering a new skill, a sense of escape, and strengthened social connections. Paradigm Teen & Young Adults Treatment understands the positive effects that surf therapy can have, and offers this activity to its adolescent and young adult clients.

Other Outdoor Activities and Experiential Therapies

Because Malibu is so close to the beach, many centers invite their residents to go on beach walks, or engage in related activities like swimming and hiking. The region’s warm weather gives clients plenty of opportunities to relax in the fresh air throughout every season. Milestones Ranch even holds therapy sessions while walking on the beach.

According to research, exercise can help clients navigate addiction recovery,5 and participating in new activities can build confidence through the mastery of a new skill. Oceanside Malibu encourages clients to participate in surf therapy, rock climbing, horseback riding, fishing, and other adventure outings. These exciting experiences can help clients find new hobbies and improve the mind-body connection, all while working through difficult emotions that may not easily come up during talk therapy.

Events and Cultural Outings

Milestones Ranch offers exposure therapy activities both on and off their 160-acre private property. This center’s take on exposure therapy, which they term “supervised sober recreation,”6 lets clients participate in activities while sober that they may have only previously done with drugs or alcohol. Clients can attend musical performances and dance parties at the ranch, in addition to weekly outings at comedy clubs, museums, concerts, movie theaters, and more off the property. According to this treatment team, participating in exposure therapy helps “build the client up through social and sober activities, providing the practical skills and confidence needed to socialize without the use of drugs.”

After some time in treatment, Milestones Ranch even gives clients opportunities to plan outings themselves with other friends from nearby sober living houses. This can help clients get accustomed to being in social settings while sober.

Specialized Treatment for Teens and Young Adults

Building community is important in recovery, as studies show that people with more close friends are more likely to recover from addiction.7 And oftentimes, people may find it easier to make friends with peers that they can relate to. Because of this, it may be beneficial for adolescents and young adults to attend teen-specific treatment centers surrounded by others of their own age.

According to Visions Adolescent Treatment, “Adolescents need to be approached differently than adults because they are still developing their emotional and environmental understanding.” With this in mind, the center only treats adolescents between the ages of 13-18. They provide daily activities and hold events at their rural rehab center, set in the Malibu hills to minimize distractions and keep the focus on recovery.

visions adolescent treatment slide 4
Visions Adolescent Treatment is tucked away on 25 acres of tranquil grounds in Malibu.

“When I came to Visions, I was extremely depressed and emotionally volatile. I was anxiety-ridden and I really didn’t see the point in life,” says JuliAnn Crommelin, a Visions Adolescent Treatment alum. “Visions not only got me sober, but they gave me the life that I never knew I always wanted.”

“It’s About a Non-Judgmental, Supportive Environment”

Paradigm Teens & Young Adults Treatment caters to clients aged 12-26, although teens and young adults are treated separately. Paradigm Treatment conducted a study that followed up with 195 of their clients a year after completing treatment and found that their depression, anxiety, and stress levels significantly decreased during rehab,8 compared to reported levels at their intake.

Paradigm focuses on creating a community-based environment that fosters healing and space for reflection. Dustin Wagner, Paradigm’s COO, explains:

“We know right off the bat it’s about building a relationship. It’s about a non-judgmental, supportive environment…Where other clients are also supporting each other. This program is transforming lives and providing hope to these families.”

Both Beachside Teen Treatment Center and Pacific Teen Treatment also focus exclusively on treatment for teens and their families. Pacific Teen Treatment even offers academic activities so that teens don’t fall behind in school during their recovery process.

As their parent, you may need to make treatment decisions for your teen. As JuliAnn from Visions Adolescent Treatment says,

“I’m grateful that my mom knew what to do with me, because at that point in my life I didn’t know what I needed, and looking back on it, I needed a parent who knew to call the professionals.”

Malibu’s Top-Notch Care

Malibu’s treatment facilities are highly regarded nationwide. Cliffside Malibu and Seasons in Malibu rank among the best rehab centers in California,9 according to Newsweek. The survey reviewed addiction recovery programs throughout the U.S. based on their quality of service and overall reputation.

Some centers focus on smaller group sizes in order to offer more personalized treatment. For example, Oceanside Malibu only accepts 6 people at a time. This allows them to offer each client a highly individualized experience. They also focus on building community within this small number of clients.

Director Dave Johnson describes Oceanside Malibu’s welcoming atmosphere:

“When people come to Oceanside, we try to create a family-like environment where people are allowed to heal and feel safe enough, and in doing that we try and break down that shame and guilt and get rid of it because it doesn’t serve any purpose.”

A Holistic Approach to Healing From Addiction

Mindfulness is a powerful way to approach recovery.10 According to experts at UC Berkeley’s Greater Good Magazine, mindfulness is defined as “maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and surrounding environment, through a gentle, nurturing lens.” This practice encourages you to focus on the present moment, which helps alleviate anxiety about past painful or stressful situations and potential future ones. Studies have shown that meditation can aid in addiction recovery11 by decreasing cravings and improving control over one’s emotions.

Many centers incorporate mindfulness practices into their treatment programs, taking a holistic approach to treatment. Summit Malibu, for example, blends Eastern and Western mindfulness practices to help clients with the physical, mental, and spiritual symptoms of addiction. Clients can participate in yoga, art therapy, meditation, relaxation therapy, somatic experiencing, and more. William Oswald, the center’s CEO and Founder, says:

“To treat substance abuse and mental disorders12 we must go deeper than the physical being. As a recovering addict, I know that healing comes from within. That’s our mission at Summit Malibu.”

Avalon Malibu incorporates experiential therapies like traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), herbs, and neurofeedback into their programs, along with mindful practices like meditation, yoga, and qi gong. TCM includes natural products and acupuncture, which are especially helpful in treating opiate addiction. Acupuncture may help alleviate withdrawal symptoms13 and possibly even help clients avoid a relapse. This modality can also improve the immune system, have a positive effect on memory, and decrease the likelihood of neurological disorders.

Cliffside Malibu offers many different forms of holistic therapies and treatments, like Reiki, acupuncture, hypnotherapy, and more. These practices can help bring clients peace and promote healing, especially when combined with Malibu’s beautiful natural setting.

Ease of Travel to Malibu

Malibu is easily reachable by plane, and is just a short drive from Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), one of the largest airports in California and busiest in the U.S. It’s hard to believe that this coastal haven is so close to such a busy metro area, but that certainly makes travel much more convenient.

Since Malibu is located right along Highway 1, which has some of the best views in California, it’s also easily accessible by car.

Peaceful Addiction and Mental Health Recovery on the Coast

It’s up to you to determine the best place to start recovery. Traveling to Malibu for rehab might make sense if you’d like a more peaceful, quiet setting surrounded by mountains and beaches, and would like to try beachside experiential therapies.

Malibu’s tranquil surroundings may offer you clarity and a sense of calm, so you can focus all your energy on healing. However, this setting may be too quiet for some clients. Even with Los Angeles so nearby, treatment in Malibu may not be a good fit if you feel more comfortable in a big city.

See our collection of rehabs in Malibu for an inside glimpse into treatment, including virtual tours, pricing, and reviews.

Frequently Asked Questions About Malibu Rehabs

What rehab programs are available in Malibu?

Malibu treatment centers take advantage of their ideal location and climate, offering activities like surf therapy, beach walks, and hikes. Holistic therapy is popular in California, and several centers in Malibu embrace this approach.

Why go to rehab in Malibu?

You may want to start your journey to mental health and addiction recovery in Malibu if you enjoy ocean views, a warmer climate, and unique therapies focused on nature and alternative medicine.

What city in California has the best rehab?

Malibu’s treatment facilities are highly regarded nationwide. Cliffside Malibu and Seasons in Malibu rank among the best rehab centers in California, according to Newsweek (based on quality of service and overall reputation).

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How to Identify & Treat Gambling Addiction

Gambling is often seen as harmless fun, and many people are able to do it from time to time without developing an addiction. This makes it difficult for some people to realize when it’s becoming a problem.

Unfortunately, few people who struggle with gambling addiction get the help they need. In fact, many people are unaware that there is rehab available for gambling. But the truth is that there are plenty of effective programs available for treating gambling addiction. Let’s take a look at how this addiction develops, what encourages many people to quit, and how you can find support to do the same.

Spotting Problem Gambling

Gambling can include activities such as buying lottery tickets, playing slot machines at a casino, betting at races, hosting poker nights with friends, and more. While these activities aren’t necessarily problematic in and of themselves, they’re considered a gambling disorder ((Menchon, J. M., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Fernández-Aranda, F., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2018). An overview of gambling disorder: From treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Research, 7, 434. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12784.1)) when they include “recurrent, maladaptive gambling behavior that results in clinically significant distress.”

About 0.5% of Americans experience gambling problems, ((Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). Gambling Problems: An Introduction for Behavioral Health Services Providers. Advisory, Volume 13, Issue 1. Retrieved from https://158bvz3v7mohkq9oid5904e0-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Gambling-Addiction-An-Introduction-for-Behavioral-Health-Providers-SAMHSA-2014.pdf)) according to data from national surveys. However, studies have shown that only 10% of people with a gambling addiction ever seek help, with financial issues being the most common motivation. And often when people do get into treatment, they do so for other symptoms such as insomnia or depression, which they may or may not realize are related.

Treatment Methods for Gambling Addiction

Although medication can be used to treat this condition, studies have shown that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a much more effective treatment option for gambling addiction. ((Menchon, J. M., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Fernández-Aranda, F., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2018). An overview of gambling disorder: From treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Research, 7, 434. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12784.1)) Other talk therapies are also proven to work well, and can provide both short- and long-term benefits.

However, more research needs to be done in order to fully determine the most effective treatment for gambling disorders. Additionally, every person’s situation is unique, and each treatment plan needs to be tailored to their needs, especially if co-occurring disorders are a concern.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Research shows that CBT is extremely successful in treating gambling addictions. ((Menchon, J. M., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Fernández-Aranda, F., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2018). An overview of gambling disorder: From treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Research, 7, 434. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12784.1)) This psychotherapy aims to change negative and dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors by replacing them with positive ones. When used to treat gambling addiction, this involves “identifying and changing cognitive distortions about gambling, reinforcing nongambling behaviors, and recognizing positive and negative consequences.” This helps people with a gambling disorder understand that the long-term negative effects, such as debt, legal issues, and damaged relationships, outweigh the short-term benefits.

Relapse prevention planning is often used in combination with CBT. In this technique, the patient is taught to recognize and either avoid or navigate situations that could lead to relapse. Someone with a gambling disorder may learn that these include locations like casinos, negative feelings such as anger or depression, and other stressors like work or family issues.

Therapy sessions held online or over the phone are another option that can provide flexibility, anonymity, and confidentiality.

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

This technique has shown a lot of promise as an effective approach to treating gambling addiction. ((Menchon, J. M., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Fernández-Aranda, F., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2018). An overview of gambling disorder: From treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Research, 7, 434. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12784.1)) During this approach, a trained therapist works with patients to help them determine why it’s so hard to change their behavior. Normative feedback, which has patients compare their gambling behavior to that of the general population to help them see their maladaptive behavior, is a core part of this approach.

Research shows that motivational interviewing is associated with less gambling, as well as psychosocial improvements and a better overall quality of life. Some studies show that just 15 minutes of MI can be even more successful in treating a gambling disorder ((Yau, Y. H. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2015). Gambling disorder and other behavioral addictions: Recognition and treatment. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23(2), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000051)) than longer and more intensive treatment methods.

Medication

At this time, the FDA has not approved any medications for gambling disorder treatment. ((Menchon, J. M., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Fernández-Aranda, F., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2018). An overview of gambling disorder: From treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Research, 7, 434. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12784.1)) Research is taking place but nothing has been proven yet, although one study showed that 2 antidepressant drugs, paroxetine and fluvoxamine, were significantly superior to the placebo in treating people with a gambling addiction.

The opioid antagonists naltrexone and nalmefene have also shown promising results, but further studies are needed to determine if they’re effective for everyone.

Family Involvement

Involving family members in the recovery process shows very positive outcomes for those struggling with addiction. If it’s important to you to include loved ones in your recovery journey, you can look for a rehab that offers family involvement. Many treatment centers offer family therapy (either remote or in-person) and on-site family programming as part of their residential care.

Alternative Treatment Approaches

Mindfulness is another treatment that has positive effects for those recovering from gambling addiction. ((Menchon, J. M., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Fernández-Aranda, F., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2018). An overview of gambling disorder: From treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Research, 7, 434. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12784.1)) This technique is shown to minimize levels of severity, abstinence, and craving in people with gambling disorders, as well as improving quality of life and mental and emotional states.

Gamblers Anonymous (GA) is a support group ((Gamblers anonymous. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.gamblersanonymous.org/ga/)) for people in recovery from this addiction. Members go through a 12-Step program (similar to Alcoholics Anonymous) and choose a sponsor to support them along the way. If you attend a 12-Step rehab, you may attend GA meetings as part of your residential treatment program. Many people choose to attend support groups, 12-Step or otherwise, as part of their continuing care plan for ongoing recovery.

You may also choose to sign up for a self-exclusion program to prevent you from gambling ((Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). Gambling Problems: An Introduction for Behavioral Health Services Providers. Advisory, Volume 13, Issue 1. Retrieved from https://158bvz3v7mohkq9oid5904e0-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Gambling-Addiction-An-Introduction-for-Behavioral-Health-Providers-SAMHSA-2014.pdf)) in the future. Studies show that this approach reduces the amount of gambling in people with gambling disorders. Once you sign up, you’ll be prohibited from gambling for a certain period of time, chosen by you﹘even for life if you choose. If you gamble during your banned period, you will be asked to leave, need to return any money won, and may even be charged for trespassing. You can perform a quick online search to see if your state offers an initiative like this.

Risk Factors for Gambling Addiction

There are several risk factors for gambling addiction, ((Menchon, J. M., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Fernández-Aranda, F., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2018). An overview of gambling disorder: From treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Research, 7, 434. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12784.1)) including demographic and psychological ones.

Adolescents are especially vulnerable and much more likely to develop a gambling addiction than older adults. Impulsivity is a common factor in all addictions, and gambling disorder is no exception. Other psychological factors associated with gambling problems are harm avoidance, low self-directedness, difficulty making decisions and planning, and sensation-seeking behaviors. Gambling disorders may also develop as a coping mechanism ((Yau, Y. H. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2015). Gambling disorder and other behavioral addictions: Recognition and treatment. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23(2), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000051)) for mood and anxiety disorders.

Among older adults, men have a higher chance of developing a gambling problem than other genders, as well as ethnic minorities, people with lower income and socioeconomic status, lower education levels, and unmarried status. One study found that most adults with this addiction use gambling to alleviate boredom or their inability to do an activity they previously enjoyed.

Why People Decide to Stop Gambling

Financial Problems

The extreme financial consequences of gambling addiction make it particularly insidious, because these can spill over into so many other areas of life. If you’re considering getting help for gambling-related problems, you may have already experienced some of the following:

  • Unpaid bills
  • Maxed out credit cards
  • Damaged credit score
  • Struggling with money despite having an adequate income
  • Continually borrowing money from family and friends
  • Refinancing assets or depleting investment accounts
  • Getting trapped in additional debt cycles with high-interest loans, etc.
  • Home foreclosure or property repossession

These monetary consequences of problem gambling ((Financial consequences. (n.d.). Nevada Council on Problem Gambling. Retrieved from https://www.nevadacouncil.org/understanding-problem-gambling/impact-consequences/financial-consequences/)) can also strain relationships with partners, family, and friends.

Relationship Problems

All that additional stress can lead to significant problems at home—which is why gambling disorder is associated with higher rates of divorce ((Svensson, J., Romild, U., & Shepherdson, E. (2013). The concerned significant others of people with gambling problems in a national representative sample in Sweden – a 1 year follow-up study. BMC Public Health, 13, 1087. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1087)) and domestic violence. ((Dowling, N. A., Ewin, C., Youssef, G. J., Merkouris, S. S., Suomi, A., Thomas, S. A., & Jackson, A. C. (n.d.). Problem gambling and family violence: Findings from a population-representative study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 806–813. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.74)) Family members may also develop depression or anxiety, or use substances to cope.

Legal Problems

It’s also common for people with a gambling disorder to have legal problems. One study found that about 25% of people with a gambling disorder had done something illegal related to gambling, ((Problem gambling and the criminal justice system. (2013). Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation. https://responsiblegambling.vic.gov.au/documents/131/Problem-Gambling-Criminal-Justice.pdf)) including stealing, writing bad checks, and using unauthorized credit cards.

Drugs, Alcohol, and Gambling Addictions

Gambling disorders often co-occur with substance use disorders ((Barnes, G. M., Welte, J. W., Tidwell, M.-C. O., & Hoffman, J. H. (2015). Gambling and substance use: Co-occurrence among adults in a recent general population study in the united states. International Gambling Studies, 15(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2014.990396)) and other behavioral health issues. Gambling and substance use disorders share certain behavioral traits, including loss of control, cravings, tolerance, and withdrawal. (In the case of gambling addiction, “tolerance” refers to the need to risk more money to feel the same thrill.)

Alcohol is often easily available in casinos and other gambling environments. And as the consequences of the addiction (like financial loss and relationship problems) progress, substances can be a way to cope. In turn, alcohol and drug use encourage impulsive behavior—which makes it even harder to stop problem gambling.

Choosing the Best Gambling Rehab Center

If you’re struggling with financial or family problems due to gambling, life can feel out of control. But the good news is that there’s plenty of support available from professionals with experience treating people in your very situation. And so many people who worked through the challenges of gambling addiction recovery are now living happy, healthy, and fulfilled lives.

Choosing a few addiction treatment programs that seem like a good fit for you and getting further information from their admissions staff is a great place to start.

See our directory of gambling rehabs to further explore your options and see program information, specializations, staff qualifications, and more.

Reviewed by Lisa Misquith

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Healing From Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Everyone deals with trauma differently. At times, experiencing traumatic events can develop into post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although this disorder may feel isolating, remember that many people are diagnosed with PTSD—probably more than you realize. And because of this, there are so many different resources available that can help you along your recovery process.

Rehab is one of those resources. Attending a treatment center can help you process your emotions and feelings related to the trauma you’ve experienced, and to learn to cope with them in a healthy way.

Finding a rehab that treats PTSD can be an effective and supportive place to begin your recovery journey.

What is PTSD?

PTSD is a disorder that develops in response to a traumatic event. ((Ptsd basics – ptsd: National center for ptsd. (n.d.). [General Information]. Retrieved from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/what/ptsd_basics.asp)) Symptoms from PTSD may develop soon after the trauma occurred, but can also arise months or even years later. You may have PTSD if you have any of the symptoms below and notice that they last longer than 4 weeks, are extremely stressful, and significantly affect your life.

The symptoms of PTSD include (but aren’t limited to) the following:

  • Reliving the event: This may involve nightmares or flashbacks, especially when a trigger is present. A trigger is something that reminds you of the event, such as a loud noise or seeing an accident similar to the one you experienced, that elicits a strong emotional reaction.
  • Avoiding anything or anyone that reminds you of the event.
  • Experiencing intrusive thoughts and emotions on a consistent basis after the event: For example, you may feel guilt or shame, lose interest in things you once enjoyed, or feel numb.
  • Feeling on edge: You may feel you have to be “ready for anything” and find it difficult to sleep, concentrate, or may be easily startled.

It may feel daunting to realize that you might have PTSD. However, know that it’s not just you—according to the National Center for PTSD, PTSD in adults is not rare. ((How common is ptsd in adults? – Ptsd: national center for ptsd. (n.d.). [General Information]. Retrieved from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_adults.asp)) They estimate that 6 of every 100 people will be diagnosed with PTSD during their life.

The Many Treatment Options for PTSD

Trauma-informed care approaches treatment with a focus on trauma. This may look different from patient to patient, but the idea is that providers understand the nature of trauma and take that into account during treatment.

Trauma-specialized rehabs also offer trauma-specific therapies, which are very effective for PTSD. ((Ptsd treatment basics – ptsd: National center for ptsd. (n.d.). [General Information]. Retrieved from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand_tx/tx_basics.asp)) These therapies center the patient’s attention on the memory or meaning of the traumatic event, and may use visualization, talking, or thinking to help you work through the experience.

Exposure therapy, eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and cognitive processing therapy are the most popular treatment options for PTSD. However, there are several other options, and your treatment provider can help you choose which will work the best for you.

Prolonged Exposure (PE)

During PE, patients learn to face uncomfortable feelings in order to gain control over their experience. Patients will discuss any traumatic experiences with a counselor, as well as participate in events they’ve avoided related to the event. This treatment is highly effective for PTSD ((Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018). Treating ptsd: A review of evidence-based psychotherapy interventions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00258)) according to research—one meta analysis found that 41-95% of people who participated in PE no longer had PTSD symptoms by the end of treatment. Another study discovered that PTSD symptoms significantly lessened in people who had PE during treatment, as compared to supportive counseling, relaxation training, medication, and “treatment as usual.” Because PE can provoke feelings of anxiety, you should only do it with a trained professional.

Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy

EDMR has the patient think about the traumatic experience while performing lateral eye movements, ((van den Hout, M. A., & Engelhard, I. M. (2012). How does EMDR work? Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 3(5), 724–738. https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.028212)) usually by following a light or the therapist’s finger. This helps move traumatic memories into long-term storage, so that when they’re brought up, patients are less activated. The goal of EMDR is to minimize the vividness and emotion that results from these thoughts.

Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)

CPT teaches patients to challenge and change their negative thoughts surrounding the traumatic event through talk therapy and writing assignments. CPT treatment shows a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms ((Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018). Treating ptsd: A review of evidence-based psychotherapy interventions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00258)) in several different samples of veterans, sexual assault survivors, and others with PTSD. These statistics remained similar during 5 and 10-year follow ups.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

In CBT, patients reframe their thoughts and feelings from negative to more positive, and learn healthy coping skills and strategies to manage them in the future. One study determined that PTSD patients using CBT in their treatment plan ((Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018). Treating ptsd: A review of evidence-based psychotherapy interventions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00258)) worked better than supportive therapy or self-help booklets.

Written Narrative Exposure (WNE)

Patients write about the trauma they’ve experienced and discuss it with a therapist afterwards.

Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP)

This approach helps the patient adjust negative emotions to help relieve them of shame and guilt. In addition to talk therapy, patients may learn relaxation skills, write about their traumatic experience, and even work through a ritual to help them leave the traumatic event in the past and start over.

Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET)

Patients craft a story consisting of stressful events that occurred in their lives. This therapy is often used with people who experienced war, conflict, or violence.

Medications

Antidepressant medications known as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) help patients experiencing PTSD. There are 4 prescribed medications commonly used for PTSD:

  • Sertraline (Zoloft)
  • Paroxetine (Paxil)
  • Fluoxetine (Prozac)
  • Venlafaxine (Effexor)

Potential Causes of PTSD

Not everyone is affected by trauma in the same way. For example, 2 people can have the same experience, but one may develop PTSD while the other doesn’t.

People can develop PTSD from many different stressful situations or events. Combat veterans and survivors of sexual trauma and intimate partner violence may be more likely to develop PTSD. People that have witnessed or been in a serious accident or catastrophic event may find themselves feeling differently afterwards, and be unable to process what happened to them.

While your experience is unique, remember that other people have gone through similar situations. You may find support by surrounding yourself with others who share your experience, and finding a rehab with a specialized PTSD program can help you connect with them in treatment.

The Link Between PTSD and Addiction

Trauma is strongly correlated with drug and alcohol addiction. ((International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Traumatic Stress and Substance Abuse Problems. [Pamphlet]. https://istss.org/ISTSS_Main/media/Documents/ISTSS_TraumaStressandSubstanceAbuseProb_English_FNL.pdf)) People who experienced traumatic events in their lifetimes are more likely to use drugs and alcohol as a way to deal with the negative thoughts and feelings that arise from the experience. And unfortunately, substance abuse only worsens the problem.

Some studies found that the relationship between substance use and PTSD ((Khoury, L., Tang, Y. L., Bradley, B., Cubells, J. F., & Ressler, K. J. (2010). Substance use, childhood traumatic experience, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an urban civilian population. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 1077–1086. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20751)) was significantly high in adolescents. Additionally, experiencing trauma in adolescence can heighten your stress response. This trauma can elevate plasma cortisol levels, making it more likely that they may develop PTSD and other conditions.

However, substance use can actually make the effects of PTSD much worse. It can increase emotional numbing, depression, anxiety, and more. If you have both a substance use disorder and PTSD, you may want to find a rehab that specializes in co-occurring disorders.

How PTSD Can Affect Your Life and Relationships

Some people with PTSD struggle with family and friendships, ((Relationships – ptsd: National center for ptsd. (n.d.). [General Information]. Retrieved from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/family/effect_relationships.asp)) even if they had trusting relationships in the past. People may avoid closeness with others to avoid negative feelings, or being reminded of the event by someone who was present at the time. Close relationships may feel downright dangerous, as many trauma survivors feel a need to be on guard. On the contrary, people may also go in the opposite direction and lean heavily on their loved ones.

If you’re going through this, don’t worry—most people are able to restore their relationships to where they were before the trauma occurred. And whether you’re avoiding closeness or depending on others too much, the right treatment can help you learn to mitigate these situations in a healthy way so you can feel more at ease with your loved ones. It may even be helpful to attend therapy with one of these people, and to consider marital or family counseling.

The Differences Between PTSD and CPTSD

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) ((Complex ptsd – ptsd: National center for ptsd. (n.d.). [General Information]. Retrieved from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/complex_ptsd.asp#subone)) is similar to PTSD, with some slight differences. CPTSD might arise from exposure to repeated traumatic events over a longer duration of time, such as survivors of childhood or sexual abuse, or veterans that were deployed on active duty for longer periods of time.

According to Dr. Judith Herman of Harvard University, CPTSD symptoms include the following:

  • Behavioral issues
  • Emotional suffering
  • Cognitive difficulties
  • Interpersonal problems
  • Somatization (physical reactions to stress)

While CPTSD isn’t yet officially recognized, many clinicians treat it as a serious condition. Other disorders also often occur alongside CPTSD, such as addiction, dissociation, borderline personality disorder, and sleep problems. Fortunately, the treatments for CPTSD also help treat these issues.

Empower Yourself to Move Past Your Trauma

Although PTSD can feel debilitating at times, you can move forward with your recovery. Be gentle with yourself as you focus on healing. This isn’t the time to push yourself too hard—instead, try to remember how far you’ve come.

Dealing with past trauma isn’t easy. You’ll have good days and bad days, and that’s completely normal. The right treatment can help you develop the skills and coping strategies to manage the bad ones in a healthy, positive way.

Don’t be afraid to reach out for help–it’ll be there when you need it.

To learn more about treatment options and see information on pricing, insurance, special programs, and more, see our directory of centers offering PTSD treatment near you.

Reviewed by Rajnandini Rathod

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Schizophrenia Rehab and Recovery

Schizophrenia is a very serious mental illness that can affect how you think, feel, and behave. If you have this diagnosis, you or those around you may feel as though you have lost touch with reality. These symptoms can make it difficult to access the care you need to begin recovery. Fortunately, many rehab centers are equipped to treat schizophrenia.

Untreated schizophrenia can have disabling long-term effects. But with a coordinated plan of care, you can still engage in school or work, achieve or maintain your independence, and enjoy personal relationships. In order to begin recovery, you can learn more about your illness, its impact on your life, and which types of treatment are currently available.

Choosing a Treatment Approach

It can be overwhelming to receive this diagnosis. Schizophrenia is often unfairly maligned, although those views are changing with time. And despite the associated stigma, appropriate treatment can empower you to manage your symptoms and live a fulfilling life.

Because the symptoms of schizophrenia often appear in early adulthood, ((Gogtay, N., Vyas, N. S., Testa, R., Wood, S. J., & Pantelis, C. (2011). Age of onset of schizophrenia: Perspectives from structural neuroimaging studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(3), 504–513. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr030)) many patients benefit from developing certain life skills in addition to receiving medical care. Rehabilitation often involves education, career training, and practicing good self-care habits.

A positive outlook is essential to achieving and maintaining stability. Remember that a diagnosis of schizophrenia doesn’t mean your life is over. You deserve care and compassion. A good-quality rehab program will guide you through addressing challenges while recognizing and supporting your many personal strengths. There are a number of ways to approach this process of recovery; what’s important is choosing an option that suits your unique needs.

Antipsychotic Medications

Antipsychotic medications, ((Mental health medications. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications)) such as risperidone (Risperdal) ((Risperidone: Medlineplus drug information. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a694015.html)) or olanzapine (Zyprexa), ((Olanzapine: Medlineplus drug information. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601213.html)) are commonly prescribed for schizophrenia. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), these medications are used to treat patients who have experienced “some loss of contact with reality.” Some symptoms, like hallucinations, should abate within days of starting an antipsychotic. Other symptoms may take weeks to resolve, even if the drug is taken as directed. If you’ve been diagnosed with schizophrenia, your prescribing doctor will likely recommend that you take medication on an ongoing basis, even after completing treatment for an acute episode.

Art Therapy

In art therapy, you can process difficult emotions and experiences through creative expression. This modality may help you get in touch with your feelings and make sense of your inner world.

Because art therapy can include nonverbal expression, ((Schizophrenic communication | diginole. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu%3A181652/datastream)) this technique can help people with schizophrenia practice communication skills in a low-stakes environment. The act of creation can strengthen your sense of self, while the art you produce invites you to relate with other people in a new way. According to one study, art therapy can alleviate some symptoms of schizophrenia ((Teglbjaerg, H. S. (2011). Art therapy may reduce psychopathology in schizophrenia by strengthening the patients’ sense of self: A qualitative extended case report. Psychopathology, 44(5), 314–318. https://doi.org/10.1159/000325025)) in some people.

Talk Therapy

Talk therapy can help you cope with hallucinations or delusions in a healthier way. Many experts recommend cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment for schizophrenia. ((CBT for schizophrenia: Does it work, benefits, and more. (2022, January 11). https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cbt-for-schizophrenia))

CBT works by helping you to identify the thought patterns that cause your unwanted feelings and behaviors. You can then use specific tools to challenge these thought patterns and eventually work towards more beneficial, actionable thoughts.

Family Therapy

Family members are an important source of support for people with any mental health diagnosis. And a wealth of data supports the importance of family therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia, ((Caqueo-Urízar, A., Rus-Calafell, M., Urzúa, A., Escudero, J., & Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J. (2015). The role of family therapy in the management of schizophrenia: Challenges and solutions. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 145–151. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S51331)) in particular. Many rehab programs offer family therapy—and some define “family” broadly, inviting chosen family members to participate in the process.

In this type of therapy, you’ll meet with a trained therapist as a group, and may also have individual sessions. These are opportunities to discuss your condition and explore solutions that may help you and your family work towards remission.

In order to maximize your health outcomes and reduce the impact of your illness on your day-to-day functionality, it’s important to maintain a strong support network. The more your friends and family understand your diagnosis, the better equipped they’ll be to help you heal. Although it can go into remission, schizophrenia is a lifelong condition. If you and your loved ones work together, you can make an even more sustainable plan for ongoing care.

Causes of Schizophrenia

This illness is a severe, chronic diagnosis characterized by disturbances in thought, perception and behavior. Schizophrenia affects approximately 24 million people, ((Schizophrenia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia)) which is 0.32% of the global population.

As scientists seek to pin down its causes, this condition is the subject of plenty of research. Although anyone can develop it, researchers believe schizophrenia may be linked to the following factors: ((Schizophrenia. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia))

  • Genetics: It’s thought that schizophrenia may run in families. However, there is currently no means of using genetic information to predict occurrences of schizophrenia.
  • Environment: Environmental factors such as poverty, acute stress, and prenatal malnutrition may cause or exacerbate this illness.
  • Brain structure and function: Schizophrenia is linked to differences in brain structure, function, and neurochemical interactions. More research is needed to determine why these differences occur.

Understanding the symptoms and causes of schizophrenia is the first step in learning to manage your illness. A serious condition like schizophrenia can impact your life in many different ways.

Effects of Schizophrenia

Because this is a chronic condition, you can expect to have the diagnosis for the rest of your life. Despite this, it’s important to note that schizophrenia can go into remission. ((Yeomans, D., Taylor, M., Currie, A., Whale, R., Ford, K., Fear, C., Hynes, J., Sullivan, G., Moore, B., & Burns, T. (2010). Resolution and remission in schizophrenia: Getting well and staying well. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 16(2), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.108.006411)) According to one group of experts, “research suggests that remission can be achieved in 20–60% of people with schizophrenia.”

Even if you achieve remission, you’ll likely need ongoing support. To plan for ongoing care, you can start by learning about the most common difficulties people with schizophrenia face. This may empower you to build a support network of loved ones and mental health professionals with the expertise you’ll need if acute symptoms arise.

Relationships

A schizophrenia diagnosis doesn’t only affect the person with this condition. It often ripples outward, having a noticeable impact on your spouse, family, friends, and colleagues. Family therapy isn’t just intended to heal your relationships; it can also help your loved ones cope with their experience.

Because the illness can lead to lower self-esteem and isolation, and also because of the heavy stigma associated with a diagnosis, many people identify personal relationships as the biggest area of their lives impacted by schizophrenia. ((Budziszewska, M. D., Babiuch-Hall, M., & Wielebska, K. (2020). Love and romantic relationships in the voices of patients who experience psychosis: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 570928. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570928)) In one survey, 27% of people with schizophrenia said that they had experienced discrimination from romantic and sexual partners on the basis of their diagnosis, and over half expected it to occur.

“Schizophrenia makes it hard for people to form close bonds,” says Dost Öngür, MD, Director of the Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Research Program at McLean Fernside in Princeton, Massachusetts.

Social support is crucial for people with schizophrenia. ((Fan, C.-H., Hsu, S.-C., Hsiao, F.-H., Chang, C.-M., Liu, C.-Y., Lai, Y.-M., & Chen, Y.-T. (2021). The association of social support and symptomatic remission among community-dwelling schizophrenia patients: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 3977. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083977)) According to one study, “schizophrenia patients with higher frequencies of social interaction are more likely to achieve symptomatic remission.” Another found that being married or living with someone long term even had positive outcomes on employment ((Holm, M., Taipale, H., Tanskanen, A., Tiihonen, J., & Mitterdorfer‐Rutz, E. (2021). Employment among people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: A population‐based study using nationwide registers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 143(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13254)) in people with this diagnosis.

Employment

Schizophrenia can interfere with your professional goals. With untreated symptoms, it can be incredibly difficult to complete your education or job training, and to function in the workplace on a day to day basis.

Data shows that people with schizophrenia may experience a decline in employment ((Holm, M., Taipale, H., Tanskanen, A., Tiihonen, J., & Mitterdorfer‐Rutz, E. (2021). Employment among people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: A population‐based study using nationwide registers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 143(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13254)) after being diagnosed. This can mean reduced hours or a lower position. Some patients stop working entirely, and instead make use of disability benefits.

Several characteristics are linked to a higher employment rate after diagnosis, including a high level of education, older age at the first registered diagnosis, fewer previous hospitalizations, and an absence of substance use issues.

Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorders

Substance use complicates the process of diagnosing and treating schizophrenia. If you are struggling with addiction alongside schizophrenia, you’re not alone. Substance abuse disorders are up to 5 times higher in people with schizophrenia ((Menne, V., & Chesworth, R. (2020). Schizophrenia and drug addiction comorbidity: Recent advances in our understanding of behavioural susceptibility and neural mechanisms. Neuroanatomy and Behaviour, 2, e10–e10. https://doi.org/10.35430/nab.2020.e10)) than the general population.

Addiction occurs in nearly 50% of people with schizophrenia, and presents with a wide range of drug classes (e.g. smoking, cannabinoids, alcohol, stimulants, etc). In addition to complicating diagnosis and treatment, it can also exacerbate patients’ symptoms.

If you’re struggling with schizophrenia and addiction, treatment for both conditions should happen concurrently. Ask centers you’re considering if they offer specialized treatment for co-occurring disorders.

Creating a Brighter Future

There is no cure for schizophrenia. But with the right treatment, healthy habits, and a solid support network, you can still lead a rewarding life with less chance of a severe relapse.

Schizophrenia is one of the most heavily stigmatized mental illnesses, subject to a great deal of misinformation. But cultural norms are shifting towards more acceptance. You are more than your diagnosis and your illness. Because your healing process will be unique, just like you, it’s important to find a treatment program that’s tailored to meet your specific needs.

Discover treatment centers across the U.S. that specialize in this condition and see information on pricing, insurance, occupancy, and more in our schizophrenia rehab directory.

Reviewed by Rajnandini Rathod

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Behavioral Therapies for Meth Addiction Recovery

Because meth addiction is so highly stigmatized, it can be intimidating to admit you have a problem. And it’s perfectly valid to fear that you’ll be judged for doing so. Fortunately, there are expert providers who can help. By connecting with a rehab that treats meth addiction, you can begin healing in a safe and supportive environment.

You can approach this journey in a variety of ways. Behavioral therapy has been proven to work especially well for meth recovery, and research is being done on alternative forms of treatment. Remember that you have options, and that learning to make healthy choices is an important part of the process.

Treatment Options for Methamphetamine Addiction

Meth addiction can be very isolating, and if you’re struggling, it can sometimes feel like you’re the only one. However, research shows that methamphetamine use is extremely common. ((Abuse, N. I. on D. (–). Overview. National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/overview)) According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), meth is “one of the most commonly misused stimulant drugs in the world.” Because of this, many rehab programs are well-versed in treating this condition.

Unfortunately, no medications currently stop or minimize the use of methamphetamine, ((May, A. C., Aupperle, R. L., & Stewart, J. L. (2020). Dark times: The role of negative reinforcement in methamphetamine addiction. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00114)) although scientists continue to research the issue. At present, behavioral therapies are the most effective known treatments for methamphetamine misuse. ((Abuse, N. I. on D. (–). What treatments are effective for people who misuse methamphetamine? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-treatments-are-effective-people-who-misuse-methamphetamine)) These options are especially helpful in the context of inpatient rehab or intensive outpatient programs.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

It’s unrealistic to try and build a life entirely free of challenges or triggers that might tempt you to relapse. CBT practitioners recognize this, and help you develop the skills to manage your most difficult emotions. Specifically, patients learn how to replace negative thought patterns with positive or neutral ones. By accepting your feelings, and responding to them calmly and rationally, you can make healthy choices and work toward a more sustainable lifestyle.

Contingency Management (CM)

Contingency management rewards positive behavioral changes with incentives, such as rewards or vouchers. For example, if you might get a voucher every time you test negative for methamphetamine use. You can then exchange those vouchers for prizes, like movie tickets, retail items, or snacks. This technique reinforces healthy behavior, helping patients build sustainable habits.

This treatment is especially helpful because of the way methamphetamine use affects neurochemistry. ((Christenson, K. (2021, February 22). Zorba paster: Promising research on meth treatment is a reminder of addiction crisis. Wisconsin Public Radio. https://www.wpr.org/zorba-paster-promising-research-meth-treatment-reminder-addiction-crisis)) According to family physician and personal health expert Dr. Robert Zorba Paster, “Long-term meth use causes changes in the brain visible on MRI scans. This potent stimulant, like other addictive drugs, hijacks the reward system of the brain.” By retraining your brain to respond to healthier rewards, you can reinforce more sustainable patterns of behavior.

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

Unlike other approaches, motivational interviewing is not technically a type of therapy. Instead, it’s a conversational style that can be implemented by a variety of providers, including talk therapists and doctors. This approach invites you to address the reasons you might feel ambivalent towards change. The goal is to empower patients, motivating them to replace negative responses with positive ones. Although this technique can be effective on its own, it’s most often used in concert with other therapies like CBT or CM.

Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP)

During MBRP, patients use mindfulness techniques to stay in the present moment, accepting uncomfortable feelings as they are. By simply acknowledging your triggers, you can learn to work through them without resorting to substance use. Mindfulness can help you interrupt spiraling negative thought patterns that may lead to relapse. ((Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Collins, S. E., Witkiewitz, K., Hsu, S., Grow, J., Clifasefi, S., Garner, M., Douglass, A., Larimer, M. E., & Marlatt, A. (2009). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: A pilot efficacy trial. Substance Abuse, 30(4), 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070903250084))

The Matrix Model

This treatment method is specifically designed to treat stimulant addiction. Both inpatient and outpatient rehab facilities utilize the Matrix model, although it’s more widely used in outpatient care. Several studies have shown that the Matrix model significantly decreases patients’ stimulant use. ((Abuse, N. I. on D. (–). The matrix model(Stimulants). National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-to-drug-addiction-treatment/behavioral-therapies/matrix))

The Matrix Model integrates family education, ((Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Counselor’s Family Education Manual: Matrix Intensive Outpatient Treatment for People With Stimulant Use Disorders. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4153. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2006. https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma13-4153.pdf)) behavioral 1:1 therapy and group sessions with the 12-Step model. Patients receive positive reinforcement for non-drug-related hobbies, learn recovery skills, and attend education sessions with family members. These are distinct from family therapy; instead of delving into interpersonal dynamics, providers teach participants. Social support groups are also a core component of the Matrix Model.

Support Groups

Crystal Meth Anonymous (C.M.A.) is a 12-Step program in which participants follow 12 principles designed to help people achieve and maintain sobriety, “one day at a time.” Members attend meetings and connect with peer sponsors, sharing mutual support with people who have similar personal histories of addiction. Although C.M.A. is a faith-based program, they accept people of all beliefs and religions. Their only condition for membership is a “desire to change.”

Not all support groups are 12-Step programs. If faith-based recovery isn’t a good fit, you can connect with a group that takes a more scientific approach. For example, Self-Management and Recovery Training (SMART Recovery) empowers each member to define what healing means to them, specifically. In this group, you’ll connect with people who are committed to healing on their own terms.

Many residential rehabs host peer-led support group meetings, in addition to structured group therapy sessions. And after you complete residential treatment, you can easily find similar meetings either online or in your area.

Alternative Treatments

Experts continue to research potential treatments for meth addiction. While more data is still needed regarding the effectiveness of these approaches, some rehab facilities may already offer them to eligible patients. If you’re interested in trying an alternative treatment, you can talk to rehabs about the following options:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a treatment that uses magnetic pulses that stimulate the brain, with the intention of changing brain activity associated with cravings.
  • Neurofeedback is a biofeedback technique ((Neurofeedback and biofeedback for mood and anxiety disorders: A review of the clinical evidence and guidelines – an update. (2014). Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK253820/)) that measures the activity of the central nervous system. In this non-invasive treatment, patients gather information about their own physiological responses, so they can develop coping skills that directly affect brain function.
  • Exercise alleviates feelings of depression during early recovery from methamphetamine misuse ((Haglund, M., Ang, A., Mooney, L., Gonzales, R., Chudzynski, J., Cooper, C. B., Dolezal, B. A., Gitlin, M., & Rawson, R. A. (2015). Predictors of depression outcomes among abstinent methamphetamine-dependent individuals exposed to an exercise intervention. The American Journal on Addictions, 24(3), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12175)) —and the more you exercise, the better. One study found that among people in recovery from meth addiction, people “who attended the greatest number of exercise sessions derived the greatest benefit.”

Medication

Scientists are in the process of developing vaccines that would prevent methamphetamine from reaching the brain. ((Gentry, W. B., Rüedi-Bettschen, D., & Owens, S. M. (2009). Development of active and passive human vaccines to treat methamphetamine addiction. Human Vaccines, 5(4), 206–213. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741685/)) However, it may be some time before these medications become available. Nevertheless, learning more about meth’s impact on your brain chemistry can help you find the most effective treatment for your specific symptoms.

Neurological Effects of Meth

During meth addiction recovery, you’ll work on healing physically as well as emotionally. Because of the way methamphetamine affects brain function, its long-term use often causes neurological symptoms. As you start planning for recovery, you might want to look for a program that provides medical care, or one that treats co-occurring disorders.

Harmful Impacts on the Brain

Methamphetamine use can change the way the brain processes dopamine, the neurotransmitter that creates feelings of pleasure, satisfaction, and motivation. Methamphetamine use actually blocks the reuptake of dopamine ((Abuse, N. I. on D. (–). What are the immediate (Short-term) effects of methamphetamine misuse? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-are-immediate-short-term-effects-methamphetamine-misuse)) while simultaneously boosting its release. In other words, your brain produces more of this chemical, but processes it less efficiently.

Long-term meth use ((Abuse, N. I. on D. (–). What are the long-term effects of methamphetamine misuse? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-are-long-term-effects-methamphetamine-misuse)) can ultimately damage nerve terminals in the brain. In severe cases, this can interfere with your ability to feel pleasure from anything other than methamphetamine. Some neuroimaging studies have also correlated changes in the dopamine system with reduced motor speed and impaired verbal learning.

Over time, meth can even change the physical structure of your brain. ((Thompson, P. M., Hayashi, K. M., Simon, S. L., Geaga, J. A., Hong, M. S., Sui, Y., Lee, J. Y., Toga, A. W., Ling, W., & London, E. D. (2004). Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 24(26), 6028–6036. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0713-04.2004)) One study found that the hippocampus, a part of the brain associated with memory, was smaller in people who use methamphetamine. Another showed that methamphetamine addiction can alter the frontal lobe; ((May, A. C., Aupperle, R. L., & Stewart, J. L. (2020). Dark times: The role of negative reinforcement in methamphetamine addiction. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00114)) these changes may interfere with emotional insight.

Mental Health Conditions

Long-term methamphetamine abuse ((Abuse, N. I. on D. (–). What are the long-term effects of methamphetamine misuse? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-are-long-term-effects-methamphetamine-misuse)) can cause a variety of mental health issues, including anxiety, confusion, insomnia, and mood instability. Some people also experience paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions, which can persist for months or years after starting recovery.

Depression and anxiety are both strongly correlated with methamphetamine addiction. ((May, A. C., Aupperle, R. L., & Stewart, J. L. (2020). Dark times: The role of negative reinforcement in methamphetamine addiction. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00114)) More research is needed to determine whether these conditions cause methamphetamine use, or vice versa. In some cases, feelings of depression and anxiety might first make you vulnerable to addiction, and then worsen as a result of drug abuse. Alternatively, your symptoms may develop after you start using meth, as side effects of the turbulent cycle of consumption, tolerance, and withdrawal.

Because of this, you may want to look for a rehab center that also treats depression and/or anxiety. Discuss your symptoms with a medical professional to determine the best course of action for you. Luckily, there are many ways to treat both conditions, the most common of which are medication and psychotherapy.

Planning for Aftercare and Long-Term Recovery

Because meth can cause long-term health issues, ((Abuse, N. I. on D. (–). What are the long-term effects of methamphetamine misuse? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-are-long-term-effects-methamphetamine-misuse)) and because the recovery journey extends well beyond rehab, patients should plan for aftercare following residential treatment. Fortunately, with the right treatment, some of these symptoms can improve over time. For example, one study found that self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms were reduced after patients stopped using methamphetamines.

Many of the negative neurobiological effects that result from methamphetamine use disorder can also be reversed, at least partially. Some people show signs of neuronal recovery in certain areas of the brain following at least 14 months of sobriety. It’s important to note that these changes did not appear earlier. To give your brain and body time to reverse the effects of meth addiction, make sure you make a plan to guard against relapse.

Taking Back Control of Your Life

Recovery isn’t easy. But it’s important to remember that this is your chance to build a beautiful life.

As your mind and body heal, you’ll get to try entirely new things and rediscover what brings you joy. That might mean picking up a hobby, building a strong network, or just connecting with the right therapist. You get to decide what comes next.

In a center that meets your needs, you can do more than improve your physical and mental health. The right treatment program for you will also empower you to make better, more sustainable choices. When you’re ready to take that step, talking to admissions staff at a few treatment programs that appeal to you can be a great place to start.

Discover rehab centers across the U.S. with information on pricing, insurance, therapies, and more in our directory of meth addiction treatment centers.

Reviewed by Rajnandini Rathod