Tag: Detox

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4 Stages of Alcoholism: What to Know About How Drinking Problems Evolve

Alcoholism doesn’t happen overnight. For many people, it develops gradually through several stages, each with its own set of signs and challenges. Understanding these stages can help you recognize problems in yourself or your loved one and intervene before the consequences get worse. 

The Disease Model: How Alcoholism Progresses

This framework for understanding alcoholism progression comes from E.M. Jellinek, the first to propose the disease model of alcohol addiction that’s now widely accepted by medical professionals. His model outlines 4 distinct stages that show how alcohol dependence develops.1

Let’s break down each stage in simple terms so you know what to watch for.

Infographic stating that around 90 percent of people in the pre-alcoholic stage of alcoholism do not believe their drinking is a problem. A stylized hand holds a beer mug on the right side of the image. The background features light purple tones.

Stage 1: Pre-Alcoholic Stage

In this early stage, a person starts using alcohol not just for enjoyment, but to feel better. They might drink to relax after work or to feel more comfortable at parties. This might not seem like a problem yet, but it’s the start of using alcohol as a solution rather than a choice.

Signs you might be in the pre-alcoholic stage:

  • You look forward to drinking alcohol as a way to unwind or feel comfortable
  • You can handle more alcohol than before (increased tolerance)
  • You sometimes drink alone
  • You finish alcoholic beverages faster than others around you
  • You feel a little anxious when you can’t drink

Most people in this stage still function normally in daily life. Friends or family may not notice anything unusual about your drinking habits.

This is the easiest stage to make changes. Try setting limits on your drinking, tracking how much you consume, or finding alcohol-free ways to relax and socialize.

Alcohol use doesn’t just suddenly become a problem—issues with alcohol use can build slowly over time, in ways that are easy to overlook. By understanding the stages of alcoholism, we can better identify early warning signs and intervene before more challenges and consequences occur.

— Caroline Beidler, MSW
Infographic titled 4 Stages of Alcoholism, showing a progression from balanced drinking to late-stage alcoholism. The stages include balanced drinking, pre-alcoholic, early stage, middle stage, and late stage. Each stage includes descriptions of behavior, binge frequency, and withdrawal symptoms, with visual indicators increasing in severity.

Stage 2: Early Stage

In the early stage, casual drinking shifts toward a more concerning pattern and early warning signs begin to appear. The person develops regular drinking routines, and alcohol starts causing problems.

Finding the Right Support

  • You experience occasional blackouts (can’t remember what happened while drinking)
  • You feel defensive when someone mentions your drinking
  • You make excuses for drinking or downplay how much you consume
  • Your relationships start to suffer because of alcohol
  • You drink to deal with problems caused by previous drinking

During this stage, a dangerous cycle begins. Drinking causes problems, which creates stress, which leads to more drinking to cope with that stress. Getting help at this stage is still relatively easy, and the chance of successful recovery is high with proper support.

Stage 3: Middle Stage

The middle alcoholic stage (or “crucial” stage) is when physical dependence takes hold. Your body now expects alcohol regularly, and you feel uncomfortable without it. Many people realize they have a problem at this point and try to control their drinking.

Signs of the middle stage:

  • You feel withdrawal symptoms when you’re not drinking2 (shakiness, anxiety, sweating)
  • You’ve tried to cut back or quit but couldn’t maintain it
  • You hide your drinking from others
  • You sometimes need a morning drink to steady your nerves
  • You black out more often 
  • You feel deep shame or guilt about your drinking
  • Hangovers get worse because your body’s ability to process alcohol is compromised as liver function declines
  • Physical health problems start to appear

People often try ineffective methods to control their drinking, like switching from liquor to beer or limiting drinking to weekends. These attempts usually fail without adequate support.

Many people in this stage keep up appearances outwardly while struggling privately. They might hold down jobs and maintain relationships—however problematic—while denying the severity of their problem.3

Infographic titled Top 5 Signs You Might Have a Problem with Alcohol. It lists five warning signs: drinking to cope with stress, hiding or lying about drinking, drinking more than planned, feeling anxious without alcohol, and being unable to cut back. Each sign is represented by a different glass with a red flag.

Stage 4: Late Stage

The late stage (or “chronic” stage) is when alcohol abuse completely takes over and a person feels a total loss of control over their drinking. It’s no longer a choice but a powerful compulsion that directs most of their decisions and behaviors.

Signs of the late stage:

  • You can’t control when or how much you drink
  • You have severe withdrawals when not drinking
  • You’ve abandoned activities and interests you once enjoyed
  • Your work performance has significantly declined
  • Relationships are severely damaged or broken
  • You continue drinking despite serious physical and mental health problems
  • You may have had alcohol-related legal issues like DUIs

Alcohol-related health complications4 are an increased risk at this stage. Liver damage or cirrhosis, heart problems, digestive bleeding, and changes in brain function are common. You may have visible symptoms even when you’re not drinking.

Despite how serious this stage is, recovery is still possible with professional help. Medical treatment is usually necessary, starting with medically supervised detox followed by comprehensive addiction treatment.

Things began innocently enough when I began drinking socially in high school, but quickly escalated when I realized how much more confident I felt when intoxicated. It was a bad combination that I used for many years in social settings, to numb out “bad feelings” and ultimately use alcohol as daily self-medication. I trained my brain and body to think they “needed” alcohol for any kind of stressful situation or negative emotion. This was very destructive for me and eventually I had to make a change or I didn’t know what might progress even further.

— Ericka Anderson

Understanding Alcohol Addiction

Substance use is commonplace in many aspects of our daily lives. From celebrating achievements to unwinding after a stressful day, drinking is normalized in ways that can mask developing problems. This cultural acceptance can make it hard to recognize when casual drinking is crossing into problematic territory.

Health experts increasingly recognize “gray area drinking“—a space between moderate consumption and severe alcohol use disorder. In this middle ground, you might not meet the clinical criteria for addiction, but your relationship with alcohol is causing subtle problems in your health, relationships, or daily functioning. 

Many people exist in this gray area without realizing it: The 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) found that 10.2% of people in the U.S had an alcohol use disorder.5 People regularly exceed the limits for moderate drinking (or even heavy drinking or binge drinking) without noticing. (According to medical guidelines, moderate drinking6 means up to 1 drink daily for women and 2 for men.) 

While most people can drink moderately without causing immediate problems in their lives, research increasingly shows there is no completely “safe” amount of alcohol consumption7 when it comes to long-term health outcomes.

Consider these warning signs about your drinking habits:

  • Do you often drink more or for longer than planned?
  • Have you found it hard to stop or cut back, despite wanting to?
  • Do you find yourself preoccupied with thoughts of drinking?
  • Have you noticed yourself prioritizing drinking over activities or hobbies you used to enjoy?
  • Are your relationships with family or friends being affected by your alcohol misuse?
  • Do you sometimes take risks while drinking, like driving or having unsafe sex?
  • Do you need more drinks to feel the same effects of alcohol?
  • When you stop drinking, do you have any physical discomfort like shakiness, trouble sleeping, or nausea?

If you answered yes to more than one of these questions, it could indicate problem drinking.8 Recognizing these patterns doesn’t necessarily mean you have a diagnosable addiction, but they are important signs that your relationship with alcohol could benefit from some attention and possibly professional help.

Recovery Is Possible at Any Stage

No matter which stage of alcoholism you may be experiencing, recovery is always possible. Many people have found their way to healthier, happier lives after struggling with alcohol, and you can too. 

Alcohol treatment options include:

  • Medical detox to safely manage alcohol withdrawal and cravings
  • Inpatient alcohol rehab for structured, intensive care
  • Outpatient programs that allow you to live at home while attending intensive therapy
  • Sober living homes that provide a supportive, alcohol-free environment as you transition to independent living
  • Continuing care: Ongoing counseling, support groups like AA or SMART Recovery, and social support

These resources can help you start the process:

  • Your primary care doctor (who can refer you to addiction specialists)
  • The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline: 1-800-662-HELP (4357)
  • Local Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or other support group meetings

Wondering what might work best for you? Check out our complete guide to finding an addiction treatment program for an easy-to-use breakdown of programs, costs, and how to choose the right fit for your needs.

Recovery is not only possible, it is probable when we have the right supports and treatment.

— Caroline Beidler, MSW

A Note on the Modern Understanding of Alcohol Use Disorder

While Jellinek’s stages offer a helpful framework for understanding how alcohol problems typically progress, modern medicine has evolved toward a more nuanced approach. The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) views alcohol problems as existing on a spectrum9 rather than in distinct stages.

Today, healthcare professionals diagnose alcohol use disorder (AUD) as mild, moderate, or severe based on how many criteria a person meets out of 11 possible symptoms. This spectrum approach recognizes that alcohol problems can develop in different ways for different people. Some individuals may experience certain symptoms but not others, and the progression isn’t always linear. Both models offer valuable perspectives for understanding how casual drinking can develop into more serious problems over time.

Find the Right Support for Your Journey

If you’re concerned about your relationship with alcohol, reaching out for professional guidance is a great first step. Whether your goal is to reduce harm from drinking or stop entirely, an addiction specialist can point you in the right direction and help you stay on track. 

Our addiction treatment finder helps you explore options that match your specific needs, connecting you with qualified treatment providers who can support your path to a healthier life.

FAQs

Q: What are the 4 stages of alcoholism?

A: The 4 stages of alcoholism in Jellinek’s disease model are: 

  1. Pre-alcoholic stage, where drinking is used to cope with stress
  2. Early stage, where patterns form and blackouts may begin
  3. Middle stage, where physical dependence develops with withdrawal symptoms
  4. Late stage, where excessive drinking becomes compulsive and health complications become serious

Q: How does alcohol addiction progress through different stages?

A: Alcohol addiction typically begins with using alcohol to cope with problems (pre-alcoholic stage). It progresses to regular patterns of drinking that cause life problems (early stage), then to physical dependence with withdrawal symptoms (middle stage), and finally to compulsive drinking despite serious consequences (late stage).

Q: What are the early signs of alcohol dependence?

A: Early signs of alcohol dependence include: 

  • Needing more drinks to feel the same effect (increased tolerance)
  • Looking forward to drinking as your main way to relax
  • Drinking alone more frequently
  • Feeling anxious when you can’t drink
  • Occasional blackouts
  • Becoming defensive when others mention your drinking

Q: How can I identify the different stages of alcoholism?

A: You can identify the stages of alcoholism by looking for specific signs: 

  • Pre-alcoholic stage shows increased tolerance and drinking to cope
  • Early stage includes blackouts and making excuses for drinking
  • Middle stage involves withdrawal symptoms and failed attempts to quit
  • Late stage is marked by compulsive drinking, severe health conditions, and an inability to control consumption

Q: What is late-stage alcoholism and what are the effects?

A: Late-stage alcoholism involves compulsive drinking where a person loses control over their alcohol consumption. Side effects include severe withdrawal symptoms, abandoned interests and activities, declining work performance, broken relationships, serious health complications (liver damage, heart problems, brain damage), and alcohol-related legal issues.

Q: Where can I find help for alcohol addiction?

A: Help for alcohol addiction is available through your primary care doctor, local support groups, and specialized treatment centers. Recovery.com is here to help. Options range from medical detox and inpatient programs to outpatient care and harm reduction approaches like setting drinking limits or creating alcohol-free days.

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What Happens When You Quit Drinking Alcohol “Cold Turkey”

While the idea of immediately cutting off alcohol may seem like a fast path to recovery, it can actually be very dangerous, especially for those with long-term dependence. The body and brain become accustomed to alcohol’s presence, and suddenly removing it can trigger severe physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms. 

Safe recovery begins with knowing when to seek medical supervision and creating a plan that prioritizes your health and well-being.

Understanding Alcohol Dependence

Alcohol dependence, or alcohol use disorder (AUD), is defined by a loss of control over drinking habits1, leading to a need for alcohol and compulsive drinking. What may begin as social or stress-related drinking can cause a cycle where alcohol becomes the central part of life, regardless of its negative impact on health, relationships, and responsibilities. 

Key signs of alcohol addiction include

  • Increased tolerance
  • The inability to cut back or stop drinking
  • Withdrawal symptoms like tremors, nausea, or seizures

At large, alcohol dependence is a widespread issue, affecting around 283 million people worldwide2. It’s not confined to a specific demographic or region, but actually a global issue that affects young and old, rich and poor alike.

Alcohol dependence affects both the mind and body, creating a dual grip of addiction that makes it challenging to break free. Psychologically, alcohol becomes a coping tool. Many struggling with dependence may drink to manage underlying mental health issues3 like anxiety, depression, and trauma. 

Regular drinking interferes with the brain’s neurotransmitters4, especially those related to pleasure and reward, such as dopamine. Eventually, the brain begins to expect and depend on alcohol to maintain this pleasant state, and without it, the person experiences discomfort and distress. As the body adapts to the constant presence of alcohol, tolerance builds, requiring more to achieve the same effects. As the body becomes used to the presence of alcohol, suddenly removing it can be dangerous. 

What Does Quitting “Cold Turkey” Mean?

Quitting alcohol “cold turkey” refers to abruptly stopping alcohol consumption without safely tapering off or using any form of medical assistance—which can cause serious health consequences or be fatal. 

Brain chemistry changes when the body adapts to chronic alcohol use5. Alcohol depresses the nervous system6, so in response, the brain creates more receptors to stimulate the system. When alcohol is quickly removed, these receptors become hyperactive, leading to severe withdrawal symptoms.

Sudden alcohol cessation can trigger tremors, seizures, or even delirium tremens, a life-threatening condition. For this reason, it is vital to taper off alcohol under medical guidance. Medical professionals can monitor your vital signs, assess the severity of your withdrawal, and provide prescribed medications such as naltrexone if appropriate7 (this helps safely manage withdrawal symptoms). While quitting cold turkey may seem like a quick fix, the dangers outweigh the supposed benefits.

Immediate Risks of Quitting Alcohol Cold Turkey

When alcohol is abruptly removed from the body, common withdrawal symptoms often emerge within hours to a couple days8, including tremors, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and headaches. Many people also experience rapid heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and restlessness.

The brain, accustomed to the depressant effects of alcohol, can become hyperactive and dysregulated, making it difficult to manage emotional responses. Quitting drinking cold turkey can cause heightened anxiety, depression, irritability, and mood swings. For some, these distressing feelings can be overwhelming and lead to agitation or panic. 

Severe Complications of Alcohol Withdrawal

In the worst case scenario, seizures and delirium tremens (DTs) are the most severe and potentially life-threatening risks of suddenly quitting alcohol. Without immediate medical treatment, both seizures and delirium tremens can be fatal, which necessitates detoxing under medical supervision. 

Delirium tremens is a severe withdrawal condition that can lead to confusion, hallucinations, agitation9, and in extreme cases, heart failure. This medical emergency is characterized by sudden and extreme confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and severe changes in nervous system function. DTs usually appear 48 to 72 hours after the last drink.

The rebound effect of hyperactivity that the brain experiences after alcohol cessation leads to the intense symptoms associated with DTs.

Not everyone who experiences alcohol withdrawal will develop DTs, but some factors increase the likelihood including:

  • Chronic heavy alcohol use: Long-term, high-volume drinkers are at higher risk.
  • Previous episodes of withdrawal or DTs: Those who have gone through alcohol withdrawal before, especially if they’ve experienced DTs previously, are at greater risk.
  • Other medical conditions: Underlying health issues, particularly related to the heart, liver, or nervous system, can increase the risk of developing DTs during withdrawal.
  • Older age: Older individuals are more susceptible due to the cumulative effects of alcohol on the body and the slower withdrawal recovery rate.
  • Co-occurring substance use: Using other drugs in conjunction with alcohol, such as benzodiazepines or opioids, increases the risk of severe withdrawal symptoms like DTs.

DTs are fatal in 5-15% of untreated cases, due to complications like heart failure, severe dehydration, or head injuries from seizures. For those who survive, uncontrolled seizures can lead to permanent brain damage, cognitive impairments, or other neurological complications.

Medical Supervision and Detoxification

Detoxing under medical supervision is essential for your safety and well-being. Medically supervised detox programs provide proper care and attention to help individuals safely withdraw from alcohol, offering professional support every step of the way. 

These programs are usually held in hospitals or recovery facilities where compassionate medical staff closely monitor your condition to ensure the process is as safe as possible. The first step is a thorough assessment to understand your medical history, alcohol use patterns, and any co-existing mental or physical health issues. From this, a personalized detox plan is crafted, tailored specifically to meet your needs.

During detox, medical professionals may provide medications to help ease withdrawal symptoms and prevent serious complications. Throughout the process, they regularly check your vital signs to catch any potential concerns. In this supportive environment, any complications can be immediately managed, ensuring your safety in a way that isn’t possible when trying to detox alone.

The most effective way to manage withdrawal is a gradual tapering approach to alcohol detox, meaning slowly reducing alcohol intake or using medications to ease symptoms. This method allows time for your body to adjust, reducing both physical discomfort and emotional distress. With gradual tapering, the detox process becomes more manageable and less overwhelming. 

Psychological and Emotional Support

Therapy offers a safe space to explore the underlying reasons behind alcohol use and helps address the emotional struggles that often accompany recovery. Whether through 1-on-1 therapy sessions or group counseling, these services provide tools for managing cravings, coping with stress, and developing healthier thought patterns. A trained therapist can guide you through the ups and downs of recovery, offering encouragement and strategies to help you maintain your progress, even when challenges arise.

Support groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), also play a vital role in long-term recovery. These groups offer a sense of community and belonging, providing a space to share experiences, struggles, and successes with others who understand what it’s like to overcome alcohol addiction. Regular meetings help keep you grounded in your commitment to sobriety and remind you that you’re not alone in this process.

Building a support network of family and friends is equally important. The people closest to you can offer emotional support, encouragement, and accountability, helping you stay focused on your goals. Surrounding yourself with loved ones who understand your commitment to recovery makes a significant impact, as they can provide a shoulder to lean on during tough times and celebrate your milestones with you. 

Long-Term Recovery and Relapse Prevention

Long-term recovery from alcohol dependence extends well beyond detox—it’s a journey that requires ongoing effort, self-awareness, and commitment. After detox, you can develop a plan with practical steps to stay on track, such as attending regular therapy sessions, continuing with support groups, and setting clear goals. These tools help provide structure and accountability, giving you the resources needed to navigate life without alcohol.

A critical part of relapse prevention is learning to recognize and manage your triggers (situations, emotions, people, or environments that may prompt the urge to drink). Understanding what triggers you and developing coping strategies—such as breathing exercises, reaching out to a trusted friend, or practicing distraction techniques—can help you manage these moments of vulnerability. 

Long-term recovery isn’t just about avoiding alcohol; it’s about creating a life you don’t want to escape from. With the right strategies, support, and self-care, you can maintain sobriety and build a future full of promise and possibility.

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Overcoming Relapse: Holistic Strategies for Staying on Track: Janelle Salo

Understanding Relapse

Relapse1 is when you slip back into old habits after working hard to change, and it can feel like taking two steps back after one step forward. But here’s the thing: it’s a normal part of growth, and every stumble teaches you something new about how to keep moving forward.

Relapse can feel like a setback, but it doesn’t erase all the progress you’ve made. Instead, it’s an opportunity to reflect, adjust, and grow even stronger in your recovery journey.

Importance of Holistic Approaches in Managing Setbacks

Holistic approaches2 mean focusing on all parts of you. Your mind, body, and emotions so you can tackle setbacks in a balanced way. It’s not just about fixing one problem; it’s about building a healthy, sustainable lifestyle that makes you feel good inside and out.

By combining things like mindfulness, exercise, healthy eating, and support from others, you can create a plan that helps you bounce back and stay on track. These strategies don’t just help with recovery, they make you stronger and more prepared for the future.

Recognizing the Signs of an Impending Relapse

Relapse often starts with small warning signs, like feeling more stressed, avoiding responsibilities, or losing interest in the things you love. Paying attention to these changes early can help you take action before things get out of control.

It’s like catching a storm before it hits. You can prepare and protect yourself if you know what to look for. Being aware of your emotions and habits is the first step in staying on track.

Differentiating Between a Lapse and a Full Relapse

A lapse is a one-time slip, like making a mistake or giving in to a moment of weakness, while a full relapse is falling back into old habits completely. A lapse doesn’t mean you’ve failed, it’s more like a bump in the road that you can overcome.

Think of it as the difference between tripping over a step and falling down an entire flight of stairs. A lapse is a chance to pause, reflect, and refocus before things escalate.

Emotional, Social, and Environmental Factors that can Trigger Relapse

  • Emotional triggers like stress3, sadness, or boredom can make it harder to stick to your goals. 
  • Social triggers, like being around certain people who encourage bad habits, a family member or an old friend may also cause a relapse.
  • Environmental triggers, like being in places linked to old behaviors, can also pull you off track.

Understanding what triggers you helps you prepare for those moments and create a plan to handle them. The more you know about what challenges you, the stronger you’ll be in overcoming them.

The Role of Mindfulness in Preventing Relapse

How Mindfulness Helps Build Self-Awareness and Emotional Resilience

Mindfulness is like a superpower that helps you notice what you’re thinking and feeling without getting stuck on it. By staying in the moment, you can understand your emotions better and handle tough situations without letting them overwhelm you.

It also makes you stronger emotionally, so when life gets hard, you can bounce back faster and stay in control. Practicing mindfulness4 is like training your brain to be your best teammate!

Meditation, Journaling, and Breathing Exercises

  • Meditation can be as simple as sitting quietly for a few minutes, focusing on your breath, and letting your thoughts come and go. It’s a quick way to reset your mind when you’re feeling overwhelmed.
  • Journaling is like having a conversation with yourself.  You can write down your thoughts and feelings to make sense of them and go back and review them later if you’re feeling a relapse coming on.
  • Breathing exercises, like slow, deep breaths, are an easy trick to calm down when stress hits, even in the middle of work, class or at home.

Nutrition and Relapse Prevention

The Connection Between Diet and Emotional Stability

What you eat can have a huge impact on how you feel5. Junk food and sugary snacks might give you a quick boost, but they often leave you feeling tired later.

On the other hand, eating a balanced diet with healthy foods keeps your energy steady and helps you handle stress better. Think of food as fuel for both your body and your brain.

Foods That Boost Mood and Reduce Cravings

Foods like bananas, nuts, and dark chocolate (in moderation) can improve your mood6 because they’re packed with nutrients like magnesium and serotonin7 boosters. Whole grains, fruits, and veggies also help keep your blood sugar stable, which means fewer cravings and mood swings.

Drinking water is super important too. It keeps you hydrated and focused. When you feed your body the right stuff, it’s easier to stay happy and in control.

The Role of Hydration in Maintaining Mental and Physical Balance

Staying hydrated is like giving your brain and body the fuel they need to work properly. When you’re dehydrated, you might feel cranky, or have trouble focusing, which can throw off your whole day.

Drinking enough water helps keep your energy up, your mood steady, and your mind sharp8. It’s a simple habit that makes a big difference in feeling your best. The average adult should drink between 2-3 liters of water9 per day. Once you develop the “good habit” of getting your water intake in, you will start to notice a change in how you feel and look!

Building a Supportive Environment

The Importance of Social Connections in Recovery

Having people who support you makes a huge difference when you’re trying to stay on track. Friends, family, or even just one trusted person can encourage you, listen when you’re struggling, and remind you that you’re not alone.

Recovery is easier when you have a team cheering you on10. Positive connections help you feel stronger, motivated, and understood.

Finding Support Groups or Accountability Partners

  • Support groups help connect you with people who’ve been through similar struggles and really get what you’re going through. 
  • An accountability partner, like a friend, family member or mentor, can check in with you, celebrate your wins, and help you stay focused on your goals.

Having someone to talk to makes the journey feel less overwhelming. It’s always easier to stick to your goals when you’re not doing it alone!

Removing Triggers From Your Living Space or Daily Routine

Your environment can make or break your recovery, so it’s important to get rid of things that tempt you to fall back into old habits. Whether it’s clearing out unhealthy snacks, avoiding certain apps, or rearranging your space, little changes can have a huge impact.

Creating a positive, supportive space helps you feel more in control and focused. When your surroundings match your goals, it’s easier to stay on track!

Physical Activity and Recovery

Exercise as a Tool for Stress Management 

When you exercise, your body releases endorphins11, natural mood lifters that help reduce stress and make you feel happier12. Whether you’re playing sports, running, or just dancing around your room, moving your body can be a great way to shake off bad vibes and stay positive.

Types of Physical Activities that Support Holistic Recovery

There are so many ways to stay active that can help your overall recovery, like yoga, swimming, or even hiking in nature. These activities not only keep your body healthy but also calm your mind and boost your emotional well-being.

How Consistency in Movement Can Reinforce Staying on Track

Sticking to a regular exercise routine helps build good habits that keep you focused and disciplined. When you make movement a part of your daily life, it becomes easier to stay on track with your goals and handle whatever challenges come your way.

The Importance of Self-Compassion

Reframing Relapse as a Learning Opportunity

Instead of seeing relapse as a failure, try to view it as a chance to learn more about yourself and what triggered the setback13. Each time you slip up, you get a better understanding of your strengths and weaknesses, helping you come back even stronger.

Forgiving Yourself and Maintaining Motivation

It’s important to remember that everyone makes mistakes.  Don’t be too hard on yourself when things don’t go as planned. Forgiving yourself helps you move forward without guilt, and staying motivated means focusing on your progress rather than perfection.

Setting Realistic Goals and Celebrating Small Victories

Setting small, achievable goals helps you stay focused and gives you a sense of accomplishment along the way. Celebrating those little wins, whether it’s a week of good habits or handling a tough situation, keeps you motivated and reminds you how far you’ve come.

Final Thought

Emphasizing the Journey of Progress Over Perfection

Recovery isn’t about being perfect; it’s about making steady progress and learning from each experience. Even if it’s not perfect, every small step forward gets you closer to your goal.

Encouragement to Seek Help and Use Holistic Strategies

Don’t be afraid to ask for help along the way whether it’s from friends, family, or professionals. 

Holistic strategies like mindfulness, exercise, and healthy eating can support you in ways that go beyond just the physical, helping you thrive mentally and emotionally, too.

Every Step Forward, No Matter How Small, Is Progress

It’s easy to get caught up in big goals, but remember that every tiny step counts. Even the smallest victories, like sticking to a routine or staying calm in a stressful moment, are proof that you’re moving in the right direction!

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Prescription Drugs Misuse and Addiction

Prescription drugs are powerful tools in modern medicine, offering relief and healing for a wide range of conditions; however, when misused, these medications can lead to serious consequences, including addiction. 

By understanding the signs, treatment options, and proactive prevention measures, we can work together to promote safe use and support recovery for those affected.

If someone is overdosing, call 911 or your local emergency services number immediately. If you are qualified, administer CPR. Use Naloxone (Narcan) if available.

What Are Prescription Drugs?

Prescription drugs are medications that healthcare providers prescribe to treat specific health conditions. Unlike over-the-counter (OTC) medications available for purchase, prescription drugs are carefully selected and dosed by a medical professional to address unique health needs. 

Prescription drugs can range from antibiotics that fight infections to pain relievers for managing discomfort to medications that help control conditions like diabetes, anxiety, or high blood pressure. When used as prescribed, prescription drugs can significantly improve quality of life, but they must be taken correctly to ensure safety and effectiveness.

What Does It Mean to Misuse Prescription Drugs?

Someone may use prescription drugs in a way that isn’t aligned with a healthcare provider’s instructions—this could look like taking higher doses than prescribed, using the drug more frequently, or taking it for reasons other than intended, such as using a pain reliever to achieve a “high” rather than to manage physical pain. Some may even use someone else’s prescription, believing it will help with issues like studying or dealing with stress. 

Using prescription drugs outside their intended purpose can alter the body and brain’s functioning, leading to physical dependence, health risks, and addiction. 

Types of Commonly Misused Prescription Drugs

While prescription drugs are intended to support health, certain types are more prone to misuse and addiction due to their effects on the body and mind. 

Opioids

Opioids are powerful pain relievers, such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, and fentanyl. They are typically prescribed to manage severe pain, especially after surgery or for chronic pain conditions like cancer. When used as directed, opioids can provide relief by blocking pain signals to the brain.

Opioids affect the brain’s reward system, causing euphoria—factoring into their potential for misuse1. When misused—either by taking higher doses, using them more frequently, or combining them with other substances—opioid use can lead to dangerous consequences. Tolerance builds, meaning users may need more of the drug to achieve the same effect, leading to a cycle that ends in addiction. Opioid use also increases the risk of overdose, which can be fatal2, necessitating detoxing with professional medical care.

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines, or “benzos,” are a type of sedative prescribed for anxiety, panic disorders, and sleep disorders. Medications like diazepam, alprazolam, and lorazepam calm the nervous system3, providing short-term anxiety and stress relief.

Similar to opioid misuse, benzodiazepine misuse can quickly lead to tolerance and dependence by increasing dopamine and GABA neurotransmitter release4, triggering the brain’s reward system. Long-term use may cause memory impairment, mood swings, and coordination issues. 

Benzodiazepine detox requires tapering and medical care, as abrupt cessation is extremely dangerous.

Stimulants

Stimulants, including medications like amphetamines (Adderall) and methylphenidate, are prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and certain sleep disorders like narcolepsy. These drugs enhance the release of dopamine, which can improve focus and concentration5.

When misused, someone may take higher doses of stimulants to increase energy and focus—which is commonly seen in academic or high-stress environments in an attempt to enhance performance. 

However, stimulant misuse can lead to serious side effects, such as increased heart rate, high blood pressure, paranoia, and even psychosis5. Over time, misuse may also result in dependency, as the brain relies on the increased dopamine levels for motivation and focus.

How Do People Misuse Prescription Drugs?

Taking medication differently from how it was prescribed leads to misuse:

  • Taking Higher Doses: Someone may take more than the recommended dose for enhanced effects, like stronger pain relief or a more intense sedative or stimulant effect. 
  • Using Them More Frequently Than Prescribed: Even if the dose is correct, taking medication more often than prescribed can lead to tolerance and dependence. For example, unnecessarily taking a pain reliever can reduce its effectiveness over time, leading to a cycle where the person feels they need even more of the drug.
  • Taking Someone Else’s Prescription: Prescription drugs are tailored to individual health needs, so using someone else’s medication can be risky. A medication that helps one person might have dangerous side effects for another.
  • Ingesting Them Differently Than Prescribed: To enhance drug effects, people may snort or inject prescription drugs to enter the bloodstream quickly. This behavior heightens the risk of addiction, overdoses, and severe physical damage, such as respiratory problems or infections.
  • Combining Them With Other Substances: Mixing prescription drugs with alcohol, over-the-counter medications, or illicit drugs can amplify side effects and lead to dangerous reactions. For example, someone may combine benzodiazepines with alcohol for a stronger effect; however, this severely slows the respiratory system, increasing the chance of negative health effects. Refer to your doctor for what you should avoid when taking prescription drugs.

All of these practices increase the risk of overdose, addiction, and adverse health effects. Taking medication strictly as prescribed and staying informed about its effects can help avoid these adverse reactions.

Signs and Symptoms of Misuse and Addiction

Wellness Resource Center describes the physical symptoms6 of those misusing sedatives like opioids or benzodiazepines, including drowsiness, confusion, or slowed breathing. For stimulant misuse, symptoms look like increased energy, rapid speech, reduced appetite, dilated pupils, and heightened blood pressure. 

Behavioral changes can be equally telling, including erratic behavior, social withdrawal, or unexplained financial troubles as the person attempts to obtain more medication. Drug use and addiction significantly impact an individual’s emotional and psychological state, causing heightened anxiety, irritability, mood swings, or depression. 

Addicted individuals may prioritize obtaining and using the drug over their responsibilities, relationships, and personal well-being. Developing a tolerance, needing increasingly higher doses to achieve the desired effect, and experiencing withdrawal symptoms like nausea or agitation also signal dependence. 

Prescription Drugs Misuse and Addiction Statistics

Prescription drug misuse is a significant concern in the United States. In 2021, approximately 14.3 million individuals ages 12+ reported misusing prescription psychotherapeutic drugs7 within the past year. Breaking this down, about 8.7 million people misused prescription pain relievers, 4.9 million misused tranquilizers or sedatives, and 3.7 million misused stimulants. Additionally, an estimated 5 million individuals had a prescription opioid use disorder during the same period. 

Alarmingly, there were approximately 16,706 overdose deaths involving prescription opioids, underscoring the critical need for effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Why Do People Get Addicted to Prescription Drugs?

Addiction is complex—while these medications are often prescribed with the best intentions, their misuse can lead to physical dependence and addiction. This happens not only because of their chemical effects on the brain but also due to psychological, societal, and environmental factors. 

Psychological Factors

Mental health disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and trauma, can be significant risk factors for prescription drug addiction. People struggling with mental health challenges may turn to prescription drugs as a form of self-medication to alleviate their emotional pain or manage symptoms. 

For example, someone with anxiety may misuse benzodiazepines to feel calmer, while a person with chronic depression might misuse stimulants for a temporary sense of energy or motivation. Over time, this reliance can create a cycle of misuse, tolerance, and dependence as the underlying mental health condition remains untreated.

Societal Influences

Societal pressures can play a powerful role in prescription drug addiction. Peer pressure could encourage the misuse of stimulants like Adderall to enhance academic performance or opioids to achieve a euphoric effect. 

Social media and film can further glamorize prescription drug misuse by showcasing it as a trend or coping mechanism. These societal influences can make it difficult to resist experimenting with prescription drugs, even when they understand the potential dangers.

Accessibility and Availability of Prescriptions

Many people have unused medications in their homes, making it easier for others to obtain them without a prescription. Also, healthcare systems sometimes overprescribe certain medications, such as opioids or benzodiazepines, which can unintentionally create opportunities for misuse. So, easy access lowers the barriers for initial experimentation and increases the likelihood of repeated use.

Misunderstanding of the Risks Associated with These Medications

Often, people assume that medications prescribed by a doctor are inherently safe, even when taken in ways not intended. This can lead to downplaying the risks of increasing their dosage, sharing medications, or using them for recreational purposes. 

Treatment Options for Prescription Drug Addiction

Recovering from prescription drug addiction requires a well-rounded approach that addresses both physical and emotional challenges. Medical detox is often the first step, helping patients safely manage withdrawal symptoms under professional supervision. While detox is essential, it’s only the beginning, as lasting recovery requires addressing the root causes of addiction.

Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) is particularly effective for opioid or benzodiazepine addiction8, using medications like buprenorphine or naltrexone to ease cravings and withdrawal symptoms. When combined with counseling, MAT helps individuals focus on rebuilding their lives. Therapists play a key role in offering tools like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to identify harmful patterns and develop healthier coping strategies.

For those with co-occurring mental health issues, dual diagnosis treatment is essential, addressing addiction and mental health conditions simultaneously to reduce relapse risk and improve overall well-being. Support groups like Narcotics Anonymous (NA) or SMART Recovery also provide community and accountability, offering encouragement from others with shared experiences. 

Preventing Prescription Drug Misuse

Preventing addiction requires proactive measures—from yourself, healthcare providers, and communities. Patient education from healthcare providers can explain proper medication use, risks of misuse, and the importance of not sharing prescriptions. Safe prescribing practices, such as using prescription drug monitoring programs and prescribing the lowest effective dose, can also reduce misuse.

At home, secure storage and proper disposal of medications help prevent unauthorized access. You can look up your local community take-back programs to find a safe way to dispose of unused drugs. 

Especially for influential adolescents and young adults, awareness campaigns in schools and communities can educate about the risks of misuse. And encouraging open communication in the family and peer groups can support responsible medication use, creating a strong foundation for prevention. Together, these measures create a comprehensive approach to reducing prescription drug abuse before it begins.

Find Treatment for Prescription Drug Misuse

View treatment centers for prescription drug misuse in your area to see reviews, methods of care, and accepted insurances. 

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Barbiturate Misuse and Addiction

Barbiturates are sedative-hypnotic drugs primarily used for seizure disorders, anxiety, insomnia, and drug withdrawal symptoms in babies. Using them regularly (especially outside prescription guidelines) can lead to dependence and, eventually, addiction.

Like all other addictions, you can recover from a barbiturate addiction with the appropriate care and support. 

What Are Barbiturates?

Barbiturates are sedative-hypnotics1, meaning they cause sedation and sleepiness. They’re often used to control seizures and unwanted muscle twitches, treat insomnia, and relieve anxiety. Doctors prescribe them; you won’t find barbiturates for sale in grocery stores or pharmacies, like ibuprofen or Tylenol. You need a prescription, including instructions on when to take the pill, how much to take, and potential side effects.

Barbiturates work by slowing down the activity in your brain and depressing your central nervous system2, which can relieve intense anxiety, help you sleep, and control seizures. Some barbiturates are more focused on anxiety, sleep, headaches, pre-surgery calmness, or seizure treatment. Notably, only a tiny difference in dosage produces desired clinical results versus coma and death. It’s difficult to get the dose correct3, and many providers avoid barbiturates for this reason (and its addictive nature and life-threatening withdrawals.)

People may use them outside clinical bounds to feel more disinhibited and to self-medicate unwanted effects of illicit drugs4 like cocaine.

Are Barbiturates Addictive?

Barbiturates can be addictive, often for those who take more than their prescribed dose and for longer than they should. You can build a tolerance to their effects, meaning you need to take more and more to get the same impact. 

Studies have noted people can develop a physical dependence to barbiturates1, which can progress into an addiction requiring drug rehab. Closely monitoring how much people take and for how long can mitigate risks of dependence and addiction.

Factors Contributing to Barbiturate Misuse and Addiction

Certain factors can make addiction more likely, though not a guarantee in any sense. 

Higher Doses

If you’re on a notably high dose of a barbiturate, it can have a stronger effect that your brain more quickly adapts to and grows dependent on. The same goes for medications like opioids and benzodiazepines.

Social and Home Environments

Your environment and social life also play a role. High-stress environments can encourage mind-altering substance use as a way to escape the situation and cope with how it makes you feel. If other people in your social life regularly use substances you become more likely to use and grow addicted as well5.

Genetics

Your genes can predispose you to addiction. Epigenetics (changes to how your body reads genetic code) can account for this, or it could simply be the genes you inherit. But it’s vital to note many factors lead to addiction, not just your genes. 

Mental Health Conditions

Mood and brain changes related to mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can make people more susceptible to substance use and addiction6. Or, conversely, substance use can make you more likely to develop a mental health condition. For these reasons addiction and mental health conditions often co-occur6. 

Signs of a Barbiturate Addiction

Signs of an addiction7 to barbiturates and other substances include

  • Continuing excessive use despite clear consequences, like job loss, financial issues, or broken relationships.
  • Compulsive use of the substance.
  • Taking more than you intended.
  • Developing secretive habits to hide or conceal your use.
  • Feeling anxious and preoccupied with procuring more.

Consequences of Barbiturate Addiction

With the line between safety and death so thin with barbiturates, developing an addiction to them and consequentially taking higher doses can prove deadly. Comatose and death are the top consequences of barbiturate addiction3.

Other more long-term consequences include job loss, homelessness, physical illness, new or worsening mental health conditions, and an inability to maintain good relationships with loved ones. As addiction takes a stronger hold, other areas of life inevitably fall away. 

Treatment can restore these aspects and your overall well-being.

Treatment for Barbiturate Addiction

The first step in getting treatment will likely be setting up an appointment with your primary care doctor; or, you can start by reaching out to drug rehab and admit to their program for detox services and therapies targeted at comprehensive recovery.

Detox

Medical detox removes toxins from your body. This step is especially important for barbiturates as their withdrawal symptoms can be deadly3. Providers will likely use a tailored blend of medications to make the detox process safe and comfortable, preparing you for the next step: therapeutic care.

Therapy

Therapy gets to the heart of addictions, helping you discover what drives it emotionally and how you can cope with distress in new ways. You’ll likely meet with a therapist 1:1 and with other patients in group therapy. Many drug treatment programs also offer family therapy, or you can seek it out yourself. Common therapies include

  1. Cognitive behavioral therapy, which often uses ‘homework’ and practical strategies to catch and challenge untrue thoughts leading to distress, retraining your brain to help you heal.
  2. Dialectical behavioral therapy focuses more on adapting to thoughts and adjusting how you react to them, rather than challenging them with another belief. Coursework and group support are key components.
  3. Therapies like eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) focus on addressing and processing trauma at a comfortable pace.

Ongoing Support

Attending support groups can maintain your progress once you graduate from drug rehab or outpatient care for addiction. These types of peer support groups can include 12-Step-based groups, like Pills Anonymous (PA), or secular groups not associated with the 12 Steps.

Any social activity can also support your recovery by surrounding you with people who want you to get better and/or maintain your progress. For example, you could schedule regular meetings with friends and commit to calling a loved one every day.

Find a Prescription Drug Rehab Center

Many rehabs recognize barbiturates as one of the most addictive drugs and offer comprehensive care centered on long-term recovery. At a prescription drug rehab you’ll stay in a recovery-conducive environment for 28+ days, with each structured week filled with therapeutic care, activities, relapse prevention training, aftercare planning, and more.


You can use Recovery.com to find prescription drug rehabs, filtering by your insurance, location, reviews, and more to find the best treatment for you.

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Rehab for The Holidays: Give Yourself And Your Loved Ones The Gift of Recovery

Disclaimer: We appreciate the contribution of the author who wrote this article. The opinions and views expressed are uniquely the author’s and add valuable perspectives to Recovery.com. Enjoy!

This was going to be the year you beat addiction. This was going to be the year you rediscovered life. Yet here we are entering the holidays and it hasn’t quite worked out that way. You could say, “Oh well, I’ll get sober in January.” 

Isn’t that what you said last year? How about a new approach? Why not this year you give yourself and your family the best gift of all: recovery! The gift that keeps on giving year after year with compounded interest! 

How about this year you spend the holidays in treatment so next year, and all the years after that, can be what you wanted this year to be? 

Overcoming Excuses With Reasons to Hope

The excuses we make for not starting our recovery journey during the holidays mimic the same self-defeating tactics we use all year; they just seem to have more clout between the turkey and Deck the Halls. But really, it’s just the same old Grinch who wants to steal another Christmas. 

Going to rehab and pursuing recovery always comes with challenges, regardless of the time of year or season. But this year can be different! Here are some reasons why rehab for the holidays is a great gift idea, despite the challenges.

Top 4 Oppositions to Treatment And Reasons to Go Anyway

Reason #1

“I have to be home with my family for the holidays!” 

This might be the biggest barrier when thinking about holiday rehab. Think about past holidays, maybe even last year, and ask yourself how that worked out. We get caught up in the greeting card sentiment about this time of year, but for those with an alcohol or drug addiction, the dreamy emotion quickly becomes a nightmare of stress, conflict, and embarrassment. 

Spending time in treatment means you can really be “home for the holidays” in the future, giving yourself drama-free celebrations to look forward to all year long. 

Reason #2

“I can’t be away from my job or school.” 

Many businesses slow down this time of year and schools have long breaks. While other times of the year your absence would be obvious, during the holidays people won’t even question you taking time off. This makes the holidays one of the best time for treatment. Your boss, customers, or teachers likely recognize the impact of your addiction and would welcome this effort to start the New Year in recovery.

Reason #3

“I can’t afford treatment during the holidays.” 

The end of the year may actually be the best time financially, since you may have already met your insurance deductibles. With many policies, January means a whole new “out-of-pocket” expense. This can affect the total coverage an insurance company will pay.

Reason #4

“It would be selfish to go into treatment during the holidays.” 

Self-care and selfishness are not the same. Getting treatment is the opposite of selfish. Investing in yourself so you can be a better father, mother, spouse, son, or daughter is not selfish. It’s an investment in you!

Don’t put this off for next year; make next year what you want it to be–all it’s meant to be–by entering treatment during the holidays. Recovery is a lifelong journey that can’t be postponed without consequences. Give yourself and your family the best gift of all this holiday season: recovery.
You can browse treatment facilities on Recovery.com to find the best fit for you. Check out our podcast to learn more about recovery and gain insights from experts.

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At a Glance: The Fentanyl Crisis in America

Headlines about fentanyl being ‘a crisis’ increasingly pepper local and national news outlets. 

At first thought, a drug may not seem like a crisis in the same way floodings, pandemics, and wars do. But fentanyl has thoroughly earned its label as a crisis, and this article will delve into why—plus, how you can keep yourself and others safe.

What Is Fentanyl?

Definition and Uses

Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid1, deadly at extremely small doses (less than a couple grains of salt). In the medical setting, opioids and its synthetic versions, like fentanyl, are used to manage pain. After surgery, for example, most patients receive a few days’ worth of opioid pain medications since they’re much more potent than NSAIDS like ibuprofen. Small doses of prescribed fentanyl can relieve after-surgery pain and pain from chronic conditions like cancer. 

The medical uses for fentanyl aren’t why it’s become a crisis. It’s outside this setting where people in America lose their lives daily.

Dealers of drugs like cocaine, heroin, and meth often cut the pure substance with fentanyl to make it stronger and more addictive. In theory, this means their customers will buy more because they become addicted faster and increase their tolerance. They’ll keep coming back and buy in higher quantities.

Potency and Risks

A deadly dose of fentanyl fits on the tip of a pencil. It’s 100x more potent than morphine and 50x stronger than heroin1. Anyone who’s unfamiliar with its potency and how much they can safely take runs an extremely high risk of overdose. Those with more experience taking fentanyl and a higher tolerance for opioids run a lower risk of overdose. Most overdoses happen by accident, with the consumer unaware the drug they took had any fentanyl in it. Or, they take the drug after a period of abstinence, and their usual dose overwhelms their body and causes an overdose.

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A lethal dose of fentanyl, photo from the DEA.

Fentanyl-laced drugs kill people of all ages and experience levels. A first-time drug user could die as easily as someone who’s been taking heroin for decades. Even ‘safe’ drugs like synthetic marijuana have been found laced with fentanyl2 or other opioids, leading to accidental dosing. Some may also choose to mix fentanyl with other drugs, like adding it to a stimulant to make a speedball. 

Shockingly, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) found 7 out of 10 confiscated pills had a lethal dose of fentanyl3, over 2mg. 

Causes of The Fentanyl Crisis

Fentanyl’s deadly potency and the way people often have no idea they’re taking it (and subsequently overdose) makes it an urgent health crisis in America.

Illegal Production and Distribution

Fentanyl has made its way into more and more drugs as dealers clamor to up their profits and get their customers hooked. Clandestine labs make fentanyl, which cartels and other illicit networks then distribute to reach drug dealers. It may be cut into pure drugs before it’s given to the dealers, or the dealers may use it as a cutting agent themselves. Sometimes, the dealers aren’t even aware what they’re selling has fentanyl in it. 

It’s not legal to make fentanyl on your own, purchase it, or sell it—you can only take it legally if you have a prescription. Getting a prescription is also the only way you can know the pill (or other substance) contains what you think it does, and in the correct dosage. Even someone who regularly takes opiates and considers themselves pretty tolerant to its effects can experience a fatal fentanyl overdose, since they can’t test the potency or know for sure how much fentanyl is in what they’re taking.

Prescription Practices

Some people have turned to fentanyl as a cheaper alternative to opioids. The heavy-handed use of opioids for pain relief largely contributes to this, as people can quickly become addicted to the opioids they were prescribed after a surgery or other short-term need. Once their prescription runs out, they face several options: buy it illegally from drug dealers (with no insurance coverage), try to find another doctor that will prescribe it, or go for the cheaper alternative, fentanyl. 

Accessibility and Affordability

Fentanyl is easier to access than pure drugs like cocaine, heroin, and prescription opioids. It’s also cheaper, which can drive people to make it their substance of choice. The lower costs also encourage drug dealers to supplement pure drugs with fentanyl, saving them money by creating a drug that has less of the pure substance but is still ‘just as strong.’ 

Impact of The Fentanyl Crisis

Overdose Deaths

Overall, fatal drug overdoses have gone down4. But fentanyl-caused deaths continue to rise and contribute more and more to the total death rate, making fentanyl the primary cause of drug overdose deaths5 in America (not including deaths caused by alcohol).  

In 2022, 76,226 out of 108,000 reported overdose deaths were due to fentanyl4, per the Center for Disease Control. That dropped to 74,702 in 2023. Synthetic opioids like fentanyl kill 150-300+ people each day. That’s the equivalent of a commercial plane crashing and killing everyone inside, every day. If that were happening, could you imagine the outcry? 

Public Health

People who experience an overdose need medical care as soon as possible. Naloxone (or Narcan) reverses overdoses for opioids and synthetic opioids like fentanyl. With fentanyl use and overdoses going up, emergency rooms and other treatment centers receive an influx of patients. Other non-deadly effects of fentanyl, like organ damage, also require medical care. This can strain the health system nationwide.

Social and Economic Consequences

Using opioids, synthetic or natural, contributes to economic issues through workplace accidents6, not going into work due to substance use, quitting work, and leaving gaps in the workforce due to deaths and resignations. Workplaces and businesses overall function less efficiently with these challenges, contributing to a poorer economic state.

Taking a substance can change how you behave, which can lead to criminal activities and legal consequences. Illegally procuring fentanyl can also get you into trouble. These consequences put strain on the judicial system and can affect the workplace through firings.

Efforts to Combat The Crisis

Many organizations, state-level and federal, are actively working to uproot the fentanyl crisis. And thankfully, they and others have had some success.

Law Enforcement Actions

Law enforcement’s primary role in stopping the fentanyl crisis isn’t to arrest people who take fentanyl; it’s to stop its distribution and production. Most of America’s fentanyl comes from China7, Mexico, and more recently, India. It’s smuggled through America’s borders through craftier and craftier ways, making it harder to catch. But advanced technologies, searching techniques, and more stringent rules vastly reduce the total amount of fentanyl that could make its way in.

American law enforcement has collaborated with Mexican officials to find and shut down fentanyl labs in Mexico, often operated by cartels. Recent collaborations with China aim to stem the flow of fentanyl there8. The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) focuses much of their operations on reducing fentanyl’s flow into the U.S., preventing over 381 million lethal doses of fentanyl3 from reaching consumers. This includes arresting distributors and drug dealers. Those who buy fentanyl illegally may also face legal consequences.

Public Health Initiatives

While public health organizations and programs can’t make arrests or shut down fentanyl labs, they can spread education and awareness on the dangers of fentanyl and its rising prevalence. Proper education on where it’s found, what happens if you take it, and what to do in the case of an overdose can prevent people from taking it entirely, and save their lives if they do.

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has a Stop Overdose campaign, which offers education on fentanyl and its dangers. Similarly, the DEA’s One Pill Can Kill campaign highlights fentanyl’s dangers and the public’s need to carefully weigh the risks before taking illicit drugs. It also reinforces the safe practice of only taking pills prescribed to you, as buying pills elsewhere could mean you take a counterfeit laced with fentanyl. 

Many cities, universities, corporations, and commuting hubs are joining the Naloxone distribution project (funded by SAMHSA) to place Naloxone kits in easily accessible areas. Think of the fire extinguishers you see in a glass case—that’s the hope for Naloxone kits.

Treatment And Support Programs

Addiction treatment from medical and therapeutic professionals can save lives. Attending treatment as early as possible can prevent addiction from worsening and leading to a potential overdose. Many addiction treatment centers specialize in treating fentanyl addiction, offering services like detox, residential treatment, and outpatient levels of care.

Treatment programs often provide a blend of medical and therapeutic care, with 1:1 and group therapies focused on underlying conditions and building coping tools for relapse prevention. Evidence-based and holistic therapies form personalized treatment programs to comprehensively address fentanyl addiction.

Preventative Measures

Prescription Regulations

Since opioid use can lead to fentanyl use, regulating opioid prescriptions can lead to fewer mishandled prescriptions, opioid addictions, and fentanyl reliance. The recent settlement cases against big pharmaceutical companies have made other entities, including the general public, more aware that opioids aren’t always necessary, and that even prescription medications can lead to addiction.

In 2016, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) released the CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain which details 12 recommendations for safe, effective opioid prescribing. The guidelines are meant to reduce addiction and overdose rates while still prioritizing the patient’s health and well-being. When used properly, these guidelines can save and improve lives.

Some states put caps on the amount of prescription opioids9 for acute pain (like after a surgery) to 7 or less. Other states mandate Naloxone with each opioid prescription with risk factors like a high dose or if it’s prescribed alongside a benzodiazepine. 

Safe Use and Harm Reduction

Harm-reduction strategies for fentanyl use include distributing fentanyl test strips10, Naloxone, and clean syringe needles to reduce the spread of HIV and other diseases. Fentanyl strips test substances for fentanyl, which can make drug use safer and reduce overdoses. 

Community and Education

The DEA aims to partner with more and more local communities11 to educate people of all ages and backgrounds on the dangers of fentanyl. They’re calling it Operation Engage—educating, broadening awareness, and creating a sense of community in the effort to stop fentanyl overdoses. 

More schools and businesses have begun incorporating educational material on fentanyl to support these efforts. For those in recovery from fentanyl use, local peer support groups offer community and connection.

Curing a Crisis 

New initiatives and harm-reduction strategies can’t bring back the lives lost from fentanyl, but they can slow the spread and eventually mitigate the crisis. America and other countries see a future where fentanyl overdose deaths no longer make the news—because they’re not happening at all.
Treatment marks a big step towards this goal. You can use Recovery.com to find a fentanyl rehab and see photos, reviews, insurance information, and more.

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I Drink Every Night. Am I an Alcoholic?

If this is a question that you have asked yourself, then you may have an unhealthy relationship with alcohol. 

Alcohol dependence can appear differently in everyone. The stereotype of an alcoholic as unemployed and disheveled is just that: a stereotype. Someone struggling with alcohol consumption can have healthy relationships, a successful career, and look great.

 However, these positive aspects can quickly deteriorate if an addiction is left untreated. Spotting warning signs early and making changes can help you create a healthier lifestyle.

Understanding Alcohol Consumption

The recommended alcohol consumption and amount that turns excessive varies based on factors such as gender, age, and overall health. To understand your drinking habits, consumption can be split into these categories1: 

  • Moderate drinking typically refers to up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men; however, it is not recommended to drink daily.
  • Binge drinking is characterized by consuming a large amount of alcohol in a short period, leading to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level of 0.08% or higher. For men, binge drinking usually occurs after consuming five or more drinks within two hours, while for women, it is after four or more drinks in the same timeframe.
  • Heavy drinking means consuming more than the moderate drinking guidelines, such as more than one drink a day.

Remember, the healthiest amount of alcohol is no alcohol. If you’re interested in decreasing your regular consumption or giving up alcohol completely, learn more about the sober curious movement.

Alcohol Consumption Chart

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a medical condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use1 despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. AUD can vary in severity, and heavy alcohol use causes lasting changes in the brain that perpetuate AUD and make individuals vulnerable to relapse.

If you currently drink every night and feel it would be hard to stop, it may be time to assess your relationship with alcohol.

Evaluating Your Drinking Habits

Reviewing your alcohol consumption through self-reflection and with the guidance of a medical professional can reshape your lifestyle choices and help you moderate or abstain from drinking.

Frequency of Alcohol Consumption

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA) does not recommend daily alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption is entirely advised against special groups, such as pregnant women, those on medication, and those with certain medical conditions. 

Drinking every day can deteriorate multiple areas in the body2, including the heart, liver, stomach, and brain. Moreover, it can create a biological need for alcohol3 as the brain and body adjust to daily consumption. The more regularly you drink, the harder it will be to decrease consumption or stop altogether.

Consistent drinking can also interfere with daily responsibilities, relationships, and overall well-being. If you find alcohol is becoming a priority over other activities or obligations, that could indicate a problem.

Quantity and Type of Alcohol

For most people, moderate drinking is inconsistent and includes only a couple drinks at a time. Someone with a healthy relationship with alcohol can have 2 drinks at dinner and then not drink for a number of days. 

Excessively drinking any type of alcohol is unhealthy, even though some say that wine is healthier than beer, for example. The best way to maintain well-being is to limit your amount of any type of alcohol. Beer, wine, and spirits are classified as a Group 1 carcinogen4, or a cancer-causing agent—and the more alcohol is consumed, the higher the risk of developing cancer.  

Context and Patterns of Drinking

Drinking can become psychologically unhealthy when it’s used to escape uncomfortable feelings. Sometimes, people drink to relieve stress from work, relationships, or other areas of life. Others use it as a social lubricant to feel less inhibited and more outgoing. This can evolve to a solitary activity, frequenting the same bar every week and drinking until drunk every time.

The truth is: Alcohol may help for the moment of unease, but consistent consumption can degenerate physical, mental, psychological, and spiritual aspects of your life. As patterns become habits that soon become unshakable routines, drinking turns into dependence. 

Signs of Alcohol Dependence

Your brain and body can indicate if you’re forming an alcohol dependence. The Priory Group, owner of Life Works Rehab in the United Kingdom, breaks down the signs5:

  • Secretive or dishonest behaviors related to alcohol
  • Drinking heavily in solitude
  • Heavy drinking or binge drinking
  • Drinking at inappropriate times such as first thing in the morning
  • Avoiding contact with loved ones
  • Withdrawing from responsibilities at home or work
  • Continuing to drink despite the negative effects that this has had on home, work, or social life
  • Losing interest in activities that were once important to you

Alcohol dependence can take a toll on the body, including serious, long-term health complications. 

The Impact of Regular Drinking

The body can become far too acquainted with alcohol, so much so that it alters the ways organs and systems function. These changes can sometimes evolve to permanency; however, early intervention decreases that risk.

Physical Health Risks

Alcohol consumption impacts vital organs in the body, including

As mentioned earlier, alcohol is a cancer-causing agent directly associated with multiple forms of cancer15, including liver, breast, colon, mouth, throat, and more. Researchers hypothesize that multiple factors contribute to the increased risk of cancer, such as 

  • The metabolization process turns alcohol to acetaldehyde (a dangerous chemical compound).
  • The creation of molecules that damage proteins, lipids, and DNA through oxidation.
  • The impairment to the body’s ability to break down and absorb various nutrients.
  • The increase of estrogen, a sex hormone, is linked to the risk of breast cancer.

Mental Health and Emotional Well-Being

Consistent and excessive alcohol consumption is strongly linked to co-occurring mental health disorders16. The bidirectional relationship between alcohol and mental health can cause complex thoughts and behaviors to untangle—meaning, alcohol use can contribute to the development of mental health disorders, and pre-existing mental health issues can lead to the use of alcohol as a form of self-medication.

While alcohol causes an initial feeling of euphoria or relaxation17, it is a central nervous system depressant18, ultimately leading to adverse changes in mood. The depressing effects lead to chemical imbalances in the brain, contributing to anxiety, depression, and mood swings. Additionally, cortisol, the stress hormone, is released each time you drink19, causing daily anxiety if you are drinking every day. 

Someone in the throes of addiction will continue to drink despite the negative effects. The compounding physical and psychological symptoms can be managed through professional treatment and the commitment to stop excessive drinking.

When to Seek Help

Knowing when to get help for drinking can be simple: Once you realize that you have an unhealthy relationship with alcohol, seek out help. The earlier you get professional care, the less likely you’ll need intensive treatment, have lifelong health complications, and have lasting social, emotional, and spiritual consequences. 

Recognizing Problematic Drinking

You can ask yourself questions like 

  1. Would you be able to quit drinking right now?
  2. Has your drinking caused tension or conflict with friends, family, or colleagues?
  3. Do you miss important events or obligations because you are drinking or hungover?
  4. Do you use alcohol to cope with stress, sadness, loneliness, or boredom?
  5. Have friends, family, or co-workers expressed concern about your drinking?
  6. Have you given up hobbies or activities you used to enjoy because you prefer to drink?
  7. Are you concerned about where your health and happiness might lead to if you keep drinking at your current rate?

The answers will likely be straightforward and telling if you need medical treatment.

Resources for Assessment

Self-assessment tools, such as online quizzes, can help you gauge whether your alcohol use may be problematic and if you might benefit from professional help. These tools are not diagnostic but can give you a clearer picture of your relationship with alcohol.

Your primary care physician can provide an initial evaluation and refer you to a specialist for a more comprehensive assessment, such as a mental health professional or addiction specialist. During this session, you can ask questions such as

  1. How is my current level of drinking affecting my overall health?
  2. What are the signs and symptoms of alcohol dependence I am exhibiting?
  3. Based on my evaluation, do you believe I have a mild, moderate, or severe alcohol use disorder?
  4. What kind of treatment do you think I need?
  5. How can I safely reduce or quit drinking, and what steps should I take to do so?
  6. Can you refer me to any support groups or resources that might help me?

Treatment Options for Alcohol Use Disorder

As you embark on your recovery journey, you and your care team can explore treatment options to determine the best fit for your individual needs.

Detox

Many people begin their journey by going through the detox process, so you can safely rid your body of alcohol. Medical professionals will be there to ensure you’re as comfortable as possible. This can help you feel more focused and prepared to take on therapy. 

It is crucial to detox under medical supervision, as withdrawal symptoms can be life threatening. In some cases, FDA-approved medications can be prescribed, such as Naltrexone and Disulfiram20, to assist the tapering process. Your clinical team can help you decide what treatments and procedures suit you.

Residential Programs

Residential rehab provides an intensive, distraction-free environment to focus on psychotherapies and learning healthy coping skills. Individuals in this stage of care live in the center and have 24/7 support. Ideally, the clinical team creates a personalized treatment plan to address the unique needs of each individual in recovery. 

You might participate in evidence-based therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and holistic and alternative healing methods like yoga and massage therapy. The center may provide a blend of individual and group therapy sessions. Your loved ones can engage in family therapy so you can find common ground, improve communication skills, and work towards healthier relationships. 

Outpatient Programs

Your care team may recommend an outpatient program if your recovery does not require 24/7 support. Outpatient treatment has varying levels of care, with partial hospitalization (PHP) providing a more intensive level of care and outpatient (OP) providing the least intensive. You’ll participate in the program for a few hours a day on certain days of the week, allowing you to go to work or attend school simultaneously. You’ll likely participate in therapies similar to a residential program and build your support network as you heal with others in therapy.

Support Groups

Joining support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous and SMART Recovery provide a sense of community, understanding, and accountability in your recovery. They offer a safe space to share experiences, learn from others, and receive ongoing support.

Building a Support Network

Creating a support network with strong relationships is a foundational aspect of long-lasting recovery. Social support in recovery can reduce stress, increase self-efficacy, and motivate lasting sobriety21. Your relapse prevention plan can detail how you will connect with loved ones who supported you through the treatment process. You may make new friends through sober activities and groups. Try your best to plan regular get-togethers with friends and family, as avoiding isolation and bolstering these relationships can make recovery easier. 

Setting and communicating boundaries in recovery is a practice of self-love and can enhance your relationships. Without boundaries, you may say “yes” to things you don’t want to, avoid necessary conversations, and be consumed by others’ negative feelings. Prioritizing your boundaries ensures you’re aligned with what’s best for your well-being.

Preventing Relapse

Not everyone in recovery will relapse, but it can be a part of the recovery process22—and that’s okay. Relapse prevention can help you address these obstacles and keep you on the right track.

Relapse prevention planning aims to recognize and address these warning signals before they escalate to the physical stage—drinking after a period of sobriety. It takes a cognitive behavioral approach to prevent relapse and provides appropriate skills on what to do if a relapse does occur. Relapse prevention blends education, coping strategy development, trigger identification, building support networks, and lifestyle changes.

You and your care team can begin to build your relapse prevention plan by reflecting on 3 key recovery components: 

  1. Reflect on your recovery history. In treatment, what worked and what didn’t work? If you’ve relapsed before, what led to it? What were your triggers before you got treatment? Learn from mistakes of the past to make a realistic relapse prevention plan.
  2. Write down personal, relationship, and employment goals to highlight situations you want to be in and people you want to be around. 
  3. Identify your triggers—all the people, places, and things that could cause stress. Developing coping strategies for each trigger can empower you to live life without fear.

One of the most essential parts of a relapse prevention plan is building skills to navigate uncomfortable feelings and situations. You may practice coping techniques such as breathing exercises, regulating emotions through journaling, and saying “no” to situations that do not serve your recovery. This can help you walk into any situation with confidence. 

Attending outpatient care or talk therapy sessions can help you navigate foreign situations and continue skill-building. During individual therapy sessions, you’ll likely engage in various therapeutic methods like dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). 

Creating a daily routine that promotes physical and mental health, including regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and sufficient sleep, can bolster sustainable recovery23. A scheduling system, such as time blocking in a calendar, can help you avoid idle time that might lead to thoughts or behaviors associated with relapse.

A day of sobriety is a day worth being celebrated! The effort to choose your health and well-being every day is a great feat, so continue to reflect and pride yourself on your hard work.

A Step in the Right Direction

If you feel like you can’t drink at a healthy pace and use alcohol to cope with uncomfortable feelings, it might be time to seek treatment. You can discover and sustain a healthy and balanced lifestyle that prioritizes your well-being. Embrace a life without alcohol. Begin your search by browsing our list of alcohol addiction treatment centers.

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What is NAD Treatment?

Do you remember hearing mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell? That’s because it synthesizes the energy you need to function, but it doesn’t do it without help. 

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme found all throughout your body, is responsible for taking just the right electrical charges and reconfiguring them to create ATP1, better known as energy. Along with boosting ATP levels, NAD also affects parts of the DNA responsible for aging, opioid receptors in the brain, and can improve access to the neurotransmitters responsible for good mood, like serotonin. 

NAD levels shrink as you age or experience stressors like addiction. NAD treatment restores your levels of NAD and can subsequently improve a host of functions—even lowering withdrawal symptoms and cravings in recovery. It’s become a more well-known and used tool in addiction recovery; here’s why.

Introduction to NAD Treatment

Your body uses NAD for myriad of processes and functions, including,

  • Metabolism
  • Circadian rhythm
  • Lengthening telomeres, which slows aging 
  • Making energy
  • Repairing damaged DNA
  • Making DNA more resistant to damage and decay
  • Boosting physical and mental wellness
  • Reducing substance withdrawal symptoms

NAD treatment, typically administered through an IV, restores NAD levels that shrank naturally or because of poor health. Since it’s a natural coenzyme found throughout your body1, it’s readily accepted and processed. 

The Science Behind NAD Treatment

NAD synthesizes energy in the mitochondria1 thanks to one tiny atom: hydrogen. Hydrogen has one positive charge (proton) and one negative charge (electron) that NAD picks up to form NADH. NADH picks up charges from hydrogen throughout the process of compounds, like glucose, going through chemical changes. The results of these changes mean the energy (ATP)-making process begins, which releases more NADH. 

In short, NAD takes charges from the hydrogen within various compounds (like glucose) and releases them into the mitochondria, which uses those charges to create ATP, or energy.

NAD affects other cells in different ways. Mainly, it strengthens DNA and enhances neurological and physical functions1, including your cognitive abilities. 

Biological Importance of NAD

NAD does even more than synthesize energy. It keeps several key functions running smoothly, and can slow down, or even reverse, age-related diseases2 by its effects on DNA. NAD restores damage to DNA and protects healthy strands from damage. It boosts immunity and strengthens your metabolism, and helps brain fog dissipate. As an antioxidant, it helps you resist pollutants3 from food, the environment, and substances.

How NAD Therapy Works

Clinics can administer NAD in 3 ways: an IV infusion, an injection, or through a nasal spray. The IV infusion typically takes the most time and is most comprehensive, as the solution includes vitamins to boost your wellness. 

  1. IV Infusion: Nurses or physicians insert an IV tube to administer NAD and vitamins over the course of a few hours. The time for each infusion can vary by the clinic and your dose; expect 2-5+ hours. During that time you can work on a computer, read a book, or enjoy another hobby. 
  2. Injection: Similar to getting a flu shot, a specialist will inject a syringe of pure NAD (no extra vitamins) into your bicep, thigh, or buttocks. You can leave once they’re done; this option takes just minutes.
  3. Nasal Spray: A nasal NAD treatment involves short bursts of the NAD solution sprayed into each nostril. If you’ve ever used a nasal spray for allergies, it’ll be just like that.

After an NAD treatment, many patients feel a boost in energy and mental clarity. Some only feel change after a few sessions. If you’re using NAD treatment for addiction, you may experience an immediate lessening in cravings and improved withdrawal symptoms. An addiction treatment center will likely stack your NAD treatments close together to help you navigate withdrawals as comfortably as possible. 

Benefits of NAD Treatment

A hallmark of NAD treatment is the lack of medication needed for its results. It uses a coenzyme your body creates naturally, not a man-made medication with their unavoidable lists of side effects. In essence, it uses tools from your body’s toolbox to improve multiple functions.

Anti-Aging Effects

NAD offers anti-aging effects2 in 2 ways: it lengthens telomeres (caps on strands of DNA) and improves your cognitive and physical functions, reducing the likelihood of age-related diseases like cancer.

Telomeres maintain the stability and health of your chromosomes4 by capping off strands of DNA and protecting them from damage. The longer the telomere, the more protected the DNA is and better resistant to the decay of aging. 

Addiction Recovery

NAD helps repair cells damaged by addiction and significantly reduce effects of withdrawals5. NAD also bonds to opioid receptors in the brain, which can ease withdrawal symptoms and cravings for drugs or alcohol.  

NAD, an antioxidant, detoxifies your body. This can speed up withdrawals and make the process more comfortable. NAD can also lower cravings long-term by repairing damaged cells5 in your brain’s reward pathway and changing your genetic expression through epigenetics (or, a new way your genetic code is read.) 

Chronic Health Conditions

NAD treatment improves your metabolism and immune system, which can alleviate symptoms for chronic conditions like fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and neurodegenerative diseases. Since it makes repairs to damaged DNA, it can change genetic expression6 and reverse, or improve, chronic conditions and their symptoms. 

What to Expect During NAD Treatment

Before your session, the clinic will set up an initial assessment to determine your eligibility and what current health struggles you may have. Even if you’re getting NAD treatment at an addiction treatment center, they’ll likely still ask a few clarifying questions on your health and what your goals are for the treatment.

NAD treatment consists of little more than resting and relaxing while the transfusion happens. To prepare for your session, drink water and eat a healthy meal to give the NAD a better workspace. Avoid alcohol or caffeine too.

At your first appointment, the practitioners will explain a bit more of what to expect, and then you’re ready to go. Depending on how they administer the NAD, you’ll either receive an injection, a nasal spray, or an infusion. Infusions are more common and comprehensive. They’ll insert a needle into the crook of your arm and hook you up to a baggie with the NAD solution inside. You’re free to work, rest, practice a hobby, or call up a friend during the transfusion. They can take anywhere from 2-5+ hours and occur 1-3 times a week for 8-10 weeks.

Wear comfortable clothes and shoes. The clinic will likely have guidelines on what they allow you to bring to sessions, like snacks, drinks, and entertainment. Check with them to make sure you’re optimizing your time and making it the best experience for you. Some clinics also bring the treatment to you, which means you can stay at home during the transfusion.

After The Session

Once the transfusion is complete, the presiding nurse or physician will remove the IV to disconnect you from the NAD baggie. They’ll put a bandage over the insertion point (like they do when you get your blood drawn), see how you’re feeling, and send you on your way. You may also schedule the rest of your sessions then, which happen on a cadence suited to your needs. It could be once or twice a week or every other week, lasting 10+ weeks or less.

Possible side effects from NAD treatment include pain and tenderness at the injection site, feeling lightheaded, and headache. The practitioners will ensure you feel okay after each session and not experiencing possible side effects at home.

Clinical Evidence Supporting NAD Treatment

Various studies have both shown NAD treatment has life-improving effects and low safety risks6. Any side effects experienced, like headaches or sleep disturbances, didn’t impact the overall health of participants. It was also found to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings5 in addiction recovery.

Scientists are still seeking to find the best delivery method for NAD7, whether that’s transfusion, injection, a nasal spray, or even a pill. Studies can also improve on showing the efficacy for NAD treatment and mental illnesses like depression, rather than a causal link in NAD and symptom reduction.

Comparing NAD Treatment to Other Therapies

NAD treatment is one of many tools available to treat addiction, chronic health conditions, mental illnesses, and more. It has its pros and cons, like other treatments.

Advantages Over Traditional Methods

NAD treatment generally has fewer side effects than traditional treatment methods, which typically involve medications to treat health conditions. Since it uses something your body makes itself, introducing more NAD is rarely an issue. 

This easy introduction, lack of withdrawals, and natural tolerance can make NAD treatment an advantage over medications. It can be especially beneficial for those in addiction recovery, as NAD can have similar withdrawal-reduction benefits as opioid-based medications5.

Limitations and Considerations

NAD has its benefits and impressive capabilities, but it may only work for some. Practitioners can’t easily prove the NAD’s effects for each individual, nor can they guarantee it will relieve certain symptoms. The way your body processes the extra NAD will vary person-to-person.

NAD treatment also takes time to see certain results, like anti-aging effects or improved cognitive function. It’s not always a quick fix, like medications or other interventions can be. It’s also not covered by insurance, as other medications may be.

Accessing NAD Treatment

Availability and Costs

As NAD treatment becomes a more mainstream treatment option, more and more clinics and providers aim to offer it. A quick Google search will tell you if a NAD clinic is nearby. You can even order a vial of the NAD solution and inject it yourself—with a prescription from your doctor and oversight. 

Costs vary depending on the number of milligrams used in an NAD session. A shorter session will use less NAD solution and cost less. Longer sessions cost more. On average, a 2-hour session will cost $350 and a 5+ hour session will cost $600+. The final cost can vary widely by clinic, solution add-ons, and more. For the total package of continued sessions, you can expect to spend anywhere from $5,000 to $15,000+. 

Insurance and Coverage

Insurance doesn’t cover NAD treatment; they view it as a complementary treatment and may only cover small portions through various plan benefits. You can push for reimbursement by submitting a request to your insurance provider with your need for NAD treatment documented by a clinician.

Next Steps

Consult with your doctor if NAD treatment sounds like a good option for you. It has its benefits and drawbacks, but can be a life-changing treatment for those in addiction recovery, those with chronic ailments, and those with mental health conditions. See what your doctor thinks and set up an appointment with the NAD clinic of your choice to start the process.
You can also browse rehabs for addiction on Recovery.com and see photos, reviews, insurance information, and more.

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Addiction vs. Habit: What’s the Difference?

Do either of these sound like a true addiction, something that has the power to disrupt lives? Cause death, even?

“I’m addicted to these chocolates! I buy them without even thinking about it.” 

“I’m so addicted to watching my TV show at night! I love ending my day with TV!”

“I got so addicted to having a latte in the morning! I can’t imagine life without it now!”

These proclamations align more with habits, which are activities practiced regularly and usually without much thought. Think of brushing your teeth, wiping your shoes on the mat before stepping inside, or turning the lights off before you leave the house. 

Correctly identifying a habit versus an addiction can help you understand your potential need for treatment and empathetically communicate with others.

Addiction and Habits Defined

So a habit and an addiction aren’t the same thing—Why? What are they?

What Is a Habit?

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a habit1 as ”an acquired mode of behavior that has become nearly or completely involuntary.” In some contexts, the word habit can appear synonymous with addiction, but they differ quite drastically. Swapping one for the other can inadvertently cloud the truth of an addiction and the effects it can have.

Examples of habits include:

  • Having a cup of coffee in the morning
  • Talking evening walks
  • Reading before bed
  • Meditating
  • Making your bed 

If needed, you can choose to not do a habit. Though doing it may come instinctually, you could stop with some conscious effort. Even if it feels a bit weird or uncomfortable, it doesn’t cause physical withdrawal symptoms or consume your thoughts. 

What Is Addiction?

Addiction is a “chronic, relapsing disorder2 characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite adverse consequences.” The medical community defines addiction as a brain disorder, since it changes the brain circuits related to self-control, reward, and stress. Even after someone stops taking drugs (including alcohol), these brain changes persist.

At first, someone usually has control over their substance use and chooses to initiate it. But once the self-control aspects of their brain become impaired, so does their ability to control their compulsions and cravings. 

Some people are more at risk of developing an addiction2 than others. For example, one person can take or leave an alcoholic drink, while another may try a drink once and feel an immediate draw to the substance, until it becomes essential. Several risk factors, like genetic predispositions, childhood abuse, and influential environments, make repeated use and addiction more likely. 

Examples of addiction include:

Addiction primarily differs from a habit in that stopping has consequences. Many people who try to stop experience withdrawals, which are physical and mental reactions to not having the substance3. Someone with an alcohol addiction, for example, may experience tremors and sickness if they try to stop—even seizures and death. 

Characteristics of Habits and Addictions

Habits and addictions form differently and have distinct characteristics that set them apart. 

Formation and Development

You’ve probably heard the adage: “It takes 21 days to build a habit.” In reality, the timeline differs from person to person and depends on how much effort they put into solidifying their habit. All habits form through repetition4 and the positive reinforcement they bring. Habits become automatically followed formulas in your brain with triggers, actions, and results. For example, going to your bathroom sink after showering triggers the action of brushing your teeth. You get clean teeth and better dental health as a result, which reinforces the action.

Addictions form differently. They may start voluntarily2, like winding down for bed with a glass of wine. But as the circuits and functioning in your brain change, and your tolerance to the substance builds, your voluntary enjoyment becomes compulsive. Self-control fades. You need more and more of the substance to get the feelings you want. Your body can grow dependent on the substance too, leading to painful and potentially dangerous withdrawal symptoms when you try to stop or cut back.

Control and Consciousness

You can stop a habit at-will. Could you imagine going through painful withdrawals or intense emotional angst if you didn’t make your bed in the morning? You could stop any habit and, usually, suffer only mild inconveniences or discomfort. Conscious effort and practice are all you need to break a habit.

Addiction requires more than conscious effort plus a desire to stop. Even though you may know and feel the negative effects on your life, the urge to take substances overrides all reasoning. You could decide to stop and throw out all your substances but find yourself buying more a day later. Life without the substance seems scary and unmanageable—much different than a life without taking your shoes off before going inside.

Impact on Daily Life

Making your bed, brushing your teeth, and taking a shower all have positive impacts on your life. You give yourself a cleaner space, you improve your oral health, and you take care of your hygiene—all good things. Some habits may have no tangible effect on your life, like checking your phone in the morning. Habits also differ person-to-person, affecting their lives differently depending on their personalities and ways of living.

Addiction often has a devastating impact across the board. You may spend more time and money procuring and consuming substances, leading to job loss and financial crises. Your actions under influence could sever relationships, leading to divorce or being cut off from loved ones. In dire cases, substances and the actions people take when impaired can lead to legal consequences and death.

Psychological and Biological Factors

Both a habit and an addiction affect your brain, but addiction has a stronger impact.

Brain Chemistry

Both habits and addiction come from neurotransmitters traveling through certain pathways in the brain. The positive results of habits (like saving money by shutting off your lights) reinforces them, much like the positive feelings from substances can reinforce their use. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, drives this feel-good sensation5 and encourages you to repeat the action.

With substance use, these pleasant feelings and the release of dopamine increase tenfold. That’s what most drugs are meant and designed to do—make people feel good and enforce repetition. They send a rush of dopamine through your brain’s reward system6, telling you to do it again because it has a positive result. As your brain adapts to the unnatural effects of the substance and overflow of dopamine, it learns to stop making its own. It becomes hard to feel pleasure any other way, causing cravings and urges to use the substance. 

Psychological Dependence

Once you become addicted to a substance, procuring and taking it can consume your thoughts and affect your mental state. You may feel emotionally reliant on it to relieve stress, discouragement, or boredom. A habit doesn’t consume your thoughts—even if you like doing it, it’s not an absolute necessity.

Physical Dependence

Taking less of a substance or stopping altogether can lead to withdrawals, which is why many people in treatment need professional detox services. Depending on the substance and how long you’ve been taking it, withdrawal can include symptoms like7:

  • Tremors
  • Headache
  • Irritability
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Vomiting and diarrhea
  • Insomnia
  • Hallucinations
  • Seizures

If you don’t make your bed in the morning, you know it won’t make you throw up or have a seizure. That’s another way habits and addictions vary.

Behavioral and Social Implications

Seeing someone pull out their phone in a slow checkout line doesn’t come as a surprise; you probably wouldn’t even notice it. But what if they took out a liter of vodka, or shook pills into their hands? 

Social Acceptance

Habits are generally accepted and encouraged—online, you can find almost endless lists of suggested habits and books dedicated to building healthy habits. Addiction is met with stigma and seen negatively by the public. Those with addiction often hide their behaviors to avoid consequences and the stigma surrounding addiction.

Conversely, telling a friend you meditate with your morning cup of coffee would likely garner admiration and respect, casting you in a positive light. 

Behavioral Flexibility

Integrating new habits, or stopping one, usually just takes a bit of focus and effort. They can become part of your routine in just a few days or weeks. Stopping an addiction, however, isn’t nearly so simple. It often requires professional help and detox services to safely undergo withdrawals. It can take months or years to mentally, physically, and spiritually recover.

Recognition and Diagnosis

How do you know if something you do is an innocent habit or problematic behavior?

Identifying Habits

Perhaps the easiest way to identify a habit vs. an addiction is to stop doing it and see how it feels. Do you think about it all the time and feel distressed? Do you feel sick not doing it?

You can also ask yourself how your life changes, positively or negatively, if you cut out the activity. Are you happier, are your loved ones happier? Do your relationships improve? If you notice a positive change, that’s a good sign your habit may have been a problematic behavior or an addiction.

Diagnosing Addiction

A medical professional diagnoses addiction; the information provided here or anywhere else online isn’t a diagnosis. But you can use online resources to identify your concerns and acknowledge your need for professional help. An overview of the diagnostic criteria for an addiction8 is as follows: 

  1. Substance use becomes out of control, where you take more than intended and can’t cut back, despite wanting to.
  2. Craving the substance.
  3. Spending significant time getting the substance, taking it, and recovering from its effects (often in secret).
  4. Continuously taking the substance despite clear consequences at home, work, and socially.
  5. Substance use prevents you from fulfilling your obligations and responsibilities.

Treatment Approaches

Many treatment approaches can help you heal from addiction. Small behavioral changes and tips can help you break a habit, too.

Breaking a Habit

Several tricks and strategies can help you break habits like checking your phone when you feel bored, stressed, or need to pass the time. For example, you could leave sticky notes to remind you not to do something, limit your screen time, or sell/throw away the item to stop the habit.

Staying mindful of your behaviors and actions can also help you break a habit. You can modify habits with habit stacking4, which uses one habit (like brushing your teeth) as a launchpad for another (like checking your calendar afterward.)

Treating Addiction

Various treatment approaches for addiction offer healing to everyone. Generally, approaches include:

  1. Evidence-based
  2. Holistic
  3. Alternative

Personalized treatment plans usually blend these approaches to your specific needs so you can engage in evidence-based therapies, holistic services, and alternative treatments all together. 

Therapy is often the cornerstone of addiction treatment, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Detox and medications also serve as important aspects of recovery, especially for more severe cases. In all stages of recovery, support groups can serve as an invaluable place to connect with others in recovery and build resilience.

Professional Help

Getting professional help for addiction is often vital to recovery. Many treatment professionals can help—your primary care physician may be the first step, who can then suggest next steps and refer you to other providers. This could mean you start inpatient treatment and detox, long-term residential treatment, outpatient levels of care, or therapy.

You’ll likely work with at least one therapist, along with medical professionals to manage withdrawal symptoms safely. You may also work with group therapists and providers specialized in trauma treatment, or another type of mental health condition.

Forming New Habits in Recovery

Addiction recovery often involves new habits, like dedicating time to attend support meetings, practicing self-care, and making time for your relationships. You may even add meditation, journaling, or exercise to your daily routine, too. New habits like these can strengthen your overall recovery and improve your quality of life.

Leverage the power of habits, now knowing how they come to be and how you can optimize your routines for your benefit.