Tag: Drug Addiction

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How We Speak Matters: Undoing Stigmatizing Language: Andrew Schreier

Andrew J. Schreier is a licensed professional counselor with over twenty years of experience in substance use, mental health, gambling, and clinical supervision with extensive experience in clinical supervision, counseling, and education. He serves as the Director of Clinical Services for Community Medical Services in Wisconsin and Minnesota, overseeing treatment programs for opioid use disorder. A national speaker and host of the Talking Addiction & Recovery podcast, Andrew explores topics such as substance use, mental health, and gambling to foster meaningful change for individuals seeking care and growth and development for professionals.

The passion for this topic stems from witnessing the profound impact that stigma can have on individuals seeking help. I’ve seen how a single word—uttered carelessly or in written communication—can either empower someone or push them further into isolation. This has driven me to advocate for compassionate, person-first language in every aspect of treatment and recovery for several issues impacting millions of people.

Language is the foundation of human connection. Words can shape people and culture. It’s how we communicate thoughts, share feelings, and build relationships. But when it comes to substance use, mental health, gambling, criminal justice, and recovery, the words we use can do more than just describe; they can harm, stigmatize, or exclude.

What Is Stigma?

Stigma is a negative association with circumstance or trait that can result in discrimination against a person for a certain characteristic(s).  Stigma can also be described as internal feelings of shame or judgment from others.  Language includes words or phrases with negative labels that assign judgment.  

Stigma around addiction may come from old and inaccurate ideas or fear of things that are different or misunderstood. Today, we know that addiction is a chronic, treatable medical condition. We also know that people can recover and continue to lead healthy lives.

The Power of Language

Words matter. Language is not just a tool for communication; it shapes perceptions, influences policies, and defines how individuals are treated. Yet, in relation to substance use, mental health, gambling, and criminal justice spaces, stigmatizing language remains a persistent issue.  Examples of stigmatizing language include: 

  • Terms like “addict,” “junkie,” or “relapse” reduce people to their conditions and perpetuate shame.   
  • Many generations have grown up in a society where language such as “crazy,” “psycho,” “loony,” “nutty,” and “mentally ill” were acceptable words to describe an individual with mental health.  
  • “Pathological,” “compulsive,” “irresponsible gambler,” and “gambling addict” generally attract substantial negative stereotypes, social distancing, emotional reactions, status loss, and discrimination.
  • Designed to desensitize, terms such as “felon,” “convict,” “offender,” and “criminal” replace names and other descriptions, such as “woman,” “daughter,” “father,” “child,” or “person.” These labels compound punishment and ultimately harm by reducing people to their worst moments, fueling stigma and haunting people for years after sentences are served.

The consequences of this language are far-reaching. Stigmatizing terms discourage individuals from seeking help, fearing judgment or discrimination. Feeling stigmatized can reduce the willingness of individuals with substance use disorders to seek treatment.  Stigmatizing views of people with substance use disorders are common; this stereotyping can lead others to feel pity, fear, anger, and a desire for social distance from people with a substance use disorder.  In clinical settings, they can perpetuate bias in documentation and decision-making.  Stigmatizing language can negatively influence healthcare provider perceptions of people with substance use disorders, which can impact the care they provide.  At the community level, such language reinforces negative stereotypes, reducing public support for funding and policy changes that could expand access to treatment.

By addressing this issue, we can create a more inclusive and supportive environment for those struggling with addiction and other behavioral health challenges. Shifting to person-first language—such as “person with a substance use disorder” or “person with a gambling disorder” instead of  “substance abuser” or “gambling addict”—respects the individual’s humanity and acknowledges their capacity for recovery.

Introducing Person-Centered Language 

Person-centered language is a language that puts people first. People are so much more than their substance use disorder, mental illness, or disability. Using person-centered language is about respecting the dignity, worth, unique qualities, and strengths of every individual. 

The solution to this issue begins with awareness and education. Through my work, I’ve identified several actionable strategies that can help professionals, organizations, and communities move toward more supportive language:

  1. Adopt Person-First Language: Referring to individuals as “persons with a substance use disorder” or “persons experiencing gambling-related harm” emphasizes their humanity and potential for recovery. This small change can make a big difference in how people feel about seeking help.
  2. Eliminate Stigmatizing Terms: Words like “relapse” can be replaced with “return to use,” and “addict” with “individual in recovery.” Such shifts reduce shame and promote a more constructive dialogue.
  3. Train Professionals: Regular training for clinicians, social workers, and other providers can help them understand the impact of their words and adopt best practices for communication.
  4. Revise Documentation Practices: Clinical records should reflect person-centered care by avoiding labels and focusing on specific behaviors, needs, and strengths.
  5. Raise Public Awareness: Community education campaigns can dispel myths, challenge stereotypes, and encourage supportive attitudes toward those in recovery.

Letting Go of Stigmatizing Terms

Throughout my career, I have witnessed firsthand how stigmatizing language impacts individuals in treatment. Early in my work, I noticed how terms like “noncompliant” or “frequent flyer” in clinical documentation shaped the attitudes of treatment teams. Patients were often unfairly labeled before they even walked through the door. Recognizing this, I began advocating for changes within my teams, encouraging the use of language that focused on behaviors and needs rather than labels.

Initially, the thought of simply removing stigmatizing words and replacing them with person-centered language appeared easy.  However, after beginning to take on that task it became more apparent at how prevalent stigmatizing language is through policies, procedures, textbooks, sources, narratives, educational materials, and awareness campaigns to name a few.  In asking people to eliminate stigmatizing language meant asking them to let go of words they have come to use on a regular basis.  

Some people used those words to describe themselves in their own recovery with lived experience. Professionals have used stigmatizing terms in how they talked not only to but about people they served. Helping professionals let go of stigmatizing language involves acknowledging past habits, understanding their impact, and actively working through a process that includes reflection, education, and practice. Here are some tips to facilitate this journey, including the idea that it might resemble a grief process:

  1. Acknowledge Past Usage Without Judgment
    1. Normalize Mistakes: Remind professionals that everyone has used stigmatizing language at some point due to societal norms, training, or common phrases.
    2. Create Safe Spaces: Foster environments where professionals can openly discuss their language habits without fear of judgment. Encourage the perspective that improvement begins with self-awareness.
  1. Understand the Emotional Attachment to Language
    1. Recognize Resistance: Letting go of familiar terms can feel uncomfortable. Professionals may associate certain languages with their identity, training, or professional experience.
    2. Embrace the Grief Process: Encourage professionals to view this shift as a form of grief. They might feel denial, anger, or sadness before accepting and embracing change. Support them by discussing these emotions openly.
  1. Educate on the Impact of Language
    1. Highlight Harmful Effects: Show how stigmatizing language perpetuates stereotypes and discourages individuals from seeking help. For example, terms like “addict” increase perceptions of personal blame, leading to worse treatment outcomes.
    2. Use Data and Stories: Share research and real-life examples demonstrating how person-first language fosters dignity and better outcomes for individuals.
  1. Provide Practical Strategies for Change
    1. Use Person-First Language: Train professionals to replace terms like “addict” with “person with a substance use disorder.” This approach focuses on the individual rather than the condition.
    2. Pause and Reflect: Encourage them to pause and consider the potential impact of their words before speaking.
    3. Use Tools and Resources: Offer quick-reference guides or charts that suggest alternatives to stigmatizing terms.
  1. Normalize Continuous Learning
    1. Reframe Learning as Growth: Remind professionals that language evolves. A commitment to lifelong learning aligns with professional ethics and improves patient care.
    2. Practice Role-Playing: Use training sessions to practice reframing conversations and identifying stigmatizing phrases.
  1. Promote Organizational Support
    1. Leadership Modeling: Encourage leaders to adopt and model inclusive language to set an example for their teams.
    2. Policy Updates: Advocate for policies and documentation practices that reflect non-stigmatizing language.
  1. Celebrate Small Wins
    1. Acknowledge progress, even if it’s incremental. Shifting language habits takes time and effort, but every step forward is meaningful and recognizing any positive change provides dignity, compassion, and respect for the people we serve.  

By normalizing the discomfort that comes with change and framing it as part of a growth process, professionals can move toward language that uplifts and empowers those they serve.  

Language as a Tool to Change

Undoing stigmatizing language is about more than changing words; it’s about transforming the culture of substance use, mental health, gambling, criminal justice, and other spaces related to people we serve. By speaking with care and intention, we can create environments where individuals feel valued, supported, and empowered to seek help.

In talking to and about individuals, the best practice and way to eliminate harm is by letting people choose how they want to be described. If you are not sure what words to use, just ask.  Avoid using language that defines someone by their condition. Use updated, accurate terminology instead of outdated terms. Avoid language that makes judgment. Describe without downplaying or becoming overly graphic. Use person-centered language that avoids seeing them as their diagnosis and instead focuses on the whole person.  

Looking ahead, I envision a future where person-first language becomes the standard in all areas of behavioral health. This includes expanding training programs, integrating these principles into policy and advocacy work, and using a multitude of platforms.  

Language has the power to heal or harm. Let’s choose to use it as a tool for connection, compassion, and change.

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The Importance of Neuroaffirming Care in Mental Health and Substance Use Treatment: Dr. Sarah Anderson

In recent discussions surrounding mental health and substance use treatment, the concept of neuroaffirming care has emerged as an essential paradigm shift. A neuroaffirming approach not only emphasizes each person’s individuality but also recognizes and respects the diverse range of neurocognitive profiles within our world. In this article, I will look into why neuroaffirming care matters, share its key ideas, explore its background, and highlight how it’s vital in mental health and substance use treatment.

Understanding Neuroaffirming Care

Neuroaffirming care is a progressive model grounded in an understanding of the diverse ways individuals think, process information, and interact with the world. It recognizes that neurocognitive differences—such as those found in individuals with autism (ASD), ADHD, dyslexia, and other learning disabilities—are not deficits or disorders to be fixed, but rather distinct variations that enrich how individuals perceive and interact with the world around them.

This perspective sees neurodiversity as an integral part of humanity, encouraging a more inclusive approach in therapeutic settings. Unlike traditional care models, which often apply a one-size-fits-all framework, neuroaffirming care tailors interventions to meet the unique needs and preferences of each individual. Traditional approaches may standardize assessments and treatments, potentially overlooking the nuances of a person’s lived experience. In contrast, neuroaffirming care acknowledges that neurodivergent individuals may process sensory information, social cues, and cognitive tasks differently, requiring interventions that are flexible and adaptive. (Chapman & Botha, 2023)

Examples of Neuroaffirming Care:

1. Inclusive Practices: Tailoring treatment plans to align with the client’s cognitive style, preferences, and personal history.

Example: A therapist working with a neurodivergent client adapts a mindfulness exercise by allowing them to focus on a sensory object, such as holding a stress ball or rubbing a textured fabric, instead of expecting them to sit still with their eyes closed, which might feel overwhelming or inaccessible.

2. Respecting Autonomy: Allowing clients to make informed choices about their treatment and respecting those decisions, even when they differ from standardized protocols.

Example: A client with ADHD requests shorter therapy sessions to maintain focus. Rather than insisting on traditional 50-minute sessions, the therapist offers 25-minute sessions and gradually builds toward longer durations as the client feels ready.

Examples of Non-Neuroaffirming Care:

1. Rigid Protocols: Applying standardized treatment methods that do not consider a client’s neurodivergent traits, potentially leading to frustration and disengagement.

Example: Forcing a neurodivergent client to participate in a large group therapy session despite their expressed discomfort in group settings, leading them to withdraw or avoid further sessions.

2. Invalidating Experiences: Dismissing or questioning the lived experiences of neurodivergent individuals, failing to recognize and honor their reality.

Example: A therapist tells a client with sensory sensitivities that their discomfort with bright lights in the therapy room is “just in their head” instead of addressing the environmental trigger.

Statistics on Neurodivergence in Mental Health Treatment

Neurodivergent individuals often encounter significant barriers in accessing effective mental health and substance use treatment. Research indicates that approximately 73% to 81% of adults with autism have at least one co-occurring psychiatric disorder (Buck et al., 2014; Madhavan, & Sambamoorthi, 2016). Additionally, substance use disorder rates are disproportionately higher among neurodivergent individuals. Research indicates that about 50% of individuals with substance use disorders also have ADHD, and people diagnosed with ADHD are six times more likely to face challenges related to substance use (Davis et al., 2015). This statistic emphasizes the need for tailored interventions that specifically address these challenges and underscore the importance of implementing neuroaffirming care. 

While neuroaffirming care is gaining recognition, its adoption in mental health settings varies widely. Some progressive clinics and therapists are beginning to embrace neuroaffirming approaches, especially in environments that prioritize inclusivity and holistic care. However, many traditional mental health settings still rely on standard practices that may not adequately account for neurodiversity and its implications in treatment. Neuroaffirming care is more likely to be found in specialized settings, such as those focusing on developmental disorders, community mental health programs that emphasize inclusivity, and practices run by clinicians who are informed about neurodiversity principles. In contrast, more traditional settings may struggle to integrate these principles into their practices, resulting in ongoing gaps in care for neurodivergent individuals. This inconsistency in the availability of neuroaffirming care further emphasizes the need for systemic changes in mental health and substance use treatment approaches.

Historical Context of Neuroaffirming Care

The emergence of neuroaffirming care can be traced back to the neurodiversity movement, which gained momentum in the late 1990s and early 2000s (Chapman & Botha, 2023). Advocates began challenging the traditional medical model that treated neurological differences solely as deficits or disorders. Instead, they promoted the idea that neurodiversity is a natural variation of human cognition, deserving of respect and understanding. For instance, the neurodiversity movement challenged stereotypes surrounding autism, emphasizing the strengths and unique perspectives that autistic individuals bring to the table, such as innovative problem-solving and attention to detail. This paradigm shift inspired mental health professionals to rethink their approaches, focusing on affirming and accommodating differences rather than attempting to “fix” them.

Neuroaffirming Interventions in Mental Health

Neuroaffirming interventions in mental health can vary widely but generally aim to create a supportive environment that is responsive to the specific cognitive and emotional needs of neurodivergent individuals.

1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Adaptations

Traditional CBT can be adjusted to incorporate the client’s unique thought processes and emotional responses, making it relevant to their experiences.

Example: A neurodivergent client with autism might struggle with abstract concepts like “challenging negative thoughts.” The therapist adapts CBT by using concrete, visual tools, such as a thought diary with emojis or a color-coded chart, to help the client identify and manage their emotions in a structured way.

In contrast, a non-neuroaffirming approach might involve using overly abstract CBT techniques that leave the client feeling confused and unsupported, causing disengagement.

2. Mindfulness Practices

Mindfulness can be tailored to fit different sensory preferences, allowing clients to engage in exercises in ways that feel comfortable.

Example: A client with sensory sensitivities may find traditional deep-breathing exercises difficult due to the focus on internal bodily sensations. Instead, the therapist encourages them to practice mindfulness by listening to calming music or focusing on a weighted blanket’s pressure.

Non-neuroaffirming practices might force clients to adhere to rigid mindfulness techniques that increase their anxiety, such as insisting on silent meditation in a setting that feels overstimulating.

3. Strength-Based Approaches

Focusing on the individual’s strengths rather than their challenges fosters a sense of empowerment and self-efficacy.

Example: A therapist working with a neurodivergent teenager emphasizes their talent for drawing as a tool for emotional expression and problem-solving, integrating art therapy into their sessions.

Conversely, non-neuroaffirming practices might focus solely on deficits, such as repeatedly pointing out the client’s difficulties with time management, without offering constructive solutions.

Neuroaffirming Care in Substance Use Treatment

Substance use treatment, much like mental health treatment, benefits immensely from a neuroaffirming approach. Individuals with neurodivergent traits may face unique challenges in recovery, including heightened sensitivity to triggers, social cues, and emotional stimuli.

1. Individualized Treatment Plans

Tailoring recovery programs to the cognitive and emotional profile of clients enhances engagement and success rates.

Example: A client with ADHD might struggle with rigid schedules in traditional 12-step programs. A neuroaffirming approach would offer flexible scheduling options or introduce apps for task management to support the client’s executive functioning challenges.

2. Peer Support Alternatives

Creating support networks that resonate with neurodivergent individuals allows them to share their experiences in a safe space.

Example: A recovery program sets up a small, sensory-friendly peer support group for neurodivergent clients, ensuring the environment is free of harsh lighting and loud noises to accommodate sensory sensitivities.

Non-neuroaffirming practices might involve placing neurodivergent clients in large, overstimulating group settings without addressing their needs, potentially driving them away from recovery efforts.

Providing Neuroaffirming Care as a Mental Health Occupational Therapist

As a mental health occupational therapist, I prioritize neuroaffirming care in my practice by actively incorporating the principles of this approach into my therapeutic relationships. This commitment not only fosters a sense of safety and respect but also empowers clients to take an active role in their healing journey.

1. Personalized Assessments:

   In my practice, I conduct thorough and personalized assessments that go beyond standardized tools. For example, I might observe a client’s sensory responses in various environments, such as noting whether fluorescent lighting in the office causes discomfort. These observations inform the design of therapy sessions and treatment goals. Additionally, I encourage clients to share their preferences and experiences, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of their unique needs and challenges.

2. Flexible Therapy Sessions:

   Recognizing that each client has different sensory sensitivities and processing styles, I ensure that my therapy sessions are flexible. For a client with sensory sensitivities, I might introduce noise-canceling headphones or provide breaks during sessions to prevent overstimulation. This adaptability allows clients to engage more comfortably and effectively in their therapy, promoting a collaborative and supportive atmosphere.

3. Collaborative Goal Setting:

   Collaboration is at the heart of my practice. When a client expresses frustration with meeting deadlines, for instance, we work together to create achievable and meaningful goals. By implementing strategies like time-blocking, the client feels ownership and agency in their progress. I emphasize that all goals are client-driven; I will never set goals that clients do not choose for themselves. This process not only fosters a sense of empowerment but also enhances motivation and commitment to the therapeutic process.

4. Creating Safe Spaces:

   A significant aspect of neuroaffirming care involves creating safe and comfortable environments. I maintain a quiet, visually calming therapy room with sensory tools like weighted blankets, fidget toys, and dimmable lights. Clients are encouraged to customize their space and choose the tools that make them feel secure and comfortable. This environment reflects a respect for their individual needs and enhances their ability to focus and engage.

5. Ongoing Feedback:

   I prioritize ongoing feedback throughout our therapeutic relationship. Regularly asking clients how they feel about the therapy process and the strategies we employ allows me to adjust approaches as needed. For example, if a client feels overwhelmed by a particular technique, we can quickly shift to a different method that aligns better with their preferences. This responsiveness is a core component of neuroaffirming care, ensuring that each client feels heard and validated.

Conclusion

Neuroaffirming care represents a critical advancement in mental health and substance use treatment paradigms, offering a more personalized and respectful approach to care that takes into account the diverse neurocognitive profiles of individuals. Specific, practical interventions—such as adapting CBT, tailoring mindfulness, and creating sensory-friendly environments—illustrate how this approach can transform the therapeutic experience for neurodivergent individuals.

With increasing awareness and acknowledgment of neurodiversity, the mental health field must continue to evolve by embracing neuroaffirming principles. In doing so, we can enhance access to treatment and support for neurodivergent individuals, ultimately contributing to their overall wellbeing and quality of life.

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Navigating the Holidays: Essential Tips for Those in Early Substance Use Recovery: Dr. Sarah Anderson

The holidays are just around the corner, and while some people love this time of year, many feel anxious, overwhelmed, and even dread it. For those newly in substance use recovery or supporting a loved one in recovery, this season can bring added challenges. As a mental health occupational therapist, I work with many clients who feel stressed and overwhelmed this time of year. From increased family obligations to events with alcohol to overbooked schedules, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed. While setting boundaries with others and yourself can be difficult, maintaining balance is essential.

If you’re looking for practical strategies on maintaining your sobriety or supporting a loved one in their recovery, keep reading! I’ve compiled a few tips to help you find peace and maybe even enjoy the season.

Beware of Over Scheduling

Overcommitting is a top reason people feel overwhelmed during the holidays. If you have felt overstimulated and drained in past holiday seasons, try to prioritize which events you want to attend. Aim for no more than one gathering per weekend—many find even that can be too much. Everyone has a unique social and sensory stimulation threshold, so tune into what feels manageable for you. If you’re concerned about letting others down, here are some phrases that can help:

  • “Thank you so much for the invitation. I won’t be able to attend this year due to a scheduling conflict. Still, I’d love to stay connected and appreciate the invitation.”
  • “Thank you for thinking of me. Right now, I’m focusing on managing my schedule carefully, so I won’t be able to join this year. Still, I would love to do so during the next holiday season.”

Letting those close to you know that you’re intentionally avoiding overscheduling can also help set expectations.

Prioritize People Who Make You Feel Safe

If you’re facing challenges with your mental health or are new to recovery, focus on spending time with people who make you feel safe and supported. You don’t need the added stress of putting on a brave face for people who don’t honor where you’re at. Research has shown that negative social support can hinder sustained recovery (Kitzinger et al., 2023). So, while social connection is powerful for optimizing mental health, it’s crucial that this connection feels safe and genuine. I work with many clients who struggle with people-pleasing, and the thought of disappointing others can be distressing. Setting boundaries can be empowering and is one of the best skills you can develop to protect your recovery and mental health, especially during the holidays.

Stick to Your Routines

The holidays don’t mean abandoning your routines. Routines offer structure, keep you grounded, and help ensure you’re prioritizing yourself. You may need to leave a party early or decline an invitation if it conflicts with a self-care activity. Kitzinger et al. (2023) found that people in early recovery identified the consistency of structured routines to be a key factor in helping them maintain sobriety. If you’re in recovery, continue attending your meetings and staying connected with those who keep you accountable. Routines help reinforce your commitment to your health, especially during times that feel unpredictable.

Prioritize Sleep

Sleep is, in my opinion, the most important occupation within occupational therapies (OT’s) nine recognized areas. When you’re sleep-deprived, every other part of your life suffers. Lack of sleep can significantly impact mood, increase anxiety, and make managing stress harder. Additionally, poor sleep quality has been identified as a risk factor for relapse (Kitzinger et al., 2023). It is essential to prioritize rest, as it’s foundational for maintaining balance in this demanding season. Here are some strategies to ensure that you are getting adequate sleep this holiday season:

  1. Pick a bedtime and stick to it.
  2. Have some set phrases that you can use to get out of late-night events. 
  3. Stick to the sleep routine you’ve developed. I know it can be tempting to stay up late and get lost in a holiday movie, but I promise you will thank yourself tomorrow if you avoid screen time and get to bed on time. 
  4. If it feels hard to assert these boundaries with yourself and others, have some incentives and rewards handy. One of my personal favorites is investing in a new set of warm, cozy sheets or pajamas. Not only does this enhance your bedtime experience, but choosing fabrics that feel good on your skin also caters to your sensory needs, making it easier to prioritize rest.

Prioritize Healthy Leisure Activities & Limit Social Media

You read that right: put down the phone and stay present. It’s easy to get swept up in social media, but I want you to reflect on this– does it ever leave you feeling better? The holidays often bring a flood of curated, perfect-looking moments, making it hard not to compare. But remember—what you see is often far from the full picture. Instead, invest your time in activities that genuinely bring you joy and fulfillment. Baking cookies alone or with people you love who bring you joy is a great way to enjoy the holidays and fill time. Explore and rediscover games that you once loved. Games are a great way to spend time with others, and they help to fill time in a meaningful and healthy way. Curl up on the couch with a great book and a soft, cozy blanket. If you really want to get into the holiday mood, light a holiday-scented candle and play a little instrumental music in the background. Active living is central to recovery (Iwasaki, 2010). By structuring your time and prioritizing meaningful, screen-free activities, you can stay the course on your journey to wellness.

Identify High-Risk Situations in Advance & Create a Sober-Sensory Kit

It is important to understand your triggers that potentially can lead to relapse. Triggers can be anything from specific environments to specific people to various smells or memories. Having an awareness of what may be a trigger can help you either avoid them or have a plan in place as to what you need to do to maintain your sobriety. You have likely already done this with your therapist, sponsor, or someone else in your life. Your plan may include attending an AA meeting, calling your sponsors, or meeting with a trusted friend. Creating a sober-sensory kit can be another tool that you incorporate into your plan to help reduce relapse. Sensory kits, in general, are tools that help to promote grounding and regulation. Think about things you can eat, smell, touch, hear, and see that bring you peace. Here are some ideas of what you can pack in your sensory kit based on each of your senses:

  • Smell: Pack lotions with soothing fragrances or essential oils that are known for their calming properties. For example, lavender and chamomile are widely recognized for their ability to promote relaxation and reduce anxiety. A study by Seo (2009) found that pleasant scents, particularly essential oils, can enhance mood and reduce stress.
  • Touch: Choose lotions with textures that you enjoy—whether they are smooth or contain exfoliants. Pick one that feels nice on your skin. Always include a fidget, or focus tool, in your sensory pack. There are many different types, so I encourage you to explore various options to find the one that works best for you. Some people prefer soft, squishy fidgets, while others enjoy spiky fidget rings. There’s even the option to have fidgets that double as jewelry. Fidgets help relieve anxiety by providing a means of self-soothing while also releasing neurotransmitters that enhance focus and reduce cognitive load (Persia, 2023).
  • Hearing: Create a variety of playlists. Explore various genres of music to find the right fit. Remember, the goal with your music is to regulate your nervous system, not increase arousal. Many people enjoy instrumental jazz, low-fi, and classical music. Always make sure to pack some earbuds or headphones, that way, if you find yourself feeling overstimulated, you can easily put them on and find a sense of calm.
  • Taste: Make sure to include some candies in your kit! Both sweet and sour can help you feel grounded and ease anxiety. Sour candies, in particular, can act as little panic busters— the intense taste can redirect your focus and provide a grounding experience. Chewing gum is another great option to put in your kit. The repetitive motion of chewing not only gives you some sensory input but also has the potential to help regulate your nervous system and lower stress levels. Eating can also stimulate the vagus nerve, which plays a vital role in calming the body and promoting a sense of relaxation and well-being (Breit et al., 2018).
  • Sight: In my opinion, sight is the most challenging sense to pack because it’s harder to find items that are small enough to fit in a compact kit. One of my go-to strategies for reducing anxiety or stress is to take a quick break outside. Simply taking a look at nature can be immediately calming. Really observe what you see and take note of the unique visual qualities of the environment, such as the trees and their leaves, the sky, the grass, and more. What you see can greatly influence your emotional state, so it’s important to engage this sense if you start to feel overwhelmed. Items that you can pack to help stimulate your visual sense and provide a sense of grounding include adult coloring books, which feature intricate designs that require concentration. Liquid motion bubblers can be soothing to watch, as can fidget spinners or cubes.

Leaning into your senses and creating a sensory pack can quickly help you feel grounded if you’re feeling stressed, anxious, or triggered. By incorporating items that engage a variety of senses—such as soothing scents, fidgets, or calming music—you can help regulate your nervous system. With the hustle and bustle of the holidays, the best part is that these sensory packs are portable and easy to use. You can take them anywhere!

Putting it All Together 

This holiday season, make your recovery a priority by implementing practical strategies to help maintain balance amid the chaos. Avoid the trap of overscheduling by intentionally selecting events that bring you a sense of safety and support. Surround yourself with uplifting people who bolster your resilience. Sticking to routines—like getting enough sleep—is essential for your wellbeing. These habits empower you and lower the risk of relapse. Remember, prioritizing your recovery doesn’t mean you have to miss out on fun; it’s all about finding the right balance! Seize this wonderful opportunity to cultivate joy and connect with loved ones while also caring for your mental health.

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Rehab for The Holidays: Give Yourself And Your Loved Ones The Gift of Recovery

Disclaimer: We appreciate the contribution of the author who wrote this article. The opinions and views expressed are uniquely the author’s and add valuable perspectives to Recovery.com. Enjoy!

This was going to be the year you beat addiction. This was going to be the year you rediscovered life. Yet here we are entering the holidays and it hasn’t quite worked out that way. You could say, “Oh well, I’ll get sober in January.” 

Isn’t that what you said last year? How about a new approach? Why not this year you give yourself and your family the best gift of all: recovery! The gift that keeps on giving year after year with compounded interest! 

How about this year you spend the holidays in treatment so next year, and all the years after that, can be what you wanted this year to be? 

Overcoming Excuses With Reasons to Hope

The excuses we make for not starting our recovery journey during the holidays mimic the same self-defeating tactics we use all year; they just seem to have more clout between the turkey and Deck the Halls. But really, it’s just the same old Grinch who wants to steal another Christmas. 

Going to rehab and pursuing recovery always comes with challenges, regardless of the time of year or season. But this year can be different! Here are some reasons why rehab for the holidays is a great gift idea, despite the challenges.

Top 4 Oppositions to Treatment And Reasons to Go Anyway

Reason #1

“I have to be home with my family for the holidays!” 

This might be the biggest barrier when thinking about holiday rehab. Think about past holidays, maybe even last year, and ask yourself how that worked out. We get caught up in the greeting card sentiment about this time of year, but for those with an alcohol or drug addiction, the dreamy emotion quickly becomes a nightmare of stress, conflict, and embarrassment. 

Spending time in treatment means you can really be “home for the holidays” in the future, giving yourself drama-free celebrations to look forward to all year long. 

Reason #2

“I can’t be away from my job or school.” 

Many businesses slow down this time of year and schools have long breaks. While other times of the year your absence would be obvious, during the holidays people won’t even question you taking time off. This makes the holidays one of the best time for treatment. Your boss, customers, or teachers likely recognize the impact of your addiction and would welcome this effort to start the New Year in recovery.

Reason #3

“I can’t afford treatment during the holidays.” 

The end of the year may actually be the best time financially, since you may have already met your insurance deductibles. With many policies, January means a whole new “out-of-pocket” expense. This can affect the total coverage an insurance company will pay.

Reason #4

“It would be selfish to go into treatment during the holidays.” 

Self-care and selfishness are not the same. Getting treatment is the opposite of selfish. Investing in yourself so you can be a better father, mother, spouse, son, or daughter is not selfish. It’s an investment in you!

Don’t put this off for next year; make next year what you want it to be–all it’s meant to be–by entering treatment during the holidays. Recovery is a lifelong journey that can’t be postponed without consequences. Give yourself and your family the best gift of all this holiday season: recovery.
You can browse treatment facilities on Recovery.com to find the best fit for you. Check out our podcast to learn more about recovery and gain insights from experts.

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Adderall Addiction Treatment

Many see adderall as a “safe” drug because it can be medically prescribed and appears to lack negative side effects; however, adderall is one of the most addictive drugs on the market today1, especially for teens. Emerging adults, a population with developing, vulnerable brains, are more likely to take adderall to navigate school work, their social lives, and other stressors. 

Understanding the potential for addiction, health risks, and early intervention techniques can prevent long-term complications with this drug.

Understanding Adderall Addiction

Adderall is a prescribed stimulant drug that boosts nervous system activity2 by increasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain3. Individuals diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can take adderall to help enhance attention, memory, self-regulation, and executive function4. Those with narcolepsy can use it to improve wakefulness.

While adderall benefits those with a diagnosed condition, it does not substantially improve cognitive function in other individuals4. So for the students using adderall in hopes of better academic performance, or just using it recreationally, they are simply taking a stimulant drug. 

A stimulant use disorder alters the brain5 by: 1.) affecting cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and other functions, and 2.) acting on the brain’s reward system. The repeated use of the drug boosts dopamine, creating a craving to ingest it. With time, adderall use can destroy dopaminergic terminals3 and disrupt the natural production of dopamine—meaning, without consistent drug consumption, mood and cognition decline.

A dependence forms when individuals need adderall to feel happy or “normal,” since, without it, they may experience withdrawal symptoms like cravings, sleep disturbances, and stress. These negative consequences can also enforce the addiction. 

Despite common stereotypes, adderall is a serious drug that can cause addiction. Spotting the signs early can help prevent dependence. 

Signs of Adderall Addiction

The Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation, a renowned treatment provider, lists signs of adderall misuse6:

  • Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep 
  • Often “spacing out” 
  • Decreased appetite 
  • Restlessness 
  • Hair loss (often coming out in clumps) 
  • Headaches 
  • Dizziness 
  • Nausea 
  • Excessive fatigue 
  • Constipation or diarrhea 
  • Changes in libido 

If you are concerned for a loved one, a change in their behaviors can indicate an addiction. They may lie about their adderall consumption, isolate themselves, have mood swings, and lose interest and motivation in important activities so they can use. If their dependence continues, more severe health complications can follow.

The Impact of Adderall Addiction

Adderall addiction, like any addiction, affects all areas of a person’s life, making this even more volatile for the young adult population using it.

Health Risks

As a central nervous system stimulant, adderall alters blood and oxygen flow, contributing to irregular or erratic heartbeat, cardiomyopathy (an enlarged heart), and high blood pressure. Over time, these alterations can cause a slew of negative health effects, including cardiac arrest and stroke7. Chronic adderall use can also lead to skin disorders, seizures, brain damage, and kidney damage6.

Additionally, adderall addiction is closely linked with depression, aggression, suicidal thoughts, panic attacks, and psychosis-like symptoms.

Social and Emotional Consequences

The impact of addiction goes beyond physical and mental health—it affects all facets of life. Adderall addiction often leads to secretive behavior and isolation, such as lying about drug use or hiding the extent of the problem, eroding trust with loved ones and straining relationships. And as addiction takes hold, the person may neglect their relationships to prioritize using adderall. They may withdraw from social activities, fail to fulfill commitments, and become emotionally unavailable to those who care about them.

While adderall is sometimes used to enhance focus, addiction can lead to decreased overall productivity. For example, someone may become less effective at their job due to the need for higher doses to achieve the same level of focus. They may also frequently skip work due to the physical and mental toll of addiction.

Students may initially use adderall in an attempt to enhance focus and academic performance; however, over time, addiction can lead to a dependency, impairing cognitive function and reducing overall academic performance.

First Steps in Seeking Help

You can ask yourself questions like 

  1. Would you be able to quit using adderall right now?
  2. Has your adderall use caused tension or conflict with friends, family, or colleagues?
  3. Do you miss important events or obligations because you are high?
  4. Do you use adderall to cope with stress, sadness, loneliness, or boredom?
  5. Have friends, family, or co-workers expressed concern about your adderall consumption?
  6. Have you given up hobbies or activities you used to enjoy because you prefer to take adderall?
  7. Are you concerned where your health and happiness might lead to if you keep using adderall at your current rate?

The answers will likely be straightforward and telling if you need medical treatment. Telling a trusted loved one can help get you on the right path to recovery. They can listen to what you’re going through, help make doctors appointments with you, and offer comfort throughout the journey.

Your primary care physician can provide an initial evaluation and refer you to a specialist for a more comprehensive assessment, like a mental health professional or addiction specialist. During this appointment, you can ask questions such as:

  1. How is my current adderall consumption affecting my overall health?
  2. What are the signs and symptoms of adderall dependence I am exhibiting?
  3. Based on my evaluation, do you believe I have a mild, moderate, or severe adderall use disorder?
  4. What kind of treatment do you think I need?
  5. How can I safely reduce or quit my adderall use, and what steps should I take to do so?
  6. Can you refer me to any support groups or resources that might help me?

Treatment Options for Adderall Addiction

As you embark on your recovery journey, you and your care team can explore treatment options to determine the best fit for your needs.

Detoxification

Many people begin their journey by going through the detox process, so you can safely rid your body of adderall. You’ll have medical professionals there to ensure you’re as comfortable as possible. This can help you feel more focused and prepared to take on therapy. It is crucial to detox under medical supervision, as withdrawal symptoms can be life threatening. 

Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)

In some cases, FDA-approved medications, such as Bupropion and Modafinil, can be prescribed8 to assist the tapering process. These medications help keep you safe during detox, ease withdrawal symptoms, and alleviate mental health concerns. Medication-assisted treatment can last for a few weeks or for years to maintain recovery. Your clinical team can help you decide what treatments and procedures are right for you.

Inpatient vs. Outpatient Programs

Residential Programs

Residential rehab provides an intensive, distraction-free environment to focus on psychotherapies and learning healthy coping skills. Individuals in this stage of care live in the center and have 24/7 support. Ideally, the clinical team creates a personalized treatment plan to address the unique needs of each individual in recovery. 

You might participate in evidence-based therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), as well as holistic and alternative healing methods like yoga and massage therapy. The center may provide a blend of individual and group therapy sessions. Your loved ones can engage in family therapy, so you can find common ground, improve communication skills, and work towards healthier relationships. 

Outpatient Programs

Your care team may recommend an outpatient program if your recovery does not require 24/7 support. Outpatient treatment has varying levels of care, with partial hospitalization (PHP) providing a more intensive level of care and outpatient (OP) providing the least intensive. You’ll participate in the program for a few hours a day on certain days of the week, allowing you to go to work or attend school simultaneously. You’ll likely participate in therapies similar to a residential program and build your support network as you heal with others in therapy.

Support Systems and Recovery

Joining support groups like Narcotics Anonymous and SMART Recovery provide a sense of community, understanding, and accountability in your recovery. They offer a safe space to share experiences, learn from others, and receive ongoing support.

Family and Community Support

Creating a support network with strong relationships is a foundational aspect of long-lasting recovery. Social support in recovery can reduce stress, increase self-efficacy, and motivate lasting sobriety9. Your relapse prevention plan can detail how you will connect with loved ones who supported you through the treatment process. You may make new friends through sober activities and groups. Try your best to plan regular get-togethers with friends and family, as avoiding isolation and bolstering these relationships can make recovery easier. 

Setting and communicating boundaries in recovery is a practice of self-love and can enhance your relationships. Without boundaries, you may say “yes” to things you don’t want to, avoid necessary conversations, and be consumed by others’ negative feelings. Prioritizing your boundaries ensures that you’re aligned with what’s best for your well-being.

Managing Relapse

Not everyone in recovery will relapse, but it can be a part of the recovery process10—and that’s okay. Relapse prevention can help you address these obstacles and keep you on the right track.

Relapse prevention planning focuses on identifying and addressing early warning signs before they lead to a physical relapse, such as using adderall after a period of sobriety. This approach utilizes cognitive behavioral techniques to prevent relapse while equipping individuals with practical skills to manage relapse if it occurs. It combines education, coping strategies, trigger identification, support network development, and lifestyle adjustments to create a comprehensive prevention plan.

You and your care team can begin to build your relapse prevention plan by reflecting on 3 key recovery components: 

  1. Reflect on your recovery history. In treatment, what worked and what didn’t work? If you’ve relapsed before, what led to it? What were your triggers before you got treatment? Learn from mistakes of the past to make a realistic relapse prevention plan.
  2. Write down personal, relationship, and employment goals to highlight situations you want to be in and people you want to be around. 
  3. Identify your triggers—all the people, places, and things that could cause stress. Developing coping strategies for each trigger can empower you to live life without fear.

One of the most essential parts of a relapse prevention plan is building skills to navigate uncomfortable feelings and situations. You may practice coping techniques such as breathing exercises, regulating emotions through journaling, saying “no” to situations that do not serve your recovery, and exercise. This can help you walk into any situation with confidence. 

Attending outpatient care or talk therapy sessions can help you navigate foreign situations and continue skill-building. During individual therapy sessions, you’ll likely engage in various therapeutic methods like dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). 

Creating a daily routine that promotes physical and mental health, including regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and sufficient sleep, can bolster sustainable recovery11. A scheduling system, such as time blocking in a calendar, can help you avoid idle time that might lead to thoughts or behaviors associated with relapse.

A day of sobriety is a day worth being celebrated! The effort to choose your health and well-being every day is a great feat, so continue to reflect and pride yourself on your hard work.

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Inhalant Use and Addiction

What do “huffing,” “bagging,” and “snorting” have in common? They’re all methods of ingesting inhalants, chemicals that produce a high when inhaled. 

Inhalant use isn’t widely publicized or understood, but it’s no less of an issue than drugs that are. It’s especially nefarious because most people experiment with inhalants when they’re young1, typically in middle school, and 10-50% of those become addicted1. Many of these teens aren’t aware of the dire consequences of inhalants.

It’s an issue that deserves more attention. In this article, we’ll cover what inhalants are, what they do, and the many available treatment options.

What Are Inhalants?

In short, inhalants are chemicals people inhale to get a high. These include many household products, all of which people can buy cheaply, easily, and legally. Here are a few of the most common inhalants:

  1. Super glue
  2. Felt-tipped markers
  3. Paint thinners
  4. Nail polish
  5. Gasoline
  6. Lighter fluid
  7. Degreasers

People can buy most of the above items at a supermarket. General use of them, like painting your nails with nail polish, won’t result in a high. But purposefully inhaling the fumes can1.

To do this, people use a few different techniques:

  • Huffing: Soaking a rag in the substance and putting it over the mouth and nose while breathing in.
  • Bagging: Spraying the substance into a plastic bag and putting it over the head, then breathing in.
  • Snorting: Sniffing directly from the container. 

Are Inhalants Addictive?

Yes. Though studies on inhalants aren’t as numerous or detailed as the plethora available on other drugs, they do show inhalants have similar addictive effects1. Concerning addiction and withdrawals, inhalants most closely mimic alcohol and benzodiazepines1 (anxiety-reducing drugs).

Though inhalants only produce a short-term high, it’s relatively easy (and again, cheap) to re-dose and stay high. This continuous redosing and moving to stronger products can alter the reward pathways and other neurochemical operations in the brain1. These changes can lead to a physical and emotional dependence.

Inhalant Use and Addiction Statistics

A study reports2, “More than 22 million Americans age 12 and older have used inhalants, and every year, more than 750,000 use inhalants for the first time.” This correlates to 9% of the population ages 12 and older. For every general inhalant user, around 6-8% meet criteria for an inhalant use disorder2. 

However, inhalant use has been on the decline3, with a more recent report from 2023 saying, “less than 1% of people ages 12 and older reported using inhalants at least once in the past year.” 

Inhalant use almost always begins during adolescence2 and is discontinued quickly. But some people struggle to stop. The younger people start using inhalants, the more likely an addiction becomes—5 to 6 times more likely2. 

Effects of Inhalant Use

Ingesting inhalants causes both short-term and long-term effects. In some cases, inhalant use can prove deadly.

Short-term Effects

The initial high from inhalants closely mimics alcohol intoxication2. This means effects like:

  • Slurred speech
  • Discoordination and stumbling
  • Euphoria (feeling especially good)
  • Disinhibition
  • Unconsciousness
  • But also sudden sniffing death syndrome4, which happens when inhalants stop someone’s heart

Inhalants can also cause chemical burns on the mouth and nose. The pleasurable effects wear off quickly, which can prompt multiple redoses.

Long-term Effects

Inhalants can have particularly grievous long-term effects2 on people’s physical and mental health. Some effects can reverse with cessation, but the damage can be life-long and can have deadly complications. These dangers go unreported, meaning most users, especially kids, don’t know what they’re risking.

This list, though long, captures just a handful of the effects of inhalant use.

  • Cognitive deficits, including memory loss and learning difficulties
  • Poor judgment
  • Loss of brain cells and white matter, which can lead to various neurological disorders
  • Damage to brain cells
  • Organ failure, typically the liver, heart, and kidneys
  • Loss of bone marrow and Leukemia
  • Optic nerve damage
  • Chronic pain from nerve damage
  • New or worsening mental health conditions
  • Suicidal ideation and attempts

Signs of Inhalant Use and Addiction

Someone who uses inhalants will show a few key signs1 in their physical, psychological, and behavioral presentations. 

Behavioral Signs

If someone’s just used an inhalant or suffers from an inhalant use disorder, these are the behaviors you’re likely to notice:

  1. Trouble concentrating
  2. Seeming out of it
  3. Depressed mood
  4. Struggling to form words and talk
  5. Irritability

Physical Signs

The physical signs of inhalant use can be some of the easiest to spot. Keep an eye out for:

  1. Paint or glue on their clothes or skin
  2. Wounds on their mouth and nose—they may look like blisters
  3. A chemical odor on their breath
  4. Paint, glue, or other substances around their mouth or nose
  5. Stains from paint, aerosols, and other substances on their fingers and nails

Psychological Signs

Repeated use of inhalants can lead to depression, suicidality, and anxiety2. Someone may seem suddenly or unusually sad, anxious and/or struggling with insomnia. These effects can result from the toxic chemicals themselves or the negative consequences of their addiction.

Withdrawal Symptoms of Inhalant Use

Inhalant withdrawal symptoms closely resemble alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawals, though experiencing withdrawal symptoms from inhalants isn’t very common1. It’s more likely to happen in those who’ve taken inhalants for an extended period of time and in high doses. Symptoms of inhalant withdrawal include:

  • Vomiting
  • Jitters
  • Irritability
  • Hallucinations
  • Insomnia
  • Delusions

Treatment Options for Inhalant Addiction

Many treatment centers don’t offer specific programs for inhalant use recovery; rather, they apply the practices and concepts used for general drug addiction recovery. As practitioners become more aware of inhalant use, especially in adolescents, specialized programs will hopefully crop up at treatment centers worldwide. 

Treatment options for drug addiction, and thus inhalant use disorder, include the following.

Rehab

Rehabs involve staying at a treatment facility to uncover and treat the behavioral, psychological, and physical effects of inhalant use. You’ll likely work with therapists 1:1 and in group settings; many rehabs offer family therapy too. Days in treatment typically involve a blend of therapy, group activities, downtime, and extracurricular outings (like hiking or going to the beach.)

Rehabs typically offer detox services to treat withdrawal symptoms in a safe medical environment. You’ll also learn relapse prevention strategies and leave with coping tools for challenging emotions. Stays typically last 28-60 days but can extend longer.

Day Treatment and Intensive Outpatient

Day treatment and intensive outpatient programs (IOPs) offer treatment for less intensive needs. For example, in day treatment, you spend 5-8 hours a day in treatment, 5-7 days weekly, but go home afterward. You’ll still engage in 1:1, group, and potentially family therapies, but without intensive monitoring and structured activities beyond your therapeutic care.

Intensive outpatient programs follow the same setup but with less time spent in treatment. Often 3-4 days weekly for a couple hours a day. Day treatment and IOPs can serve as step-down levels of care for those coming from rehab or as primary treatment for those with less intensive needs.

Therapy and Peer Support

Attending therapy regularly can address the underlying issues leading to inhalant use. Your therapist can help you identify unhelpful beliefs and thought patterns that lead to inhalant use and practical strategies to alter how you respond to difficult emotions. Building a collection of coping tools and behavioral strategies can strengthen your recovery long-term.

Peer support includes peer recovery meetings, where people in recovery meet to connect and hold each other accountable. Peers provide support and often form strong friendships that can be vital in recovery. You can search for 12-Step or SMART Recovery groups near you to find a meeting.

Find Help for Inhalant Use and Addiction

Inhalant use is highly treatable. Many of the negative physical and mental effects wear off with cessation, meaning treatment can help you feel better fast. Therapy can help address underlying triggers and causes for inhalant use, while relapse prevention strategies prepare you to live confidently in recovery.
Use Recovery.com to find a treatment center that fits your needs. You’ll find photos, reviews, insurance information and more, all in one place.

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Marijuana Misuse and Addiction: Signs, Symptoms and Treatment

Rolling a blunt one too many times can roll into a problem. Marijuana has the potential for addiction and bodily harm, and with it becoming legal in some states, now poses an even greater risk. 

Many people use weed regularly without understanding the possible risks. We’ll explore those here, plus signs of marijuana addiction and how to get treatment.

What Is Marijuana?

Marijuana comes from the dried leaves and flowers of the cannabis plant1. It grows around the world, mostly in tropical and humid places. The THC compound in cannabis (tetrahydrocannabinol) causes the mind and reality-altering effects2 associated with marijuana use. 

People typically smoke the dried leaves of the cannabis plant or the resin of its flowers. A rolled-up ‘cigarette’ of marijuana is called a blunt; some people roll and smoke their own or buy premade blunts. To smoke the more potent resin, people use bongs. People can also take edibles that take longer to set in but have longer-lasting effects (for example, pot brownies.)

Marijuana for medical use also occurs in some American states. For example, it can help cancer patients experience less nausea1 after chemotherapy. And Jamaican women commonly brew cannabis tea to relieve morning sickness3.

Is Marijuana Addictive?

Despite public perception touting weed as safe and nonaddictive, marijuana use can lead to an addiction4. It’s not safe, either. It can lead to addiction the same way other addictive drugs can: by altering the reward pathway in the brain4 and making changes in its functions. 

You can quickly build a tolerance to marijuana, meaning you need to take more to experience the same effects as your first experience. Taking more and more further alters your brain. Soon, you can start craving marijuana and experiencing intense urges to take it, until it becomes consuming and starts having pronounced negative effects on your life.

Ten percent of people who start smoking weed become addicted5; 30% of those who smoke it regularly meet addiction criteria. Those who start smoking earlier in life run a higher risk for addiction since marijuana can have a stronger effect on an adolescent brain6.

Effects of Marijuana Use

Marijuana has immediate and long-term effects. People often take marijuana for its immediate effects; to relax, fall asleep, or center their focus. Different strains of marijuana give different highs1, known as head or body highs. A head high is more conducive to focus while body highs offer a pronounced sense of relaxation. 

Immediate Effects

After taking marijuana, you’ll likely experience

  • A strong sense of relaxation and calm
  • Miscalculating time and distance
  • Paranoia
  • Red, bloodshot eyes
  • Food cravings

The initial effects of weed7 can last 2-10 hours, depending on its potency. Some people enjoy the effects, while others experience intense anxiety, paranoia, psychosis, and panic attacks.

Long-term Effects

Regular marijuana use leads to various long-term effects8, including

  • Memory damage
  • Schizophrenia
  • Lung cancer due to the carcinogens found in pot smoke3
  • Respiratory conditions from smoking, like bronchitis or regular coughing
  • Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome, which means continuous vomiting
  • Poor concentration
  • Poor coordination
  • Cognitive and executive dysfunction

The longer someone uses marijuana, and the more they take it, the more intense the long-term effects can be. For example, someone who has smoked marijuana once a week for several years likely won’t experience the same slew of negative effects as someone who’s smoked daily for the last decade.

Signs of Marijuana Use

Someone who’s ingested marijuana will show a few key signs, both physically and psychologically.

Physical Signs

  1. Red eyes, like they’ve been crying or rubbing at them.
  2. Seeming disconnected from reality, out of it.
  3. Unusually relaxed and giggly.
  4. Talking slowly and not comprehending when other people talk. 
  5. Smelling of weed, which has a mossy, skunky odor.

Psychological Signs

Someone may show psychological signs of marijuana use, either in addition to or instead of physical signs. Examples include

  1. Low mood
  2. Disinterest in their usual activities
  3. Becoming emotionally distant and reserved

Withdrawal Symptoms

Once the brain and body grow accustomed to marijuana, especially high amounts of it, stopping can lead to detrimental effects. Though marijuana withdrawals aren’t deadly and typically not harmful long-term, they’re still uncomfortable3 and can prompt further use to curb the negative effects. People often experience physical and psychological weed withdrawals3.

Physical Withdrawal Symptoms

  • Nausea
  • Insomnia
  • Runny nose
  • Sweating
  • Muscle cramps

Psychological Withdrawal Symptoms

Some people use marijuana to self-medicate anxiety and unease. These symptoms, and a host of other psychological symptoms, can occur once they stop.

  • Irritability
  • Restlessness
  • Discomfort and agitation
  • Pronounced return of anxiety as regular symptoms combine with withdrawals

Treatment Options for Marijuana Misuse and Addiction

Treatment options for marijuana addiction abound. You can go to a residential rehab, where you’ll stay for 28+ days to address underlying emotional issues and build coping strategies to maintain recovery outside treatment.

Rehabs typically combine 2 elements of care: behavioral and medical. You can access this care at an outpatient level, too, separately or concurrently. 

Behavioral Treatment

Therapy addresses the thoughts and feelings leading to marijuana use and, subsequently, marijuana addiction. For example, if your marijuana use started as a way to relax and mitigate anxiety, you’ll find a new approach to managing symptoms through therapies like CBT, DBT, and PE. Here’s what those mean:

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses on identifying and challenging untrue thoughts or beliefs before they can affect your emotional state and lead to unhealthy coping measures. 
  • Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) still helps you identify harmful thoughts and beliefs but focuses on accepting them, rather than challenging them, and managing your responses. 
  • Prolonged exposure9 (PE) works by exposing you to a trigger to help you become desensitized to it. People with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can find PE particularly effective for managing the intense emotional responses to triggers that might lead to substance use.

Holistic therapies can help, too. Many people benefit from a blend of evidence-based therapies, like the ones above, and holistic approaches like art therapy, yoga, and creative writing.

Medical Treatment

Medical treatment for marijuana addiction includes medication-assisted treatment (MAT) as needed. Some medications can alleviate withdrawal symptoms and speed up the onset3, helping the body return to homeostasis quicker. 

The Importance of Early Intervention

Intervening early is one of the best ways to prevent addiction. This applies to all drugs, marijuana included. The sooner someone takes steps to stop their use, the easier and less disruptive returning to sobriety can be. The intervention may come from within, from healthcare professionals, or loved ones.

Family Support Systems

Family members are often the first to notice a loved one’s struggle with marijuana use and addiction. Because of this, they can be the first to intervene through a formal intervention or a more casual conversation voicing their concerns and asking how they can help. How you approach the situation depends on your unique circumstances.

Family members (chosen family or related) also serve as a crucial support system in recovery. Education on addiction, mental health, and recovery can help them become stronger allies for their loved one’s healing.

Professional Help

A myriad of professionals can help people with a marijuana addiction recover. Your first stop may be your primary care provider, or the doctor you see for regular check-ups and arising health needs. They can guide you to the next steps in your treatment and recommend an effective path for you. This may include inpatient care or outpatient services, like therapy.

Therapists can alleviate the emotional factors contributing to marijuana use and addiction, using proven evidence-based methods (or holistic therapies) to treat disorders like anxiety, depression, and trauma. With these underlying causes addressed, you’re less likely to feel a desire for marijuana.

Attending a residential rehab or outpatient treatment for marijuana addiction offers a comprehensive healing package. Regular therapy sessions can too, as can peer support groups like 12-Step meetings or SMART Recovery meetings.

Find Rehab Centers for Marijuana Addiction

Many drug rehabs treat marijuana addiction, offering different approaches, therapies, and amenities to treat the causes and symptoms of addiction. The best rehab is the one that’s right for you.
You can use Recovery.com to find marijuana rehabs and see their insurance information, photos, reviews, and more all in one place.

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Affirmations and Self-Love: Building Mental Strength and Sobriety One Positive Thought at a Time: Andrea Mora

Hello again! It’s your friendly neighborhood mental health and substance abuse recovery advocate! I hope you found my last article helpful, enjoyable, and perhaps even motivating. That was the intended purpose, so thank you if you found value in it. I write these articles to show there is hope, help, resources, and everyday things you can do to work towards and maintain your sobriety and your mental stability. One of the best things I do for myself is practicing affirmation and self-love. After all, who better is there to inspire us than…ourselves, right? There are many ways we can practice self-love, and while I’m going to share some of those with you, it is important to remember that these are not the only options. Get creative figure out what would work best for you by listening to your thoughts and needs. What may inspire me may not be the inspiration for you, and that is ok! 

As you may remember, in my last article, I mentioned I am 6.5 years sober from alcohol and right around 6 years stable with my mental illness of Bipolar Disorder Type I. I have had a few breakthrough episodes during these 6 years, mental illness-related, and some of my other mental illness diagnoses rear their ugly heads frequently, but I have never broken sobriety. Does that mean it is easy, HEL—HECK NO! (not sure if I can swear in here, but my mouth is like that of a sailor with scurvy, so I best check. You’d get more flavor that way 😊) But, I digress. 

Each illness I live with brings its own sets of challenges as I move throughout the day, weeks, months and years. But something that has helped me along the way is practicing self-love. I do this in many ways, but a big one for me is affirmations. Before I dive right into affirmations, I’m sure we all have our own definitions of what mental illness and addiction/substance abuse are to us, but some common factors go into these. 

Mental illness and substance abuse often share common underlying factors, which can make these conditions interrelated and challenging to treat separately. One significant factor is genetics, as both mental health disorders and addiction have hereditary components. If a person has a family history of depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, or addiction, they are at an increased risk of developing these issues themselves. Genetics can influence how people respond to stress, how their brains process rewards, and even how susceptible they are to addictive substances. This genetic vulnerability can create a predisposition that, when combined with other factors, may lead to both mental illness and substance abuse.

Another shared factor is environmental stress. Trauma, abuse, and adverse life events are major contributors to both mental illness and substance use disorders. People experiencing chronic stress from poverty, relationship issues, or personal loss might turn to substances as a way of coping with overwhelming emotions or negative thoughts. Additionally, social environments that normalize or encourage drug and alcohol use can make substance abuse a more likely coping mechanism for those with underlying mental health issues. Environmental factors like these don’t cause mental illness or addiction on their own but can trigger or intensify these conditions in people who may already be vulnerable.

Biology also plays a role, particularly in how the brain’s reward and stress pathways are affected by both mental illness and addiction. Both conditions impact neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, which regulate mood and feelings of pleasure. For instance, people with depression may use substances to artificially elevate their mood, while those with anxiety may turn to drugs to alleviate symptoms temporarily. Unfortunately, this self-medication cycle often worsens both the addiction and the underlying mental health disorder, leading to a cycle that is difficult to break. The overlapping brain chemistry changes can make it challenging to address one issue without addressing the other, which is why integrated treatment for co-occurring disorders is often necessary for long-term recovery.

When we think of this, especially the long-term recovery portion of recovery, it can seem overwhelming and scary, with feelings of not knowing where to start. From my own experiences, the most important thing is to just start. One small thing, if looking at a big picture causes you distress, will help in some way. Will it “fix” you? Absolutely not, but will it help you in that moment? There are great odds it will. Like I mentioned before, let’s talk about affirmations.

Affirmations are positive statements or phrases that you repeat yourself to reinforce positive thinking and self-belief. These statements are usually framed in the present tense and focus on personal strengths, goals, or aspirations. For example, someone might say, “I am strong and resilient,” or “I deserve happiness and success.” Or one of my personal favorites “I deserve to treat myself to coffee and chocolate”. The purpose of affirmations is to shift one’s mindset, helping to replace negative self-talk and limiting beliefs with more empowering, constructive thoughts.

The practice of using affirmations is rooted in the idea that our thoughts and beliefs shape our emotions and actions. By consistently repeating positive affirmations, we can influence our subconscious mind, making it easier to adopt a more optimistic perspective. This can be particularly helpful for managing stress, building confidence, and improving overall mental well-being. When practiced regularly, affirmations can help reframe how you view yourself and your potential, which promotes a sense of self-worth and motivation.

While affirmations alone aren’t a cure-all, they are often used as a tool in combination with other self-help strategies like mindfulness, therapy, or goal-setting. Many people find that using affirmations as part of a daily routine — whether saying them aloud, writing them down, or visualizing them — can help reinforce a positive outlook. Over time, affirmations can help create lasting changes in mindset, aiding people in overcoming self-doubt, staying focused on their goals, and cultivating a more positive relationship yourself.

For myself, I love to write affirmations on Post-it notes and stick them around my computer monitor. I have different ones for different moods and positive needs and read the one I feel I need to read at that moment. By thinking it, or reading it out loud, I get the same benefit from it. That is, I know I’m a baddie with an attie and I can control my reaction to things, even when I can’t control the situation. (And just like that, I have an affirmation!) I can fill my cup up with love for myself, and it is almost giving myself permission to think, feel or act in a helpful way regardless of the challenge in front of me. 

You are your best weapon and your own worst enemy. Let’s try to use our powers for good, not evil, and bring out something in yourself that may change your mood, your day, month, or even your lifetime. The messages we send to ourselves have such power, and with great power comes great responsibility. The responsibility to ourselves, our hearts, our minds and our mental well-being. If you take one thing from this article, take this: Write yourself one, just ONE affirmation, and read it daily. You’ll find your mind shifts with the kindness you give yourself permission to feel. You can do it, and I believe in you! So…believe in yourself too, you baddie!

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Substance Use Disorders: Dr. Sarah Anderson

There is a strong relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders. Research indicates that up to 50% of individuals with a substance use disorder also have an ADHD diagnosis, and those with ADHD are estimated to be six times more likely to struggle with substance abuse compared to those without the diagnosis (Davis et al., 2015). So, what accounts for this connection? 

Some evidence points to personality traits associated with ADHD that may predispose individuals to substance use. Other research has examined differences in the dopamine reward pathway between those with and without ADHD. The impulsivity and self-regulation challenges linked to ADHD, along with difficulties in executive functioning, is another factor that potentially increases the risk of substance use. 

Although we may not be able to alter inherent personality traits or easily address the complexities of the dopamine system, therapy can play a vital role in supporting and enhancing executive functioning skills.

Executive Functioning and Its Role in Recovery 

Executive functioning encompasses the cognitive processes necessary for planning, organizing tasks, following through, and achieving long-term goals. Additionally, executive functioning skills are needed to maintain a job, live independently, and successfully engage in one’s daily life. Executive dysfunction can pose barriers to recovery. Individuals with executive dysfunction experience challenges in organizing their environment, accurately remembering facts/dates/appointments, and completing tasks (Barkley, 2015). 

Additionally, the inability to manage impulses, initiate tasks, and self-regulate can result in significant stress and hinder one’s ability to manage life independently, which may lead to relapse (Mannuzza et al., 2008).  Therefore, when it comes to designing a path for sustainable recovery, individuals struggling with both ADHD and substance use disorders must engage in therapy that focuses on building executive functioning skills.

Occupational Therapy, Executive Functioning & Substance Use Recovery 

As an occupational therapist specializing in mental health and substance use recovery, my role differs from that of other mental health therapists. My primary focus is on supporting the development of independent living skills, which includes a range of activities such as household management, job responsibilities, driving, grocery shopping, cooking, and budgeting. Executive functioning plays a crucial role in a person’s ability to live independently; I believe it is one of the most important skills necessary for successful independent living. Currently, I work at a mental health and substance use recovery center. Many of the clients I work with have difficulties maintaining employment, keeping their environment organized and clean, consistently taking their medications, engaging in basic self-care activities, managing their emotions, handling their finances, and structuring their time. I can confidently say, based on client reports, that the vast majority of clients I’ve worked with experienced challenges with executive functioning prior to their substance use. Furthermore, many clients who sought treatment before arriving at the center have mentioned that issues related to executive dysfunction, such as boredom—which is closely associated with difficulties in task initiation and time management—function as triggers for relapse.

Therefore, to ensure they can maintain their recovery, it is essential that we focus on fostering the development of their executive functioning skills.

Key Areas of Executive Functioning

Understanding the relationship between ADHD, substance use disorders, and long-term recovery requires an exploration of the key components of executive functioning that are often affected in individuals facing these co-occurring diagnoses. Below, I break down each of these areas, highlighting their impact on recovery and strategies that can help enhance these skills for improved outcomes.

Planning and Prioritizing

Individuals with ADHD often face challenges with planning and prioritizing, which can lead to difficulties in breaking tasks into manageable steps and organizing their responsibilities. Clients I have worked with who struggle with these skills often have trouble paying bills on time, cooking, grocery shopping, and arriving at work punctually. Additionally, they may find it difficult to balance their time between work, family, friends, and other responsibilities. 

Challenges with planning and prioritizing can pose significant issues in early recovery, as many individuals who are newly discharged are tasked with managing new responsibilities, including completing step work, regularly attending meetings, and independently handling everyday life activities. Effective strategies to assist clients in these areas include the use of planners or digital calendar tools, which help establish a structured framework for daily activities (Cole et al., 2024). Other strategies such as time-blocking and creating actionable task lists can further enhance the ability to stay organized. 

The Eisenhower Matrix is an incredibly useful tool for prioritizing tasks, as it allows individuals to categorize their responsibilities based on urgency and importance (Jyothi & Parkavi, 2016). The matrix divides tasks into four quadrants: 

  1. Urgent and Important: Tasks that require immediate attention and are critical to achieving goals. These should be done right away. 
  2. Important but Not Urgent: Tasks that are essential for long-term goals but do not require immediate action. These should be scheduled for later. 
  3. Urgent but Not Important: Tasks that require immediate attention but are not necessarily tied to your personal objectives. These can often be delegated to others. 
  4. Neither Urgent nor Important: Tasks that have little significance; these should be minimized or eliminated from your to-do list. 

Using the Eisenhower Matrix can help individuals visualize their tasks and prioritize effectively, ensuring they focus their time and energy on what truly matters. 

Organization:

Organization directly impacts a person’s ability to manage various aspects of daily life. Effective organization helps individuals create a structured environment, prioritize tasks, and manage important responsibilities, including appointments, medication schedules, and personal commitments. For those recovering from substance use, the ability to stay organized can significantly reduce feelings of overwhelm and stress, which are often triggers for relapse (Kitzinger et al., 2023). 

When I work with clients, I help them create systems to declutter their living spaces, use visual reminders, and implement paper or digital organizers to keep track of their tasks. I also support them in developing personalized routines that foster consistency and accountability, which ultimately empowers them to manage their recovery journey more successfully.

Task Initiation

A common hurdle for clients with ADHD is difficulty in starting tasks, which often leads to procrastination and avoidance, further exacerbating feelings of anxiety and overwhelm. Two of my favorite methods to use with clients are the “5-minute rule” and the “Pomodoro Technique,” as they encourage them to work on tasks in smaller, more manageable time intervals. 

The Pomodoro Technique, in particular, involves breaking work into 25-minute focused intervals, known as “Pomodoros,” followed by a 5-minute break (Biwer et al., 2023). After completing four Pomodoros, clients take a longer break of 15 to 30 minutes. This method not only makes tasks feel more manageable but also helps sustain attention and reduce distractions. By creating a structured approach to work, the Pomodoro Technique allows clients to cultivate a rhythm that can enhance productivity and concentration. 

Additionally, this technique promotes a sense of accomplishment as clients complete each interval, reinforcing positive behavior and making it easier to tackle larger tasks over time. The regular breaks also provide opportunities for clients to engage in self-care or relaxation, further reducing feelings of stress and anxiety that can often hinder their progress (Gnanavel et al., 2019). Implementing the Pomodoro Technique can be a powerful tool for fostering time management skills and improving overall task initiation. 

Impulsivity Control

Enhancing impulse control, particularly when it comes to making unhealthy choices during times of distress or dysregulation, is essential for recovery. Interventions aimed at improving impulse control involve teaching clients mindfulness techniques to help them pause and reflect before acting on their impulses (Zylowska et al., 2008). Incorporating games and activities that promote impulse control, such as Jenga and Simon, can also significantly aid in fostering self-regulation. Lastly, cognitive-behavioral strategies can be utilized to help clients identify and challenge the thought patterns that contribute to impulsive decisions. 

Emotional Regulation

Improving emotional regulation is crucial for reducing ADHD symptoms and minimizing substance use behaviors. Difficulty in managing emotions effectively can result in increased stress, strained relationships, and other life challenges, all of which can potentially contribute to relapse. Teaching clients techniques like sensory modulation strategies, deep breathing exercises, and coping skills can empower them to manage their emotions more effectively. Incorporating expressive arts, such as drawing or painting, or physical activities, such as exercise, can also serve as healthy outlets for emotions (Hasegawa et al., 2017).

Working Memory 

Deficits in working memory significantly affect a person’s ability to engage in daily life. Difficulties in short-term memory can lead to issues such as forgetting important appointments, mismanaging medication schedules, or failing to recall coping strategies during stressful situations, all of which can increase the risk of relapse. To address this area, therapists implement memory aids, such as written reminders or digital apps, that assist in retaining important information and instructions. Training in mnemonic devices and visualization techniques can also enhance memory recall (Martin & Marsh, 2009). 

Additionally, engaging in mindfulness practices has been shown to enhance short-term memory. Research indicates that mindfulness can improve cognitive functions, including memory retention and recall abilities, by promoting focused attention and reducing distractions (Zeidan et al., 2010; Killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010).

Self-Monitoring 

Self-monitoring skills are important because they help individuals notice how they are doing and make changes to their behavior when needed. Clients often benefit from learning how to evaluate their performance on tasks and reflect on their emotions and thoughts throughout the process. Journaling or using mobile apps can facilitate self-reflection by allowing individuals to document their thoughts, feelings, and experiences regularly. 

For example, someone might use a journal to reflect on their daily challenges and successes, helping them identify patterns in their behavior over time. Similarly, mood tracking apps can encourage clients to log their emotions throughout the day, providing insights into triggers for anxiety or stress. This process of self-reflection can lead to more effective self-regulation, as they become more aware of their emotional responses and can devise strategies to manage them (Barkley, 2015).

Comprehensive Assessment and Goal Setting

To help clients enhance their executive functioning skills, the process begins with a thorough assessment aimed at identifying both strengths and weaknesses. This assessment is crucial, as it not only reveals specific executive functioning deficits but also ensures that the interventions used are relevant and effective. Without a comprehensive evaluation, important areas of need may go unrecognized, resulting in interventions that do not adequately address the client’s deficits. Standardized tools, interviews, and observations provide valuable insight into how these limitations impact daily life engagement. Once the assessment is complete, establishing goals collaboratively is essential. This process empowers clients to choose goals that are meaningful to them, fostering a sense of ownership in their recovery journey. 

By creating a collaborative environment, clients are more likely to make significant progress. This tailored approach not only addresses specific challenges associated with ADHD and substance use disorders but also promotes a greater sense of agency and self-efficacy. When clients feel that their needs are understood and prioritized from the start, they are better equipped to engage in the therapeutic process and achieve lasting change.

Key Points

The significant connection between ADHD and substance use disorders presents unique challenges that require a comprehensive approach to support sustainable recovery. Addressing executive functioning skills — such as organization, time management, impulse control, and emotional regulation — is essential for individuals with these dual diagnoses. By focusing on enhancing these skills, individuals in recovery can learn how to manage their daily lives more effectively and navigate the complexities associated with both ADHD and substance use.

Recognizing the specific needs of individuals with this dual diagnosis is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies. Tailored interventions that target executive functioning can lead to improved recovery outcomes and a better overall quality of life. A holistic focus on these skills not only helps individuals address the symptoms of ADHD but also empowers them to take control of their lives, establish meaningful goals, and create a sustainable path toward lasting recovery.

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Beyond the 12 Steps: Alternative Paths to Recovery for Young Adults: Megan Cornish

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in these contributions are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Recovery.com.

In 1935, Bill Wilson and Bob Smith were both fighting to keep their alcoholism in check while juggling demanding jobs. When they met and began to talk about their battles, they recognized a truth that would become the foundation of the recovery community in the United States: staying sober is a whole lot easier when you’re not doing it alone. By 1950, Alcoholics Anonymous (the group Bill and Bob started, also known as AA) had already helped more than 100,000 people find their way to recovery.

AA struck a chord in early 20th-century America. Its manual, called “The Big Book” by members, laid out 12 steps to guide people through recovery. The approach fit right in with the era’s thinking around addiction, spirituality, and self-care.

AA was built on a framework that included:

  • A primarily spiritual worldview
  • A focus on alcohol as the substance of choice
  • The belief that the ability to get and stay sober could only be found through a higher power
  • Strategies that were tested out and established by predominantly (white) men
  • An abstinence-only approach, with absolutely no substance use allowed

There’s a reason AA’s so popular. Research shows that, for many people, it works. In fact, AA’s 12 step program was found to be 60% more effective than other interventions for helping people get into recovery from alcoholism.

90 years have passed since Bill and Bob founded AA, and while it’s still easier to stay sober with help, a lot has changed. The old model tends to resonate with the older generations, who identify with the framework that AA was built on. But there are a lot of people—especially young people—looking for recovery resources who might not connect with AA’s traditional (and, at times, inflexible) views on recovery. And though it’s hard to find a non-12-step based recovery program, they do exist—it’s just a matter of figuring out where to look for what will work for you.

Recovery Support, But for Young Adults

YPR- Young People in Recovery

If you walk into a typical 12 step meeting, you’ll probably find people of all ages, but you might also notice that the average veers towards the older generation. Possibly that’s because it takes time to realize you need support to stay sober, and the young people who make their way to 12 step meetings are ahead of their peers. No matter what the reason, there can be a certain energy in AA meetings: stories full of hard-earned wisdom, decades-long battles, and the kind of insight that only time can give.

This wisdom is something young people in recovery need—but sometimes, they need support from people their own age, too. 

Young People in Recovery (YPR) is a non-profit that’s trying to offer exactly that. YPR gets that young adults (under the age of 30) in recovery are facing unique pressures: navigating college life, launching careers, building relationships—all while managing sobriety in a world where social media, parties, and stress are ever-present. 

YPR offers local chapters, life-skills workshops, advocacy projects, and social events, and welcomes all recovery pathways, including people in 12-step programs. They try to create a space where young people can connect with people their age who understand the here-and-now challenges they’re struggling with.

Recovery Support, But Not for Alcohol

SMART Recovery

Not everyone battling addiction is fighting alcohol. Maybe it’s opioids, stimulants, or even behaviors like gambling or overeating. And while many people struggling with other addictions find AA to be helpful, others don’t—and that’s okay.

SMART Recovery stands for Self-Management and Recovery Training, and it focuses on giving struggling people practical tools and strategies to overcome addiction. SMART emphasizes personal responsibility and secular principles, and it draws on ideas from cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing to address any type of addiction.

Instead of 12-Steps, SMART Recovery uses a 4-Point Program:

  1. Building and Maintaining Motivation: Helping you identify and keep sight of your personal reasons for change.
  2. Coping with Urges: Teaching strategies to manage cravings and avoid relapse.
  3. Managing Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviors: Using cognitive techniques to tackle unhelpful thinking patterns.
  4. Living a Balanced Life: Encouraging you to set goals and create a fulfilling, healthy lifestyle.

Now, while SMART Recovery is gaining popularity and has helped many people, it’s worth noting that there’s not as much research on its effectiveness compared to programs like AA. Early studies are promising, but more comprehensive research is needed to fully understand how well it works across different populations.

But if you’re looking for a recovery program that isn’t specific to alcohol, SMART Recovery might be worth checking out.

Recovery Support, But Not Religious

In 1935, faith and religion played a huge role in the day-to-day lives of most people. It’s estimated that as many as two out of every three people identified as religious by the 1950s. Today, that number is much lower—less than half—with one in three people identifying as “spiritual, but not religious.”

The move towards non-religious-affiliations is most noticeable with younger generations. According to research conducted by the Pew Research Center, only around four in ten millennials reported religion as being “very important” to them, compared to just 60% of Baby Boomers. Many young adults describe themselves as “spiritual but not religious,” or they don’t identify with any spirituality at all.

Alcoholics Anonymous, which is religious by nature, won’t work for someone who doesn’t believe in a “higher power.” And although AA has widened its definition of a “higher power” to include anything that gives you strength—even if it’s not a traditional deity—that concept still doesn’t resonate with everyone.

If you’re among those who feel like you might need recovery support without the religious or spiritual framework, there are a few options for you.

Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS)

The Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS), also known as “Save Our Selves”, promotes a non-religious path to sobriety. It was founded in 1985 by James Christopher, who felt that the spiritual focus of traditional programs like AA didn’t fit with his beliefs.

Here’s what’s different about SOS:

  • Secular: SOS doesn’t invoke any higher power. Instead, there’s a focus on self-reliance and confidence in your ability to change.
  • Self-Empowerment: SOS believes you’re in charge of your own recovery journey, so they try to support you in taking control of your life and making conscious decisions to stay sober.
  • Community Support: SOS meetings still provide peer support—they give space to share experiences and strategies without religious or spiritual discussions. 

One thing to keep in mind is that SOS isn’t as widespread as some other programs, so finding a local meeting might require a bit of searching. But they do offer online resources and support groups, which can let you access SOS even if there’s no chapter near you.

LifeRing Secular Recovery

LifeRing is another option if you’re looking for a secular approach to recovery. Like SOS, LifeRing was established as an alternative to religion-focused recovery programs. It also grew out of a demand for more flexible approaches that didn’t prescribe strict guidelines for recovery.

As a recovery program, LifeRing:

  • Empowers Your “Sober Self”: LifeRing operates on the idea that within each person struggling with addiction, there’s a “sober self” and an “addict self.” The goal is to strengthen your sober self through positive support and self-empowerment so that it can overcome the addict self.
  • Offers Flexibility: There are no prescribed steps to follow. Instead, LifeRing encourages you to develop your own recovery plan. Their motto is “Empower Your Own Recovery.”
  • Focuses on the Present: Meetings center around what’s going on in your life right now. Participants talk about their current challenges and successes, supporting each other but not dwelling on labels or past mistakes.
  • Keeps It Secular: LifeRing maintains a strictly secular approach. There’s no discussion of a higher power or spiritual aspects, keeping it a comfortable space for those who prefer to keep religion out of their recovery journey.

While LifeRing isn’t as widely known as some other programs, it’s gaining popularity, especially among young adults who are looking for recovery support that’s personalized to them and non-religious. As with other alternative recovery programs, there’s less research on its effectiveness compared to AA, but that doesn’t mean that you won’t find it to be valuable on your path to sobriety.

Recovery Support, But Not Centered on Men’s Experiences

AA was created by men. That’s not to say it hasn’t helped women—it has, by the thousands—but women didn’t even attend AA until after the Big Book was written. 

The experiences, challenges, and societal expectations faced by women can be really different.

Women for Sobriety (WFS)

Dr. Jean Kirkpatrick wanted to get sober, but found that AA didn’t help her—- at least, not in the ways she needed as a woman battling alcoholism. After discovering and defining the strategies and principles that actually did help her achieve sobriety, she established Women for Sobriety in 1975. 

WFS is all about:

  • Positive Affirmations Instead of Steps: WFS is built around 13 Acceptance Statements that support emotional and spiritual growth. The statements are about building self-esteem, reducing guilt, and getting healthy.
  • Holistic Healing: WFS views addiction as about more than just the substance—it also involves a persons’ emotions, relationships, and self-worth. As a result, the program stresses that women in recovery need to nurture all aspects of their lives.
  • Empowerment Rather Than Powerlessness: Instead of admitting powerlessness over addiction (like AA calls for), WFS encourages you to recognize your strength and capability to change your life.
  • Peer Support: Meetings provide a space where women can share openly with each other without fear of judgment.

WFS offers both in-person and online meetings, which is awesome if you’re balancing a busy schedule or prefer connecting from the comfort of your home. Plus, it’s secular, so there’s no religious component unless you want there to be.

She Recovers

She Recovers was founded by Dawn Nickel and Taryn Strong, a mother/daughter duo. Like WFS, She Recovers is specifically built for women, but they use tools like yoga, meditation, and mindfulness to bolster their recovery program. Plus, it tackles issues like mental health, trauma, and stress. 

The She Recovers approach centers on:

  • Integrative Approaches: She Recovers embraces all pathways to recovery. Whether a woman is into 12-step programs, yoga, therapy, or something entirely different, they’re welcome.
  • Connection is Key: The program is big on the power of connection and community. They offer retreats, workshops, coaching programs, and a strong online presence so that there’s always a way to connect with other women on similar journeys.
  • Self-Care and Wellness: She Recovers encourages practices like yoga, meditation, and mindfulness as tools for healing. 
  • For All Women: The community welcomes all self-identified women and non-binary individuals more comfortable in a women-centered space. 

She Recovers also offers a directory of Certified Recovery Professionals whose training and work align with She Recovers principles. Women pursuing recovery can find coaches, yoga instructors, dance facilitators, and other healthcare professionals that can support their pursuit of sobriety.

Recovery Support, But Not Abstinence-Focused

You don’t have to be an addict to want to change your relationship with substances. Alcoholics Anonymous has a hardline approach to recovery- if you’re an addict, you need to stop using all substances, period. But not all people feel like they need that- and not all recovery programs require complete abstinence, either.

Moderation Management (MM)

Audrey Kishline founded MM in 1994. She wanted to help people who wanted to reduce drinking to healthier levels rather than quit entirely. According to MM, problem drinking exists on a spectrum, and not everyone needs (or wants to commit to) lifelong abstinence.

The key features of MM include:

  • Personal Responsibility: MM encourages you to take control of your drinking habits by setting and sticking to your own moderation goals.
  • Tools: The program provides strategies for cutting back, like tracking your drinks, setting limits, and planning alcohol-free days.
  • Supportive Community: MM offers meetings—both in-person and online—where members share experiences, challenges, and successes in a non-judgmental environment.
  • Step-by-Step Approach: MM recommends a 30-day period of no drinking to help you reset and evaluate your habits before moving into moderation.

MM isn’t right for everyone. If you have a severe alcohol dependence or a history of failed attempts at moderation, you might benefit more from abstinence-focused programs or professional treatment. 

Finding What Works for You

At first glance, the recovery world seems very 12-Step centric. Young people especially might not vibe with the traditional framework of AA, since the spiritual emphasis, the abstinence-only approach, and the fact that it was developed nearly a century ago by and for men can make it seem out of touch.

But the good news is that there are many ways to get to recovery.

If you’ve tried AA and know that it’s not what you need to get (and stay) sober, remember you’re not alone—after all, what works for a friend might not be what works for you. There are other communities available to help you. Don’t be afraid to explore your options, remember that recovery isn’t a straight line, and keep pushing to find the path that leads from where you are to a happier, healthier life.