Tag: Opioids

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Naltrexone Treatment for Alcohol and Opioid Addiction   

Naltrexone is a medication used to treat alcohol and opioid dependence. Many people find it helps them reduce cravings and prevent relapse—but it’s not perfect. Is it right for you? 

Let’s look at how this medication works, its effectiveness in treating these substance use disorders, and how it can work as part of a comprehensive recovery plan.

How Naltrexone Works

Naltrexone (the active ingredient in Vivitrol, ReVia, and Depade) is a medication used to treat both alcohol and opioid dependence. It works by interfering with the brain’s reward system: the same system responsible for forming an addiction. 

Opioids and alcohol create pleasurable feelings because they affect your brain’s opioid receptors.1 Naltrexone works by blocking these receptors. That means if you use opioids or drink alcohol while taking naltrexone, you won’t experience the same high. This lack of positive reinforcement interrupts the cycle that causes cravings, reducing the risk of relapse.

One of naltrexone’s main advantages is that its effects differ from other addiction medications. Unlike methadone or buprenorphine, which replace other opioids, naltrexone doesn’t have psychoactive effects. As a result, people who take naltrexone aren’t at risk of becoming dependent on it.

Naltrexone comes in various forms, including tablets and implants. Another method that treatment professionals often prefer is the extended-release injectable formulation.2 A single injection releases a steady dose of naltrexone over a certain period—usually one month. With this method, there’s no need to remember to take a pill every day, which can be a challenge for some people. The steady release of naltrexone means it continuously blocks opioid receptors. For some, this serves as a reliable foundation that helps them manage cravings and prevent relapse over the course of the month.

The Role of Naltrexone in Alcohol and Opioid Addiction Treatment 

With its ability to regulate the brain’s reward system, naltrexone can be a useful tool for treating substance use disorders.

Treating Alcohol Dependency With Naltrexone

Alcohol dependency develops as long-term alcohol use rewires the brain.3 When you drink alcohol repeatedly, over time, your brain adapts to its presence. Eventually, you develop new neurochemical pathways that signal an overwhelming urge to drink—even if you desperately want to stay sober. Naltrexone treats alcohol dependency by targeting these pathways.

Naltrexone is proven effective for treating alcohol dependence4 in 2 ways: 

  1. It eases cravings. One study found that “subjects taking naltrexone reported significantly less alcohol craving and days in which any alcohol was consumed.”
  2. It reduces relapse. The same study found that only 23% of people who took naltrexone relapsed, compared with 54.3% of those who didn’t. 

Research also shows naltrexone can normalize brain chemistry over time,5 evening out the heightened response to the rewards of drinking. For many, this gives them the breathing room they need to start making changes that support sustained sobriety. 

Treating Opioid Dependency With Naltrexone

The opioid crisis remains a significant public health threat, with outbreaks of overdose deaths6 continuing to plague communities. Naltrexone, as part of a medication-assisted therapy (MAT) program, is an important intervention for addressing opioid dependency.

As with alcohol, naltrexone treats opioid dependency7 by blocking opioid receptors so those taking it no longer feel the same high. And it’s effective. According to one systematic review, “Findings confirm that injection naltrexone produces extinction of drug-seeking behavior after episodes of opiate use…The observation of high treatment retention among naltrexone-treated patients…suggests naltrexone may also exert direct effects on opiate-taking behavior.”

Naltrexone works best when combined with behavioral therapies8 like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). These therapies help us identify and address triggers, develop coping strategies, and build life skills to manage stress and reduce relapse rates. 

Making Naltrexone a Part of Your Addiction Treatment Plan

Addiction treatment professionals understand that medication alone isn’t enough for long-term recovery. Long-term recovery requires a comprehensive approach that combines medication-assisted treatment (MAT) with behavioral therapy.

If you’re taking naltrexone, it’s a great idea to do so alongside addiction counseling to increase your chances of successful treatment outcomes. Therapists can help you understand the underlying causes of your addiction and develop healthy coping strategies to manage cravings and work through difficult emotions. CBT is one behavioral therapy that’s commonly used in addiction treatment. It teaches you how to identify and challenge negative thought patterns that trigger cravings, and develop practical skills for managing stress. Learning to manage cravings goes a long way toward preventing relapse—tools like CBT can support your recovery for years to come. 

Considering Naltrexone as a Viable Option: Benefits, Risks, and Controversies

Benefits 

Naltrexone offers clear benefits when used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan, as it effectively reduces alcohol cravings and prevents relapse during and after treatment. Studies show that “subjects treated with naltrexone experience significantly fewer episodes of relapse, and significantly more remain abstinent” than people who don’t, and that “naltrexone-treated subjects also consume significantly less alcohol.”9 

It’s also proven effective for those in opioid addiction recovery. One study found that “long-acting injectable naltrexone protected against relapse10 after discharge from short-term inpatient treatment” among patients with opioid addiction.

However, like other forms of MAT, naltrexone carries some risks. 

Potential Risks

The most common side effects of naltrexone11 are nausea and vomiting. There is some concern about the drug increasing risks of liver or cardiovascular damage in this already vulnerable population. But most studies conclude that these risks are relatively low, especially compared with its benefits.

Starting naltrexone while you’re still physically dependent on opioids will trigger withdrawal symptoms. It’s critical to complete detox under medical supervision before starting naltrexone therapy. Proper medical oversight can help mitigate other potential side effects like nausea, headaches, and fatigue, which are usually mild and temporary.

One meta-analysis of several studies found that while naltrexone reduces relapse rates12 in the short term, it did not increase retention rates in addiction treatment, and found no clear evidence that it supports sobriety over the long term.  

“Our alcoholism takes over.”

There’s always a chance that MAT won’t work as intended. One man in alcohol recovery, Wayne, was prescribed naltrexone as part of his addiction counseling program. Even though he said it took away the pleasurable effects of drinking, he was still determined to drink on naltrexone:13 

I didn’t exactly intend on drinking over naltrexone but my alcoholic mind—the rewiring of my brain—said, ‘You could get over this one too; this doesn’t have to be your game stopper.’ So I had to drink double the amount, and I had to drink almost all the time, in order to still get that feeling that I had before. A lot of us are in the same boat: our alcoholism takes over and we challenge ourselves to get drunker and drunker.

Naltrexone has its drawbacks, and it’s not for everyone. But when used appropriately as part of a comprehensive recovery plan under medical supervision, it can be a valuable asset for those fighting addiction. 

Regulations and Drug Safety 

Naltrexone has undergone extensive testing and evaluation to ensure its safety and efficacy. 

Naltrexone is a longer-acting version of naloxone,14 which has been used since 1971 for reversing opioid overdoses in a medical emergency setting. It was approved by the FDA in 1984 for treating heroin addiction. In 2006, the naltrexone injections, branded as Vivitrol, were approved for alcohol dependence, and later used to treat opioid dependence. 

Any healthcare provider who is licensed to prescribe medications can prescribe naltrexone. Specialized training is not required. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) provides free training15 and mentoring to clinicians to identify and treat opioid use disorder. 

Naltrexone Therapy: One of Many Tools on Your Path to Recovery

Naltrexone therapy can be an effective tool for treating addiction. By reducing cravings and blocking the pleasurable effects of substances, it can significantly increase the chances of long-term recovery. 

Naltrexone’s non-addictive approach to relapse prevention is a stepping stone for many on their journey toward recovery. But it’s important to remember that naltrexone is most effective when integrated into a comprehensive treatment plan. Through therapy, you’ll address unresolved trauma and other underlying causes of addiction, and learn skills for life in sobriety. This holistic approach empowers you to manage cravings, make healthier choices, and take back control of your life.

If you’re struggling with addiction, don’t hesitate to seek out the care you need. Talk to your doctor or therapist, or use our addiction treatment finder to search for programs that fit your needs. 

You deserve to live a full, free life—and that change can start now. 

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Navigating Pre-Employment Drug Screening: Identifying the Substances Tested

A pre-employment drug test verifies if you are using illegal substances. These drug tests help employers understand if you are using any substances that may interfere with your ability to work. 

Although the legalization status of substances can vary across regions, such as marijuana, the test results can be used at the employer’s discretion. Drug tests can also be conducted at random, post-injury, if medications were used during recovery, with reasonable suspicion, or periodically during employment.

Commonly Screened Substances

Employers may test for various substances depending on the line of work, the location, the job role, and other factors. Commonly screened substances include, but are not limited to:

  1. Marijuana
  2. Cocaine
  3. Opioids (including heroin, morphine, codeine, and oxycodone)
  4. Amphetamines (including methamphetamine and MDMA)
  5. Benzodiazepines
  6. Alcohol
  7. Phencyclidine (PCP)

Detection Methods

Depending on the substances and desired time period of detection, employers have a few testing methods to choose from1: 

  1. Urine testing is the most common method that detects recent use of drugs. You will pee into a small cup and give it to a worker for testing. A urine test can typically detect substances used in the past few days.
  2. Hair testing can detect drug use over longer periods of time. A small hair sample is taken from the crown of the head or the armpit and must be at least 1.5 inches long. This method can detect drug use up to 90 days prior. 
  3. Blood testing is an accurate drug detection approach; however, it is costly and more invasive. A clinician uses an IV to draw a small amount of blood, and the test detects substances used in the past couple of hours or days. 
  4. Saliva testing uses a swab to collect a sample inside your mouth. This method detects drug use in the past 48 hours.

Factors Affecting Detection

Test results can be unique to each person’s circumstances, including factors such as:

  1. Frequency and amount of substance use: A chronic daily user will likely have the substance readily detected. An occasional user may be harder to detect, depending on the test.
  2. Metabolism and body composition: Your metabolic rate can influence how quickly drugs are processed and eliminated from your body2. Age, gender, genetic makeup, and overall health play significant roles in metabolism speed. For example, someone with a slower metabolism will take longer to eradicate substances.
  3. Sensitivity of testing methods: Different testing methods have varying sensitivities and detection windows. The cutoff levels (the minimum amount of drug residue required for a test to be considered positive) also vary by test. They can affect whether a result is positive or negative.
  4. Time elapsed since substance use: Depending on the test, if substance use is more than two weeks prior to the test, most methods will not detect it; however, hair testing can detect drug use for months.

Legal Implications

Employers must comply with federal and state drug test regulations, which can vary by region. 

In most cases, employers must give reasonable notice before the test and obtain the employee’s or job applicant’s consent. Drug testing policies must be fair to all employees or candidates to avoid discrimination. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) protects individuals with disabilities who must take medication for their condition.

In some regions, laws and regulations may limit the actions employers can take in response to a positive drug test, particularly for substances like marijuana, where legality varies by jurisdiction.

Wrongful termination or disciplinary actions based on drug test results can lead to legal disputes, so employers must be clear, consistent, and legally compliant when defending their actions.

Employer Policies and Procedures

Drug test results represent highly sensitive and strictly confidential health information. Unauthorized disclosure of test results can lead to legal action against the employer. Before taking the drug test, you must agree to your privacy and confidentiality rights.

If the test results are positive, the employer has the right to rescind the job offer or terminate employment. Companies can also take disciplinary action, such as suspension or mandatory participation in a drug treatment center.

In some professions, a positive drug test may result in the suspension or termination of professional licenses or certifications, potentially rendering an individual ineligible for promotions and transfers.

Preparation and Mitigation Strategies

If you’re worried that your substance use may interfere with obtaining employment, it might be time to look into professional treatment. 

Your recovery journey can begin with medical detox. With clinical support, this process rids the body of harmful substances and helps you quit drinking alcohol or using drugs. In the case of alcohol and opioids, detox can be life threatening if done improperly. You can search for qualified detox centers near you to see what substances they treat, insurances they accept, and treatment approach they use. 

Often, detox isn’t enough for full recovery. You and your care team can collaboratively decide which level of care is best for your needs:

  • Outpatient (OP): You’ll meet 1-2x per week with your provider and others in treatment.
  • Intensive outpatient (IOP): You’ll meet 3-5x per week for several hours at a time for more intensive care.
  • Partial hospitalization (PHP): You’ll meet 5-7 times a week for a full day.
  • Residential: You’ll live in a rehab for 28+ days and engage in treatment with a comprehensive staff and a community of peers. 
  • Inpatient: You’ll live in a treatment center or hospital-like setting and have 24/7 monitoring. 

Managing addiction can be a complex and individualized process. Licensed professionals can provide you with appropriate tools, techniques, and support tailored to your specific needs. You may engage in talk therapies such as: 

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to learn how to replace unhealthy thought patterns with more affirming ones.
  • Contingency management (CM) that provides positive reinforcement, such as rewards or incentives, for maintaining abstinence from heroin.
  • Relapse prevention counseling to learn techniques to manage addiction cravings and other symptoms.
  • Motivational interviewing to explore the reasons why you want to recover and use that purpose to motivate change. 

Resources and Support

In the case of employment-related drug testing issues, seeking legal assistance can be a crucial step in understanding your rights, navigating potential consequences, and challenging unjust or unlawful practices. 

If you are struggling with a substance use issue, professional addiction treatment can help you identify triggers and unhealthy behaviors, learn positive coping skills, and adapt lifestyle habits to change your life for the better. Treatment may involve a mixture of evidence-based talk therapies (like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)), holistic healing modalities (like yoga), and support groups (such as AA and NA).

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How to Use Naloxone: What Is Narcan and Where to Find It

If someone is overdosing, immediately call 911 or local emergency services.

Narcan, or naloxone, is used to reverse opioid overdose. Opioids, such as heroin, opium, morphine, codeine, and fentanyl, can be legal prescription medications or illegal substances. 

Overdose occurs when an opioid’s depressant effects on the central nervous system cause life-threatening reactions. Narcan reverses an overdose by binding to the same brain receptors as opioids, thereby blocking the opioids from attaching to the receptors. This helps restore normal breathing and consciousness.

Narcan is usually administered through a nasal spray, and it can also be injected.

When to Use Narcan

It’s possible for opioid users to accidentally ingest too much at once and overdose. Other substances like MDMA can be cut with opioids, such as fentanyl, to lower production costs. If someone is displaying the signs of overdose, even if they didn’t knowingly take an opioid, you can still administer narcan—narcan won’t harm someone who didn’t ingest opioids1.

Overdoses usually include respiratory failure, where breathing becomes slow, shallow, or even stops completely. Other signs of overdose1 include:

  • Unconsciousness 
  • Very small pupils
  • Vomiting
  • Inability to speak
  • Faint heartbeat
  • Limp arms and legs
  • Pale skin
  • Purple lips and fingernails

Without immediate medical intervention, an opioid overdose can be fatal. In addition to using narcan in the event of an overdose, immediately call 911 or local emergency services.

Until emergency services arrive, you can help someone who’s overdosing2 by assisting them to sit or lay down in an open space. You can administer CPR if you are qualified, and if their skin is blue, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Additionally, use Narcan.

How to Administer Narcan

The American Medical Association created instructions showing how to administer Narcan3. You can also watch in video format:

If you are using NARCAN nasal spray, follow these steps:

  1. Peel back the package and remove the device. Put your thumb on the bottom of the plunger and two fingers on the nozzle.
  2. Place and hold the tip of the nozzle in either nostril until your fingers touch the bottom of the patient’s nose.
  3. Press the plunger firmly to release the dose into the patient’s nose.

Tip: When administering a nasal spray, help the patient gently tip their chin upward. This helps open their airways so the spray can better reach the bloodstream.

If you are using EVZIO auto-injector, follow these steps:

  1. Pull the auto-injector from the outer case.
  2. Firmly pull off the red safety guard; do not touch the black base (this is where the needle comes out).
  3. Place the black end of the auto-injector against the outer thigh, through clothing if necessary.
  4. Press firmly and hold in place for 5 seconds. (There will be a distinct “hiss” and “click” sound when working properly. The needle will not be visible after use.)

If you are using yellow cap nasal spray, follow these steps:

  1. Pry off the syringe’s yellow caps (both sides).
  2. Pry off the purple cap on the naloxone capsule. 
  3. Grip the clear plastic wings on the spray nozzle.
  4. Thread the spray nozzle on the syringe.
  5. Gently screw the naloxone capsule into the barrel of the syringe.  
  6. Insert white spray nozzle into the patient’s nostril. Give a short, firm push on the end of the naloxone capsule to spray.
  7. Administer half of the capsule into each nostril.

If you are using an intramuscular syringe needle, follow these steps:

  1. Inject 1 cc of naloxone straight into a muscle, such as the thigh, outer side of the glute, and shoulder.

Administer another dose of Narcan if the patient doesn’t respond/wake up after 2-3 minutes.

Where to Find Narcan

Fortunately, Narcan is becoming more widely available. You can purchase Narcan over the counter in many pharmacies. Local health clinics and community health centers may offer naloxone training and distribution. 

You can also order it online from websites like Narcan.com4. Some states will even send it to you for free—search “free Narcan _(your state or city)_” to find an organization.

How to Care for Someone After You Give Narcan

After you administer Narcan to someone, stay with the person. Emergency services should already be dialed and on their way, but don’t leave the person’s side until medical professionals assist them.

If the person is not breathing or has a weak pulse, continue with CPR if you are trained to do so. Otherwise, ensure the person is lying comfortably on their side with their airways clear to avoid choking on vomit. Once medical professionals arrive, discuss all relevant details to the overdose and what you have done to assist the person (including the type of Narcan you administered and how many doses).

How to Become Trained to Administer Narcan

You can become a trained Narcan administrator through online courses or in-person events. Websites such as Overdose Lifeline5, The Center for Disease Control6, End Overdose7, and American Red Cross8 provide virtual training. You can typically become certified in an hour or less.

Sometimes, you can receive training in person at harm reduction events. Some states may have a map showing where you can get trained, such as Colorado’s End Overdose page9.

However, even if you are not Narcan trained, you can and should still use it to save someone’s life.

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Why Is Fentanyl So Dangerous and Hard to Spot?

Why is fentanyl so dangerous? 

This powerful opioid can be lethal even in small doses. It’s also hard to detect and is often mixed with other drugs, unbeknownst to the user. 

Let’s look at the risks involved in taking fentanyl, the challenges in reducing the harm it causes, and what you can do if you or someone you know is addicted to opioids. 

Fentanyl Is an Extremely Potent Opioid

This synthetic opioid is incredibly potent compared to other opioids. Fentanyl is up to 100 times stronger than morphine1 and 50 times stronger than heroin. This means that a very small amount can produce a powerful effect—and that a very small amount can be fatal. It’s often mixed with other drugs, such as heroin and cocaine, without the user’s knowledge. This can easily lead to accidental overdoses. According to the DEA, 

“There is significant risk that illegal drugs have been intentionally contaminated with fentanyl.  Because of its potency and low cost, drug dealers have been mixing fentanyl with other drugs2 including heroin, methamphetamine, and cocaine, increasing the likelihood of a fatal interaction.”

Fentanyl’s extreme potency makes it very dangerous and increases the risk of overdose. 

It Acts Quickly on the Body

Fentanyl is a fast-acting opioid:3 it enters the bloodstream quickly and reaches the brain within minutes. This also heightens its addictive properties. People who use fentanyl quickly develop a tolerance to it, meaning they need to take more of it to achieve the same effect. This can lead people to use more fentanyl than they can handle, increasing their likelihood of overdose.

Inconsistent Quality and Purity

Illicit fentanyl production has become increasingly common4 in the U.S., as fentanyl is cheap to produce and easy to transport. It can also be used to produce other synthetic opioids, like carfentanil,5 which is even more potent.

Counterfeit fentanyl is often produced in clandestine laboratories with little to no quality control. As such, the quality and purity of illicit fentanyl can vary widely from batch to batch. And because of its strength, even small variations can be deadly. An especially strong batch of fentanyl can lead to widespread overdoses. The Red Pheasant Cree Nation in Canada, for example, declared a state of emergency after 8 fentanyl overdoses6 in one weekend—a scenario that’s unfortunately all too common. 


Illegal fentanyl is often mixed with other drugs7 like heroin, cocaine, meth, and MDMA without the user’s knowledge. This vastly increases the risk of overdose and adverse reactions for people who don’t even intend to take fentanyl. 

Fentanyl Is Hard to Dose

Fentanyl’s extreme potency makes it very hard to dose accurately. Even a small mistake can lead to overdose.

Just 2 milligrams of fentanyl can be fatal. If someone is using a scale to measure fentanyl, but the scale is slightly off, they could easily take too much. Likewise, if someone injects fentanyl using their normal dose, but the product they’re using varies in potency from the last time, they could overdose. 

People who are new to using the drug can have a hard time gauging their dosage. But even experienced drug users can easily make fatal mistakes when dosing fentanyl. 

Tips for Avoiding Fentanyl Overdose

  • Never use drugs alone.
  • With any new drug, start with a small amount and wait at least 30 minutes before using more.
  • Be aware of the signs of overdose, such as loss of consciousness, slow or shallow breathing, and blue lips or fingernails.
  • If you suspect an overdose, call 911 immediately and administer naloxone if you have it.

Using Naloxone (Narcan) for Fentanyl Overdose 

Fentanyl overdose can happen quickly,8 even after a single use. They can also be hard to reverse, even with naloxone,9 a medication that’s commonly used to reverse opioid overdoses. People who overdose on fentanyl may need multiple doses of naloxone to be revived, and likely need to be hospitalized.

What to Do if You Suspect a Fentanyl Overdose

If you suspect that someone is overdosing on fentanyl, call 911 immediately. Administer naloxone if you have it available, but don’t wait for naloxone to arrive before calling 911.

Tips for Administering Naloxone

  • If the person is unconscious, roll them onto their back and give them one dose of naloxone in the nose.
  • If they’re still unconscious after 2-3 minutes, give them a second dose of naloxone.
  • Continue to give naloxone every 2-3 minutes until they becomes responsive or help arrives.
  • Stay with them until help arrives. Monitor their breathing and keep them warm.

Nalaxone Challenges

Naloxone is an effective medication for reversing opioid overdoses, but there are some challenges in using it with fentanyl.

Fentanyl is so potent that it can take multiple doses of naloxone to reverse the overdose. And because the effects of naloxone don’t last as long as the effects of fentanyl, people who overdose on fentanyl may need repeated doses of naloxone to stay alive.

Another challenge is that, because fentanyl is often mixed with other drugs, it’s difficult to know how much fentanyl is in someone’s system and how much naloxone they need.

There can also be delays in administering naloxone if the person is overdosing alone or if it takes time for help to arrive. Any delay in administering naloxone to someone who overdoses on fentanyl can reduce their chances of survival. 

“Though naloxone can block fentanyl’s effects, there is evidence to suggest that there is less time to save someone from a fentanyl-related overdose, in comparison to other opioids,” says Associate Professor of Clinical Neurobiology Jermaine Jones, PhD. That’s because fentanyl can cause respiratory depression and death very quickly.

Fentanyl Slows Breathing

Fentanyl depresses the central nervous system10—particularly the respiratory centers—meaning it slows down breathing and can even stop it altogether. 

Fentanyl binds to opioid receptors in the brain, which regulate pain, pleasure, and mood. This is how it produces its euphoric effect. But opioid receptors also regulate breathing. Respiratory depression is the main cause of death in fentanyl overdoses.11 

Prevalence and Overdose Statistics

Fentanyl is responsible for a growing number of overdose deaths12 in the U.S.: 

  • The DEA has found counterfeit fentanyl pills containing up to 5.1 milligrams of fentanyl, which is over twice the lethal dose.
  • Fatal overdoses from synthetic opioids—mainly fentanyl—rose 55.6% from 2020 to 2021.
  • Fentanyl is the leading cause of fatal overdose in the U.S.

Fentanyl plays a significant role in the opioid epidemic, and the number of fentanyl-related deaths continues to rise. The need to address this epidemic is urgent—and it starts with recovery from opioid use. 

If you’re using fentanyl or struggling with opioid dependence, getting help is crucial. Medically supervised detox can help you safely stop opioid use. And comprehensive addiction treatment can help you address the root causes of opioid use disorder, so you can start your journey toward a better life.

By addressing fentanyl addiction, we can save lives and reduce the impact of the opioid epidemic on our families and communities.

Frequently Asked Questions About Why Fentanyl Is So Dangerous

What makes fentanyl so dangerous?

Fentanyl’s extreme potency (up to 100 times stronger than morphine) and its presence in various street drugs, significantly heightens its lethality. Often laced without users’ awareness, even small doses of fentanyl can lead to fatal overdoses.

How does fentanyl impact the body and why is it hard to dose?

Fentanyl is fast-acting, entering the bloodstream quickly and creating a rapid tolerance in users, leading to higher consumption and overdose risks. Its potency makes it challenging to dose accurately. Even small errors in dosage measurement or variations in product strength can be fatal.

What are the challenges of using naloxone to reverse fentanyl overdoses?

Naloxone is generally effective in reversing opioid overdose, but is harder to use for fentanyl overdose. Due to fentanyl’s potency and the duration of its effects, multiple doses of naloxone may be required. Delays in administering naloxone can also reduce the chances of survival.
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What Is Carfentanil?

Carfentanil is a fentanyl analog, or a synthetic opioid chemically similar to fentanyl. It’s 100 times more potent than fentanyl and 10,000 times more potent than morphine. Because of that, carfentanil is considered the strongest and most dangerous fentanyl derivative. 

People usually take carfentanil by accident. But since you need so little (about one grain of salt) to overdose, these accidental uses can quickly become life-threatening. 

What Is Carfentanil Used For?

Carfentanil has only one approved use: a large-animal tranquilizer. The veterinary field uses carfentanil on elephants and other similarly sized animals; it’s not approved for human use in any way.

But in illicit drug markets, dealers use carfentanil to increase the potency of their drugs and sell them for more money. Additives like carfentanil make drugs like heroin feel stronger, leading to faster dependency and continued profit for the dealer. 

Carfentanil easily blends into other substances, so you never truly know if you’re taking a clean or laced substance. Even fentanyl test strips often don’t pick up on carfentanil. To the naked eye, carfentanil doesn’t stand out against the substance you think you’re taking—which is why it poses such a risk.

What Does Carfentanil Look Like?

Carfentanil looks white and powdery, like powdered sugar. If it’s been dissolved into a liquid, it can look as innocent as water. It may also look grainy, like salt grains. Carfentanil has no smell or taste. 

Dealers manipulate carfentanil to create new ways of ingestion. For example, you could take carfentanil as a pill, inject it intravenously, snort it as a powder, or place a small piece of carfentanil-soaked blotter paper on your tongue for a few minutes.  

What Are The Potential Effects of Using Carfentanil?

As a synthetic opioid, carfentanil’s effects mirror those of heroin, including:

Euphoria

Carfentanil is a mu-opioid receptor agonist, which means it triggers mu-opioid receptors to send a cascade of chemical signals in your brain. This ultimately releases dopamine, and lots of it. The flood of dopamine causes both euphoria and the need to repeat the behavior. 

Pain Relief

When used as prescribed, opioids work as powerful pain relievers. Carfentanil is no different. It calms the neurons in certain areas of the brain, leading to pain relief. But because of its potency, no amount of carfentanil has been approved for pain relief. 

Sedation

Carfentanil can calm the brain and nervous system to the point of total sedation. That’s why veterinarians use carfentanil to sedate large animals. 

Overdose

Carfentanil overdoses continue to rise in the US. Just two milligrams of carfentanil could kill you. Anything below that tiny amount would likely cause a non-lethal overdose. 

What Are The Symptoms of Carfentanil Overdose?

Overdosing on carfentanil causes a host of side effects. Even accidental exposure to carfentanil, like getting some of it on your hand or having the powder blow on your face, could cause an overdose. Knowing the signs of an overdose can help save lives. 

Blue Lips And Nails

Look at the nail beds and lips for blue coloration. Carfentanil overdoses can cause low blood pressure and a dangerously slow heart rate, which can lower breathing and oxygen intake. Less oxygen in the blood makes it look blue in areas like the lips and fingertips.

Choking And Gurgling

Overdosing on carfentanil can slow your breathing and dangerously sedate you. Because of this, you may choke on your spit or be too disoriented to remember to swallow it. That can cause choking and gurgly breathing, almost like snoring.

Pin-Point Pupils

A carfentanil overdose often causes tiny pupils. Someone who’s overdosed may have strangely small pupils that don’t dilate in different lighting.

Slowed Breathing

Your breathing may slow to null if you overdose on carfentanil. This can then lead to black outs, blue fingers and lips, and death.

Losing Consciousness

Overdosing on carfentanil could cause you to black out. The reasons for losing consciousness can include sedation/sleepiness, slow breathing, slowed heart rate, and a combination of all 3. 

Hypothermia

Someone who overdosed on carfentanil may feel cold to the touch, shiver, and have a bluish tint. 

Clammy Skin

Carfentanil overdoses also cause clammy skin, or like someone’s slightly sweaty and cold at the same time. 

Heart Failure

Too much carfentanil could cause total heart failure. An overdose can depress your central nervous system enough to stop your heart. Without immediate help, this symptom often leads to death.

Can You Reverse a Carfentanil Overdose?

You can save someone who’s overdosed on carfentanil by immediately using Naloxone. If you administer it fast enough, you can reverse the effects of carfentanil and save their life. Since carfentanil is so potent, you’ll likely need several strong doses of Naloxone. You can inject it intravenously or, if your kit includes a nasal spray, squirt it up their nose.

 If you’re injecting Naloxone (Narcan), be sure to fill the syringe with liquid and not air. Then poke the needle into a large muscle, like a shoulder or thigh muscle. To administer the nasal spray, stick the nozzle into their nose and push up on the plunger. You’ll likely need to spray into each nostril. Narcan takes 2-3 minutes to show effects. 

Once stabilized and physically safe, treatment begins. 

Get Treatment for Opioid Use

Treatment for synthetic drugs like carfentanil includes medical and emotional care. You’ll begin with detox, which safely removes carfentanil from your body. Once carfentanil is out of your system, you and your treatment team will address the thoughts and behaviors leading to your drug use. Then, you’ll work together to learn new coping skills and navigate difficult emotions, cravings, and triggers as they come. 

Your treatment journey may begin in a residential rehab, where you’ll have 24/7 care, 1:1 and group therapies, and a safe space to detox. After residential treatment, you can move into day treatment or an intensive outpatient program, which provides intensive but more independent care.
To start your journey, you can browse our list of rehabs for opioid use to see pricing, photos, reviews, and more.

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How Long Does It Take to Detox?

Detox usually lasts at least a couple of days, but many factors can affect how long detox lasts and your side effects. Getting proper care during this sensitive time is vital. Licensed professionals will help you understand how long the detox process is and safely guide you through it.

These days can provide an opportunity to start a healthier life, and detox can help lay the foundation for success. Residential or outpatient treatment can further equip you with necessary skills to maintain sobriety. To begin your journey towards a healthier life, explore the various detox services available.

Factors Affecting Detox Duration

Here are 4 things to consider when talking with a doctor about what your detox process will look like:

  • How long you’ve been using the substance
  • To what extent you’ve been using the substance
  • If you’ve been using just one substance vs multiple substances
  • Individual factors, such as overall health, mental health conditions, and metabolism
detox timeline

Detox Timeline for Common Substances

Every substance, and every person, is different, but this is what you can expect to encounter during detox for each substance. 

Alcohol

Alcohol detox usually lasts 2 – 10 days1. Symptoms appear within 6 – 24 hours after quitting drinking and are most severe during the 36 – 72 hour period. Symptoms include:

  • Anxiety
  • Sweating
  • Tremors
  • Dehydration
  • Increased heart rate and blood pressure
  • Insomnia
  • Nausea and vomiting

Severe withdrawal may involve complications like:

  • Seizures
  • Hallucinations
  • Delirium tremens
  • Extreme agitation

Alcohol detox can be life threatening, so doing this with medical care is vital.

Opioids/Heroin

Opioids are drugs such as heroin, opium, morphine, codeine, and methadone. Detox can last 4 – 20 days, depending on the opioid used1. Quick-acting opioids like heroin typically have a shorter duration than long-acting opioids like fentanyl. Withdrawal symptoms usually appear in 8 – 12 hours after quitting. Symptoms include:

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Anxiety
  • Insomnia
  • Hot and cold flashes
  • Sweating
  • Muscle cramps
  • Diarrhea

Opioid withdrawal can be safely worked through as long as you are detoxing with medical supervision. 

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are psychoactive drugs that act as central nervous system depressants. Doctors prescribe them to treat anxiety and sleeping disorders. This drug is relatively easy to become addicted to, so if you are prescribed benzodiazepines, you should use them with caution.

Detox typically lasts 2 – 8 weeks, depending on the benzodiazepine. Quick acting benzodiazepines, like oxazepam, have a shorter detox period1, while clonazepam and other long acting ones have longer detox periods. Symptoms include:

  • Anxiety
  • Insomnia
  • Restlessness
  • Agitation
  • Poor concentration and memory
  • Muscle pains

Benzodiazepine withdrawal could be fatal, so it’s important to taper off these with guidance from medical professionals.

Meth/Stimulants

Stimulants are drugs such as methamphetamine, amphetamine, and cocaine. Detox usually lasts 3 – 5 days1, and symptoms begin within 24 hours of quitting. Symptoms include:

  • Agitation and irritability
  • Depression
  • Increased sleeping and appetite
  • Muscle aches

Particularly those who use methamphetamine can develop hallucinations, paranoia, or depressed thoughts during detox.

Meth and stimulant withdrawal can be safely worked through as long as you detox with medical support. 

Barbiturates

Barbiturates are depressant drugs prescribed for sleep aid, muscle spasms, anxiety relief, and seizure prevention. Detox usually lasts around 2 weeks, and symptoms appear 2 – 4 days after stopping the medication2. Symptoms include:

Barbiturate detox can be life-threatening, so it’s vital to do so under medical supervision.

Marijuana

Marijuana detox typically lasts 1 – 2 weeks1, and the symptoms are relatively mild compared to other detoxification processes. However, this can still be an uncomfortable experience. Symptoms include:

  • Anxiety 
  • Feelings of fear or dissociation
  • Restlessness
  • Irritability
  • Poor appetite
  • Disturbed sleep
  • Gastrointestinal upsets
  • Night sweats
  • Tremors

Marijuana withdrawal can be safely worked through as long as you detox with medical supervision. 

Your Unique Experience Detoxing

Taking all of this into account, detox duration and experience can vary from person to person.

The detox process can negatively affect your co-occurring disorder(s)4 or vice versa. This could apply to medical disorders or mental disorders. Agitation, depression, or hallucinations can appear during detox, so if your mental health issues include these, they may be heightened during this process.

Be sure to tell your doctor about any medical conditions you have. It’s very important that they take these into account when deciding what medication to give you, your tapering timeline, etc.

Medical Detox vs. Other Forms of Detox

Detox is a broad term, and the general definition is to rid the body of toxic things. When we hear “detox,” we may first think of using dandelion tea to cleanse our bodies, or holistically-based cellular detox. 

Medical detox, what we’ve been covering in this article, involves ridding the body of drugs or alcohol under the supervision of licensed medical professionals. Often, this involves using medication to assist the detoxification, like methadone and diazepam. 

Coming off of any substance could have negative or life threatening effects, so this process shouldn’t be taken lightly. Your detox beyond dandelion tea needs to be medically monitored for your own safety and well being.  

Detoxing Safely With Professional Guidance

Substance detox is a complicated process that requires professional guidance 24/71. Doctors can help you safely rid yourself of the substance. You could risk harming yourself if you detox without proper care. You might also relapse without the guidance of a doctor. Having professionals there helps make this uncomfortable experience as comfortable as possible. 

Post-Detox Transition and Treatment

Detox is a great start to recovery, but most of the time people will relapse if that’s the only care they receive1. The next part of your journey can include attending a residential or outpatient program to build your recovery toolkit with essential coping skills. In fact, SAMHSA emphasizes this as their 3rd pillar of detoxification5. These 3 components are 

  • Evaluation: testing how substance use has affected your body and creating a plan
  • Stabilization: medically assisted detox to get you to a stable, substance-free state
  • Fostering the patient’s entry into treatment: emphasizing the importance that you follow through with a substance abuse program to maintain your sobriety

During detox, you usually won’t participate in talk therapy because you’re in a susceptible, healing state. The real work and self growth comes after detox. During residential or outpatient care, you’ll work in individual and group therapy sessions using a variety of methods, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT is a highly effective treatment for addiction6. This is because it targets the thoughts, feelings, and behavior patterns that are common in substance use disorder.

You can build a support network with your therapists, peers, and family. You’ll learn to identify the early warning signs of relapse. You can even participate in relapse prevention groups. And in treatment, you’ll have more time to solidify your new coping skills. 

Addiction is more than just using substances, and recovery is more than just detoxing from those substances. It’s impacted your perspective and how you think. Treatment can guide you back to a better place by shifting how you view yourself, your surroundings, and your future. 

 A Step Forward You can try your best to plan for what your detox may look like, but the bottom line is that there are a lot of variables. Detoxing safely with medical professionals ensures that the bumps along the road during this process can be molehills instead of mountains. Explore where your new journey will take you by starting with detox.

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Can Withdrawal Kill You? 3 Substances That Pose Serious Risks

If you’re thinking about stopping alcohol, drugs, or prescription medications, you might be wondering if withdrawals can potentially be fatal—and that’s a valid and important concern. The honest answer is yes: Withdrawal from certain types of substance use can be deadly without medical care.

But what’s equally important is knowing you don’t have to face withdrawal alone or without help. Addiction-specialized healthcare professionals know how to keep you safe during this process. Thousands of people get through withdrawal successfully every day with the right support and care.

Some withdrawals feel very uncomfortable, but don’t pose serious health risks. Others, like alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal, can cause life-threatening complications. The key is to get the right medical care for your situation, plus support for lasting recovery from addiction.

Here are the real risks of withdrawal, what makes some substances more dangerous than others, and how medical detox can keep you safe. 

What Causes the Symptoms of Withdrawal?

Your brain and body are incredibly good at adapting. When you use alcohol or drugs regularly, your system learns to work around these substances. Your brain chemistry actually changes to maintain balance despite the presence of drugs or alcohol.

When you stop taking substances, your body has to relearn how to function without them. This adjustment period is what causes withdrawals.1 Your nervous system, which got used to the depressant effects of alcohol or the stimulating effects of cocaine, suddenly has to recalibrate.

The severity of your symptoms depends on a few factors: how much you’ve been using, how long you’ve been using, and your general state of wellness. Some people experience mild discomfort, while others can face serious medical complications.

Withdrawal is nothing to be ashamed of—it’s a normal biological process. Your body is simply trying to return to balance. And with the right medical support, that process can be managed safely and comfortably.

The Risks of Withdrawal: What You Need to Know

Not all withdrawals carry the same level of risk. Some substances cause uncomfortable symptoms that might feel awful, but won’t endanger your life. Others can trigger medical emergencies that require immediate professional help.

The main factors that affect your risk level include: 

  • The type of substance you’ve been using
  • How much you typically use
  • How long you’ve been using it 

Your general state of health, age, and any underlying medical conditions also matter. People who use multiple substances may have additional complications.

Note: Never attempt at-home detox for alcohol or benzodiazepines. These substances can cause fatal withdrawal complications like seizures. Professional medical supervision prevents death and dramatically increases your chances of successful recovery.

1. Alcohol Withdrawal: Serious Risks You Should Know About

Alcohol withdrawal can be deadly, making it one of the most dangerous substances to stop without medical supervision. Research shows that severe alcohol withdrawal complications2 can be fatal in 1–5% of cases without proper medical care.

The danger comes from alcohol’s pronounced effects on your central nervous system. During active alcohol addiction, your brain compensates by increasing activity to balance out alcohol’s depressant effects. If you suddenly stop drinking, your brain activity can spike to dangerous levels.3

Most alcohol withdrawal symptoms start within 6–12 hours after your last drink. Early symptoms include: 

  • Shaking
  • Sweating
  • Nausea
  • Anxiety

These might feel manageable, but they can be warning signs of more serious complications to come.

Delirium Tremens (DTs)

The most dangerous complication is called delirium tremens, or DTs. This life-threatening condition typically develops 48–72 hours after stopping alcohol. DTs affects about 3–5% of people going through alcohol withdrawal,4 but has a mortality rate of 35% without treatment.

Signs of DTs include: 

  • Severe confusion
  • High fever
  • Rapid heart rate
  • Seizures
  • Hallucinations 
  • Extreme agitation
  • Disorientation 

This is a medical emergency requiring immediate hospital care.

Even without DTs, alcohol withdrawal can cause dangerous seizures. These can happen with little warning and may occur even if you’ve never had seizures before. Withdrawal seizures usually happen within 12–48 hours of stopping alcohol5 and can be life-threatening.

How Medical Detox Keeps You Safe

Professional alcohol detox prevents these complications through careful monitoring and medications. Doctors typically use medications like benzodiazepines that can safely suppress the dangerous brain activity that causes seizures and DTs. Anti-seizure medications, IV fluids, and other supportive care keep you stable during the most dangerous period.

The timeline for alcohol withdrawal varies, but the highest risk period is usually the first 3–5 days.6 

Detox centers can usually help you transition into an alcohol rehab program so you can start working toward long-term recovery.

2. Benzodiazepine Withdrawal: Life-Threatening Complications

Benzodiazepine withdrawal is just as dangerous as alcohol withdrawal—sometimes even more so. If you’ve been taking benzos like Xanax, Ativan, or Klonopin regularly, stopping suddenly can be very dangerous. This is true whether you’re taking them as prescribed or using them recreationally.

Benzodiazepine medications work on the same brain receptors as alcohol.7 When you stop taking them, your brain goes into overdrive trying to rebalance itself. This can trigger seizures that come without warning and can be fatal.

Why Benzos Are So Dangerous to Stop

Your brain becomes physically dependent on benzodiazepines faster than you might think. Even people taking prescribed doses for just a few weeks can experience dangerous withdrawal symptoms. The longer you’ve been taking them and the higher your dose, the greater your risk.

Unlike other drugs, there’s no safe way to stop benzos cold turkey.8 Your brain needs time to readjust. Trying to tough it out at home isn’t brave; it’s potentially deadly.

What Benzo Withdrawal Looks Like

Early benzo withdrawal symptoms might seem manageable at first. You might feel anxious, have trouble sleeping, or notice hand tremors. But these can be warning signs that more serious complications are coming.

Seizures can happen anywhere from 1–10 days9 after stopping, depending on which medication you were taking. Short-acting benzos like Xanax cause withdrawal faster, while long-acting benzos like Klonopin have a delayed but potentially longer withdrawal period.

Other dangerous symptoms include: 

  • Severe confusion
  • High blood pressure
  • Rapid heart rate
  • Catatonia (being unable to move or respond) in extreme cases 

Some people experience what feels like electric shocks through their body or become hypersensitive to light and sound.

Benzo Withdrawal Takes Time

Unlike alcohol or opioids, benzo withdrawal can last weeks or even months.10 This extended timeline is why medical supervision is so important. You need a slow, careful tapering schedule that gradually reduces your dose over time.

Doctors typically reduce your dose by small amounts every week or 2, giving your brain time to adjust. This withdrawal process might feel frustratingly slow, but it’s the safest way to avoid life-threatening complications. Rushing the process can trigger seizures even weeks into your taper.

3. Opioid Withdrawal: Usually Not Fatal, But Still Dangerous

Withdrawal from opioids (like oxycodone, hydrocodone, and fentanyl) typically isn’t life-threatening, but some describe it as feeling like the worst flu they’ve ever had. While rarely fatal on its own, opioid withdrawal does carry some serious risks that make medical supervision important for your safety and success.

The main fatal risk during opioid withdrawal is severe dehydration. Excessive vomiting and diarrhea can cause dangerous fluid and electrolyte imbalances. This risk is highest in settings without adequate medical care, such as when you’re attempting detoxification alone at home.

Research shows that deaths during opioid withdrawal are rare but usually result from complications of dehydration,11 especially when combined with underlying heart conditions. People with existing health problems or co-occurring disorders may face higher risks during drug withdrawal.

Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms

Withdrawal symptoms can start within 8–24 hours12 after your last opioid use, depending on the specific drug. Short-acting opioids like heroin cause withdrawal symptoms sooner, while longer-acting drugs like methadone have a delayed onset but longer duration.

Common opioid withdrawal symptoms13 include: 

  • Severe muscle aches
  • Restless legs
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Intense cravings
  • Chills 
  • Runny nose 
  • Trouble sleeping 
  • Mood changes 

These symptoms peak around 72 hours and gradually improve over 5–10 days.

The psychological discomfort of withdrawing from opioid dependence often proves more challenging than the physical symptoms. Intense cravings and feelings of hopelessness can be enough to drive many people back to drug use. Studies show that over 90% of people who attempt opioid detox without medical support relapse within the first week.14

Heroin Withdrawal

Heroin withdrawal follows a similar pattern to other opioids but tends to be more intense due to its rapid onset and short duration. Heroin withdrawal symptoms typically last 4–10 days15 for the acute phase, though some people experience lingering effects for weeks or months.

After heroin withdrawal, many people struggle with post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS). This includes ongoing mood changes, sleep problems, and cravings that can last for months. Knowing this ahead of time can help you set realistic expectations for recovery.

Withdrawal Risks of Other Substances 

Not every drug has fatal withdrawal risks, but that doesn’t mean going it alone is a good idea. Let’s talk about what to expect from other common substances.

Stimulants: Cocaine and Methamphetamine

The good news is that stimulant withdrawal won’t cause seizures or put you in the hospital. The bad news is that it can make you feel deeply depressed and exhausted.

When you stop using cocaine or meth, your brain’s reward system essentially crashes. You might sleep for days, feel no pleasure in anything, and experience intense cravings. The biggest danger isn’t physical—it’s the risk of severe depression and suicidal thoughts.16

Prescription Medications

These risks depend entirely on what you’re taking. Antidepressants can cause “brain zaps”17 and flu-like symptoms. Some blood pressure medications can cause dangerous spikes if stopped suddenly. Even seemingly harmless medications can have withdrawal effects.

Never stop prescription medications without talking to your doctor first. They can create a safe tapering plan or switch you to an alternative.

Polysubstance Abuse (Dependence on Multiple Substances)

Dependence on more than one substance makes withdrawal less predictable and more dangerous. When your body is trying to adjust to losing multiple drugs at once, the interactions can be complicated.

Maybe you mix alcohol and benzos, or use heroin and cocaine together. Each substance affects your body differently, making withdrawal medically complicated. This is a process that’s best handled by professionals.

What to Expect in the Stages of Withdrawal

Withdrawal typically happens in stages. Knowing what’s coming can help you prepare mentally.

Acute Withdrawal

This is the intense phase most think about when they hear “withdrawal.” Depending on what you’re coming off of, acute withdrawal can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks.

Your body is doing the heavy lifting of physical adjustment during this time. This phase usually feels the worst, but keep in mind that it’s temporary, and a monumental step toward reaching your goal of staying sober.

Post-Acute Withdrawal

Post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) is a set of symptoms that are not as intense as acute withdrawal, but can last much longer. Not everyone experiences PAWs, but for those who do, it can interfere with their sleep, mood, and energy levels for months after quitting substances. This can also affect people in addiction treatment and early recovery. 

Fortunately, most rehab programs have supports in place to help you manage symptoms and rebalance your systems so you can get the most out of your treatment program experience. Some people say IV drip thearpies like NAD+, for example, help their bodily systems repair faster after substance abuse. 

When You Should Get Immediate Medical Attention for Severe Withdrawal Symptoms

Some withdrawal symptoms mean you need medical attention right away—not tomorrow or after you “see how it goes.” These symptoms require immediate medical care: 

  • Seizures
  • Chest pain
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Severe confusion
  • Fever over 101°F
  • High blood pressure
  • Rapid heart rate
  • Seeing or hearing things that aren’t there

Making Withdrawal Safer: Your Options for Support

Withdrawal doesn’t have to be as painful as it may seem. There are proven ways to make the process safer and more comfortable—and make you much more likely to succeed.

Medical Detox Programs

Medical detox isn’t just for people with severe substance use disorder. These programs provide 24/7 medical supervision, medications to ease symptoms, and emotional support when you need it most.

Detox center teams know exactly what to watch for and can intervene before complications become more serious. Some centers even provide therapy to help support your emotional and mental health throughout the process. While some residential treatment centers have detox facilities on-site, other facilities can refer you to treatment after you complete detox. 

Medication-Assisted Treatment

There’s no shame in using medication to help with withdrawal. Doctors have safe, effective medications that can eliminate or significantly reduce withdrawal symptoms.

For alcohol, medications like naltrexone can reduce cravings. For opioids, buprenorphine or methadone can stop withdrawal symptoms completely. These are evidence-based medical tools that give your brain time to heal.

Comprehensive Care for Lasting Recovery

Getting the support you need to successfully get through withdrawal is hugely important to your healing process. But detox is just the beginning, not the finish line. Getting the substances out of your system is step one; learning to live without them is the real work.

Most people who successfully recover connect detox to ongoing treatment like rehab, therapy, support groups, and lifestyle changes. Professional programs make this process more comprehensive and can smooth out the transitions between each stage.

Look for a detox center near you to explore your treatment options and take the first step toward changing your life.

FAQs

Q: Can withdrawal symptoms be life-threatening?

A: Yes, withdrawal from alcohol and benzodiazepines can be fatal due to complications like seizures and cardiovascular problems. Opioid withdrawal is rarely fatal but can cause dangerous dehydration. Always seek medical supervision for any substance withdrawal.

Q: What is the most serious withdrawal symptom associated with alcoholism?

A: Delirium tremens (DTs) is the most dangerous alcohol withdrawal complication. It includes severe confusion, high fever, rapid heart rate, and can be fatal in 35% of cases without medical treatment. DTs typically occur 48–72 hours after stopping alcohol.

Q: How could someone die during opiate withdrawal?

A: While opioid withdrawal is rarely fatal, death can occur from severe dehydration caused by excessive vomiting and diarrhea. This risk is highest when attempting withdrawal without supervision by medical professionals or in settings like at home or in jails where adequate medical care isn’t available.

Q: What are heroin withdrawal symptoms?

A: Heroin withdrawal symptoms include severe muscle aches, restless legs, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, intense cravings, goosebumps, runny nose, and insomnia. Symptoms typically begin 8–24 hours after last use, peak around 72 hours, and last 4–10 days for the acute phase.

Q: What are the stages of withdrawal?

A: Withdrawal occurs in 2 main stages: acute withdrawal (the intense physical symptoms lasting days to weeks) and post-acute withdrawal syndrome or PAWS (longer-lasting mood and sleep issues that can persist for months). The timeline varies by substance and individual factors.

Q: How bad do withdrawals hurt?

A: Withdrawal discomfort varies depending on the substance you’ve been using. Opioid withdrawal is often described as feeling like severe flu symptoms. Alcohol and benzo withdrawal can include painful symptoms and even life-threatening complications. Medical supervision can ensure safety by monitoring symptoms and providing medications to reduce pain and psychological discomfort.

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What Does OxyContin Look Like?

If you’re worried about opioid addiction, it can be helpful to know what OxyContin looks like. This brand of prescription painkillers can be dangerous if you take them improperly. It’s easy to identify OxyContin tablets because they’re all imprinted with either “OC” or “OP.” However, the 7 doses of OxyContin all look a little different from each other. 

The answer to what OxyContin pills look like will depend on how strong the dose is. 

10 mg Pill

  • Color: White
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP on one side; 10 on the other side

15 mg Pill

  • Color: Gray
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP; 15

20 mg Pill

  • Color: Light pink
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP; 20

30 mg Pill

  • Color: Brown
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP; 30

40 mg Pill

  • Color: Yellow
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OP or OC; 40

60 mg Pill

  • Color: Red
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP; 60

80 mg Pill

  • Color: Green
  • Shape: Round
  • Imprint: OC or OP; 80

What Is OxyContin?

OxyContin is the brand name for oxycodone, a type of opioid. By definition, all opioids are narcotic painkillers.1 What sets OxyContin apart from similar drugs—like morphine, codeine, and hydrocodone—is its extended release.2 When you take OxyContin, the tablets dissolve slowly and release oxycodone at a steady rate for up to 12 hours. 

What Is OxyContin Used For?

Doctors prescribe OxyContin to treat moderate to severe pain. Because it lasts longer than other pain medications, most people take OxyContin for conditions that require consistent relief over a long period of time. This includes pain resulting from arthritis, serious injuries, cancer, and other conditions. 

Is OxyContin Addictive?

OxyContin has been a subject of concern due to its addictive potential. Initially introduced in 1996, it was marketed as an effective prescription painkiller with a low risk for misuse.3 However, within a few years, the landscape changed dramatically. By 2004, OxyContin had become one of the most widely misused drugs in the United States. 

Despite its intended purpose for chronic pain relief, when people take OxyContin for chronic pain they can quickly become dependent on the drug. Physical dependence isn’t the same as addiction4—it just means your body now relies on certain doses to find relief. Addiction, on the other hand, occurs when you’re no longer able to control behaviors that negatively affect your life. If taking increased amounts of OxyContin is the only way you can get pain relief, your risk of addiction increases. 

It’s important to recognize OxyContin’s addictive potential and use caution when taking this medication. If you have concerns about your OxyContin use or think you may be developing an addiction, consult a healthcare professional for appropriate guidance and support.

OxyContin Prescription Use vs. Misuse

OxyContin, like other prescription medications, has legitimate uses but also carries a risk of misuse. 

Prescription use of OxyContin is when patients who have a legitimate medical need for pain management take the drug under the guidance of a healthcare professional. When used as prescribed, OxyContin can provide relief and improve the quality of life for people with chronic pain.

However, misuse occurs when you use OxyContin in a way that doesn’t follow your doctor’s instructions.5 This can include taking higher doses than recommended, using the medication more frequently than prescribed, or using it without a valid medical reason. Misuse of OxyContin significantly increases the risk of adverse effects, dependency, and addiction.

The line between prescription use and misuse can sometimes become blurred. Some people may initially receive OxyContin for a legitimate medical purpose but gradually veer into misuse because of increased tolerance, desperation for pain relief, or other factors. It’s essential to use OxyContin strictly as directed by a healthcare professional and to promptly communicate any concerns or changes in pain management needs so they can adjust your prescription safely and appropriately.

What Are the Street Names for OxyContin?

OxyContin goes by a variety of street names:6

  • O.C. 
  • Hillbilly Heroin
  • Oxy
  • Oxycet
  • Oxycotton

How Is OxyContin Abused?

People with opioid addiction may want to bypass OxyContin’s extended release7 by snorting or injecting it. This is extremely unsafe, because then you can’t predict how strong the dose will be, or how quickly it will take effect. 

When you snort OxyContin, it’s absorbed by the membranes of your nostrils. It goes directly into your bloodstream instead of first traveling through your digestive tract. If you inject the drug, it bypasses even your nostrils, so your body absorbs OxyContin even faster.8 This brings on a more intense euphoria. Injecting drugs also puts you at risk of diseases9 like HIV and hepatitis. 

Can You Overdose on Oxycontin?

OxyContin is a potent opioid and can cause overdose if used improperly or in excessive amounts. The specific dosage required to overdose on OxyContin can vary depending on factors such as your tolerance, body weight, and overall health. That’s why it’s crucial to adhere to the prescribed dosage and consult a healthcare professional for guidance throughout the course of OxyContin use.

Overdosing on OxyContin can have severe consequences and may even be life-threatening. Some common symptoms of an OxyContin overdose10 include:

  • Extreme drowsiness or sedation
  • Slow, shallow, or difficult breathing
  • Constricted pupils
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Cold, clammy skin
  • Weakness or limpness
  • Slurred speech
  • Bluish tint to lips or fingertips

Overdosing can cause seizures,11 brain damage, heart attack, and respiratory depression—slowed breathing that can become fatal.

If you or your loved one shows signs of an OxyContin overdose, seek medical attention immediately. Risks of overdose increase when you combine OxyContin with other substances like alcohol or other opioids.

What Are the Risks of OxyContin Use?

OxyContin is a powerful opioid. The U.S. opioid crisis12 started in the 1990s and is still a major problem. As doctors overprescribe opioids like OxyContin, more people are at risk of addiction, overdose, and turning to even more potent street drugs. 

Physical Risks

Like any opioid, OxyContin depresses your nervous system.13 In other words, it slows down communication between your brain and body. Your heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure all go down. This can cause you to stop breathing, go into shock, or even die. 

Abusing OxyContin also puts you at risk of injuring yourself or someone else.14 That’s because opioids can make you dizzy, confused, or poorly coordinated. Data shows an alarming rise in elderly people injuring themselves15 from falls while using prescription opioids. 

Psychological Risks

Over time, opioid use alters your brain’s reward system.16 You might begin to feel normal when OxyContin is in your system, and abnormal when it’s not. OxyContin also impacts your mental health. People who use opioids have higher rates of anxiety,17 irritability, lack of motivation, and depression. 

From Prescription to Street Drugs

If you first start taking OxyContin to manage chronic pain, it can become hard to function without it. Over time, you might need higher doses of the drug to achieve the same effect.18 This is a dangerous pattern, and it can quickly lead to addiction. 

If you can’t get a high enough dose of OxyContin from a prescription, you might look for other sources. When it’s sold illegally, OxyContin can be very expensive. But more affordable opioids, like heroin,19 are often impure and even more addictive. 

Following your doctor’s instructions, and bringing up any challenges you’re experiencing with your prescription, can avoid escalating OxyContin use. You can also ask your doctor about non-opioid-based pain management.

Find Treatment Options for OxyContin Addiction

When you’re ready to heal from OxyContin addiction, it’s important to get professional support. OxyContin withdrawal symptoms can be dangerous—and even fatal. The only safe way to detox from opioids is with proper medical care.


To start recovery from OxyContin, learn more about opioid addiction treatment programs here.

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2023 Oscar Nominated Movies That Include Addiction

Films and TV shows tend to shape how culture views a certain subject (or profession). Recently, the idea of therapists, mental health, and addiction in pop culture became more mainstream. However, some films and shows do more harm than good—overdramatizing addiction and mental health, or just poorly representing it.

Others capture the rawness, truth and importance of addiction and mental health. 

All the Beauty and the Bloodshed 

Winning an Oscar for best documentary, All the Beauty and the Bloodshed recounts photographer Nan Goldin’s experience with addiction. She depicts her addiction to prescription painkiller OxyContin, and her frustration with the Sackler family.  

America’s Opioid Crisis

All the Beauty and the Bloodshed shows that Nan’s addiction began after an injury. Doctors prescribed a common medication at the time, OxyContin – which is highly addictive if taken incorrectly1. It contains oxycodone, which causes a high similar to heroin. 

Nan, like many others, became addicted to OxyContin after a perhaps thoughtless pain management plan. Nan formed P.A.I.N.2, Prescription Addiction Intervention Now, to “speak for the 250,000 bodies that no longer can.”

The Sackler family, owners of Purdue Pharma, received backlash for pushing OxyContin prescriptions when they perhaps weren’t needed. Nan worked to get museums and other Sackler-supported institutions to publicly separate from the family. 

America’s opioid crisis may have begun with overprescription of pain meds3, but it’s since grown for new reasons, like cheap, accessible products. Fentanyl, too, plays a large role in the 1,500 opioid-related deaths per week.

Treatment Options for Opioid Addiction

Many rehabs treat opioid addiction. In a residential setting, you’ll likely go through a medically supervised detox first, then begin therapeutic treatment. 

Therapies for opioid addiction could range from talk therapies to contingency management plans, which offer rewards for each step you complete in treatment. Talk therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) will help you work through the thoughts and emotions causing your behaviors. Then, you’ll learn new ways to process and manage what you feel.

You’ll learn coping tools for the future, relapse prevention strategies, and typically engage in an aftercare program to keep you well supported. 

All the Beauty and the Bloodshed explored prescription medication addiction. Other nominated movies this year blazed new trails, like The Whale.

The Whale Explores Grief And Binge-Eating

The Oscars nominated Brendan Fraser for Best Lead Actor. The Whale depicts Charlie’s (Fraser) journey through binge eating, grief, and depression. His coping mechanism began after the death of his partner. 

The story highlights the power of grief and the hold of eating disorders, and how they can function as a coping tool. Different characters in the film try to help Charlie, but as it often is, his grief is persistent. 

What Is Binge Eating Disorder?

Binge eating is eating without control4—it might feel impossible to stop. Sometimes, after binging, a purge happens; this is the pattern of bulimia nervosa5. You might purge through throwing up, taking laxatives, excessive exercise, or starving yourself. It’s meant to “undo” the binge. Not every binge eater purges, though. 

Binge eating might be your coping tool, especially if you’re dealing with something as powerful as grief.

Grief And Depression

Depression is a stage of grief6, as proposed by Kübler-Ross. In The Whale, Charlie mourns the loss of his partner, who died by suicide. Depression became a strong stage in his mourning. 

If you or someone you know is considering suicide or self-harm, you can call or text the number 988.

The film suggests binge eating became Charlie’s own way of committing suicide.

Getting Help for Grief And Depression

There’s help for the millions of others like Charlie. Grief and depression can weigh heavily—sometimes unbearably so. But you do have options to heal. 

Complicated grief therapy (CGT)7, for example, can help with grief and all its stages. Using loss- and restoration-focused care, “the therapist works to facilitate the progress of grief to help the client come to terms with the death.” 

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help with depression and grief7. Using CBT, your therapist can help you modify your thoughts and change your behaviors. For grief, CBT could help you process your loss in a more productive way.

To Leslie And Blonde

Both To Leslie and Blonde highlight drug and alcohol addiction. They were also both nominated for Best Leading Actress in the 2023 Oscars. Ana de Armas played Marilyn Monroe in Blonde, and Andrea Riseborough played Leslie in To Leslie.

To Leslie depicts a mother’s struggle with addiction, spurred on by a seemingly-ideal lottery win. Leslie reaches new lows and eventually seeks help for her daughter’s sake and herself. 

Blonde retells the life story of Marilyn Monroe, who tragically and famously died after an overdose. 

Drug And Alcohol Addiction: Not Just for The Famous

Movies like Blonde make addiction seem almost ritzy—something only people with deep pockets can do. Then, To Leslie goes and proves that wrong. So which is true? 

It’s both. 

Addiction doesn’t discriminate. In each movie, despite the contrasts in leading women, their reasons for substance abuse were similar. The case remains true for many today. Stressors, mental illnesses, or trauma can start a habit you can’t stop on your own. 

Stories like Leslie’s and Monroe’s can help the larger public see this through a cleaner lens. Addiction wasn’t a moral failing of either woman. It was how they coped. 

But there’s more than one way to find that same sense of control. Treatment can help you see that.

Treatment Options for Drug And Alcohol Use

Many rehabs treat drug and alcohol addiction. Here, you’d have constant monitoring, individualized care, and a structured treatment schedule. Most residential rehabs also offer on-site detox. 

Depending on your situation, you might find an intensive outpatient program (IOP) or partial hospitalization program (PHP) more suitable. Each of these programs provides effective treatment, and you get to go home at night. IOP is less intensive, usually lasting 3-5 hours a day, while PHP could go for 5-8. 

In these treatment settings, you’ll learn relapse prevention skills and work on the thoughts behind your behaviors. Rehabs typically offer a variety of therapies to meet your needs. 

You can browse our list of rehabs to see reviews, pricing, and insurance information, and more.

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Recognizing the Signs of Addiction to Prescription Pain Relievers

It can be hard to recognize the signs of a substance use disorder. That’s especially true for patients who overuse prescription medications. Even if you started taking a drug for medical reasons, it’s still possible to misuse it. Because of this, many patients struggle to admit that they need to go to rehab for an addiction to prescription pain relievers.

If you regularly use any type of pain medication, especially a narcotic, you should learn about the symptoms of addiction. By paying attention to these signs, you can stay in touch with your own relationship with your prescriptions. That way, you’ll be ready to get help if and when you need it.

Defining Addiction

Experts at the American Society of Addiction Medicine define addiction as “treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual’s life experiences. People with addiction use substances or engage in behaviors that become compulsive and often continue despite harmful consequences.”

In layman’s terms: people with substance use disorders continue to take drugs even when those drugs have a negative impact on their lives. However, there is a difference between having physical dependence on a medication, vs having a substance use disorder.1

Physical Dependence

Many people depend on medications for their health. For example, a person with severe diabetes may depend on insulin in order to regulate their blood sugar. If a medication clearly and consistently improves your quality of life, its use does not qualify as addiction.

However, the line between physical dependence and substance abuse is blurry at best. You don’t misuse a substance because it makes your life worse. At first, you’ll probably have reason to believe it helps. And even in the throes of substance abuse, dangerous drugs may still provide some positive effects. For example, a prescribed narcotic may continue to relieve your back pain, even while it wreaks havoc on your relationships.

Substance Use Disorders

People who struggle with substance misuse often display signs of “compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences.” These consequences of addiction2 may include mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, and physical ailments, such as cardiac arrest, dental problems, and cancer. Drug use can also damage interpersonal relationships and interfere with your career.

This condition may or may not include chemical dependence. If it does, then it’s often essential for patients to undergo supervised medical detox, rather than attempting to stop using a drug by themselves. The physical side effects of detox can be especially dangerous for people with an addiction to opioids, including prescription pain relievers.

Signs and Symptoms of Addiction to Prescription Painkillers

Opioids are widely prescribed to treat chronic pain. These medications “play a unique role in society. They are widely feared compounds, which are associated with abuse, addiction and the dire consequences of diversion; they are also essential medications, the most effective drugs for the relief of pain and suffering.”

It’s difficult for many people, including patients and medical professionals, to immediately recognize the difference between addictive behavior and the appropriate use of pain medications. If you’re concerned about potentially misusing opiates, you can look out for the following signs and symptoms:

Using Prescription Painkillers When You’re Not in Physical Pain

Opiates should be prescribed to treat physical pain. If you find yourself compelled to continue taking them even when you have no physical symptoms, you may be at risk for a substance use disorder.

It’s also possible to treat some types of pain with non-addictive medications. For example, a minor headache might be better treated with an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory, like aspirin or ibuprofen. If you find yourself medicating minor ailments with powerful drugs, this can also be a warning sign.

Using Painkillers for Emotional Reasons

There are significant similarities between physical and emotional pain.4 Because of this, it may be hard to differentiate between your own physical and psychological reasons for using a drug. However, you may notice the urge to use medication when you’re experiencing overwhelming emotions. If you find yourself taking prescription painkillers to deal with your mental state, you may have a problem with drug abuse.

Obsessive Thinking

Patients with substance use disorders may spend a disproportionate amount of time thinking about using drugs. This may include thinking about when you’ll next take a pain pill, how you’ll refill your prescription, or whether anyone else has noticed how often you take opioid medications.

There’s a difference between planning around your medication and obsessing over your access to drugs. For example, it can be perfectly healthy to plan to take a pain pill before bed so that you won’t have to drive while intoxicated. On the other hand, if you spend all day, every day, looking forward to your nightly dose, you may have reason to be concerned.

Changing Sleep Patterns

Most mental health conditions, including substance use disorders, can disrupt sleep patterns.5 Opioids, in particular, “can produce profound sleepiness, but they also can disrupt sleep.” Exhaustion, insomnia, and disrupted sleep may all be signs of opiate misuse.

Because so many different stimuli can affect sleep, pay attention to what’s going on in your life when your sleep patterns change. If you’re going through a particularly stressful time, or you just got a new mattress, you may not have a cause for concern. However, if your sleep patterns change in tandem with your narcotic use, then substance abuse may be the cause.

Negative Physical Effects

Prescription drugs are intended to improve your quality of life and your physical well-being. If any prescription has more negative effects on your body than positive ones, you should talk to your doctor about discontinuing its use. However, if you have a substance use disorder, you may be tempted to ignore side effects in order to keep using the drug.

The side effects of prescription opioids include, but are not limited to, drowsiness, constipation, itching, sweating, and a decreased libido. Drug use may also change your behaviors in a way that causes negative physical health effects. For example, you might spend less time exercising, or put less effort into personal hygiene.

Negative Psychological Effects

Although painkillers may relieve emotional symptoms in the very short term (e.g., while you’re high), data suggests that prolonged opioid use may increase the risk of depression.6

If you find that your baseline emotional state has changed since you started taking a certain drug, it’s important to talk to your doctor. Whether or not you have a substance disorder, this is a serious side effect that requires medical attention.

Negative Interpersonal Consequences

Substance use disorders can undermine your ability to keep commitments. If you find yourself arriving late for plans, or skipping social functions entirely in order to use a drug instead, it may be an early warning sign of a serious addiction.

Addiction can also impact the quality of your relationships. The people around you may comment that your personality has changed, or you may lose interest in doing things you used to enjoy. Pay special attention to any activities you stop or avoid doing because you can only do them while you’re sober. If you’re prioritizing drug use over meaningful social interactions, it might be time to get help.

Risk-Taking Behaviors

Unusual risk-taking behavior is another symptom of addiction.7 For example, you may start habitually driving while intoxicated, missing work because of drug use, or showing up to important family functions while you’re high.

If you have trouble accessing a particular drug, you may also take risks in order to obtain it. Specifically, patients may trade sex or steal “for illicit drugs, drug money, or the drugs themselves.”

Increased Tolerance

As you develop a substance use disorder, your tolerance to the effects of a particular drug may increase. Patients often find themselves taking higher doses of a drug in order to achieve the same effect.

With any drug, but especially with opiates, this pattern can be extremely dangerous. Because opiates inhibit breathing, overdose can be fatal. Pay close attention to how much of a drug you use on a daily basis. Contact your doctor before changing your dosage, especially if you feel the need to increase it.

Treating Addiction to Prescription Pain Relievers

There’s one silver lining to the opiate epidemic: because it’s so widespread and well-documented, many rehab facilities offer treatment for this substance use disorder. Depending on your specific symptoms, and your other underlying health conditions, you may be a candidate for a number of different programs.

Detox

Detox from opiate use disorder should take place under strict medical supervision. Withdrawal symptoms can be very serious, or even fatal. However, they tend to resolve within a matter of days. Many patients benefit from residential treatment during this transitional period. While you’re in a detox program, you can work with your team of providers to decide on next steps.

Inpatient Treatment

Some patients choose to attend residential rehab after detoxing from prescription pain relievers. These programs offer a variety of treatments, including talk therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, medication-assisted therapy, behavioral therapy, and life skills coaching.

Inpatient treatment programs may last anywhere from several weeks to several months. There are residential rehabs all over the world, with a wide variety of approaches to treatment. No matter how unique your needs are, you’ll likely be able to find a program that can accommodate them.

Outpatient Treatment

Once you achieve a certain level of stability, your providers may recommend that you return home while undergoing outpatient treatment. Some programs still provide daily outpatient therapy or group sessions, while others will ask you to come in once or twice a week to receive treatment.

In an outpatient program, you may continue to engage in a number of different therapies. For example, you may see a talk therapist, take non-addictive medications, and/or attend support groups for people with substance use disorders.

Support Groups

There are numerous support groups for people with a history of addiction. You can choose between them based on your personal goals and values. For example, patients with a strong sense of faith may find meaning in 12-Step groups like Narcotics Anonymous. Others may prefer a non-12-Step program, like SMART recovery.

Long-Term Recovery From Opiate Use Disorder

Healing from any substance use disorder, including the misuse of prescription painkillers, can be a lifelong process. If you began taking a drug in order to manage another health issue, you may need to explore alternative treatments with your primary care physician. If you continue to have chronic physical pain, you may benefit from ongoing cognitive behavioral therapy, or a prescription for non-addictive pain medication.

Remember that this is an extremely personal process, and the road to recovery often involves ups and downs. Be patient with yourself. As challenging as recovery can be, it’s absolutely possible. With the right support, you can live a healthy and meaningful life without the need for opioids.

If you think you may be misusing prescription pain relievers and want to find support, you can learn more about rehabs for opioid addiction treatment here.